利用方式对大针茅草原植物多样性、功能性状及地上生物量的影响
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摘要
2016年8月(生物量高峰期)在内蒙古锡林浩特市毛登牧场大针茅草原进行野外取样,以围封(CK)为对照,对放牧、刈割两种利用方式下大针茅草原枯落物量,地上生物量,地上现存量,群落物种多样性,共优种大针茅、羊草、糙隐子草植株高度、叶面积等功能性状变化及枯落物量与物种多样性间、物种多样性与地上生物量间相关关系进行研究,结果表明:枯落物量为CK>刈割>放牧(P<0.05),放牧和刈割均造成枯落物减少。与对照相比,放牧显著降低了地上生物量和地上现存量(P<0.05),使Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数及Pielou指数显著增加(P<0.05)。放牧、刈割均造成群落组成发生变化,禾本科植物地上生物量比重降低,且放牧造成多年生丛生禾草比重降低。与对照相比,放牧、刈割均造成大针茅、糙隐子草和羊草植株高度降低(P<0.05),放牧使三者叶面积减小(P<0.05),刈割使糙隐子草叶面积减小(P<0.05)。刈割过程中,随着枯落物量增加,物种丰富度降低(P<0.05);放牧过程中,随着物种丰富度增大,地上生物量降低(P<0.05)。
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different utilization modes on the diversity,function characters and aboveground biomass of the plant in Stipagrandis steppe.A filed plot was conducted during the peak biomass stage in Maodeng's pasture,Xilinhot,Inner Mongolia in August2016.Three utilization methods of enclosure(CK),grazing(G)and mowing(M)were applied.The litter amount,aboveground biomass,aboveground present biomass and species diversity of Stipagrandis were investigated.Plant height and leaf area of the co-dominant species Stipagrandis,Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa,the relationship between species diversity and litter or aboveground biomass were analyzed under three utilization.The results showed that the amount of litter was CK>M>G(P<0.05),while grazing and mowing reduced litter.Compared with the aboveground biomass and the aboveground present biomass of CK,grazing significantly reduced the aboveground biomass and the aboveground present biomass(P<0.05),and significantly increased the indexes of Simpson,Shannon-wiener and Pielou(P<0.05).As a result of grazing and mowing,the community composition changes,the proportion of herby plants decreases,and the proportion of perennial grasses decreased under grazing.Compared with CK,grazing and mowing all resulted in lower plant height(P<0.05)of S.grandis,L.chinensis and C.squarrosa,reduced leaf area of the above three species(P<0.05),and mowing reduced leaf area of C.squarrosa(P<0.05).Under mowing treatment,species richness decreased with the increase of litter content(P<0.05).Under grazing treatment,the aboveground biomass decreased with the increase of species richness(P<0.05).
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different utilization modes on the diversity,function characters and aboveground biomass of the plant in Stipagrandis steppe.A filed plot was conducted during the peak biomass stage in Maodeng's pasture,Xilinhot,Inner Mongolia in August2016.Three utilization methods of enclosure(CK),grazing(G)and mowing(M)were applied.The litter amount,aboveground biomass,aboveground present biomass and species diversity of Stipagrandis were investigated.Plant height and leaf area of the co-dominant species Stipagrandis,Leymus chinensis and Cleistogenes squarrosa,the relationship between species diversity and litter or aboveground biomass were analyzed under three utilization.The results showed that the amount of litter was CK>M>G(P<0.05),while grazing and mowing reduced litter.Compared with the aboveground biomass and the aboveground present biomass of CK,grazing significantly reduced the aboveground biomass and the aboveground present biomass(P<0.05),and significantly increased the indexes of Simpson,Shannon-wiener and Pielou(P<0.05).As a result of grazing and mowing,the community composition changes,the proportion of herby plants decreases,and the proportion of perennial grasses decreased under grazing.Compared with CK,grazing and mowing all resulted in lower plant height(P<0.05)of S.grandis,L.chinensis and C.squarrosa,reduced leaf area of the above three species(P<0.05),and mowing reduced leaf area of C.squarrosa(P<0.05).Under mowing treatment,species richness decreased with the increase of litter content(P<0.05).Under grazing treatment,the aboveground biomass decreased with the increase of species richness(P<0.05).
引文
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[14]王海东,张璐璐,朱志红.刈割、施肥对高寒草甸物种多样性与生态系统功能关系的影响及群落稳定性机制[J].植物生态学报,2013,37(4):279-295.Wang Haidong,Zhang Lulu,Zhu Zhihong.Effects of clipping and fertilizing on the relationships between species diversity and ecosystem functioning and mechanisms of community stability in alpine meadow[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(4):279-295.
[15]程积民,邹厚远.封育刈割放牧对草地植被的影响[J].水土保持研究,1998,5(1):36-54.Cheng Jimin,Zou Houyuan.Effects of protective growing cutting and grazing on the vegetation of grassland[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,5(1):36-54.
[16] Kahmen A,Perner J,Audorff V,et al.Effects of plant diversity,community composition and environmental parameters on productivity inmontane European grasslands[J].Oecologia,2005,142:606-615.
[17] Wardle D A,Bonner K I,Barker G M.Plant removals in perennial grassland:vegetation dynamics decomposers,soil biodiversity,and ecosystem properties[J].Ecological Monographs,1999,69:535-568.
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[19]安渊,李博,杨持,等.内蒙古大针茅草原草地生产力及其可持续利用研究Ⅰ.放牧系统植物地上现存量动态研究[J].草业学报,2001,10(2):22-27.An Yuan,Li Bo,Yang Chi,et al.Stipagrandis grassland productivity and utilization in Inner Mongolia:Ⅰ.Dynamics of standing crop of pastures in grazing system[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2001,10(2):22-27.
[20]于洋.东北过伐林区蒙古栎天然林土壤、凋落物特征及生物多样性研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.Yu Yang.Characteristics of soil,litter and biodiversity in over-logged forest stands of Quercus mongolicain northeastern China[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[21] Li Q,Zhou D W,Jin Y H,et al.Effects of fencing on vegetation and soil restoration in a degraded alkaline grassland in northeast China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(4):478-487.
[22] D Xiong,P Shi,X Zhang,et al.Effects of grazing exclusion on carbon sequestration and plant diversity in grasslands of China—A meta-analysis[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,94:647-655.
[23] Schultz N L,Morgan J W,Lunt I D.Effects of grazing exclusion on plant species richness and phytomass accumulation vary across a regional productivity gradient[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2011,22(1):130-142.
[24]朱新萍,贾宏涛,蒋平安,等.长期围栏封育对中天山草地植物群落特征及多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2012,29(6):989-992.Zhu Xinping,Jia Hongtao,Jiang Pingan,et al.Effects of enclosure on plant diversity and community characteristics in pasture of middle Tianshan mountain[J].Pratacultural Science,2012,29(6):989-992.
[25] F r ncoglu H K,Seefeldt S S,Sahin B.The effects of longterm grazing exclosures on range plants in the central Anatolian region of Turkey[J].Environmental Management,2007,39(3):326-337.
[26]王炜,梁存柱,刘钟龄,等.草原群落退化与恢复演替中的植物个体行为分析[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3):268-274.Wang Wei,Liang Cunzhu,Liu Zhongling,et al.Analysis of the plant individual behavior during the degradation and restoring succession in steppe community[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(3):268-274.
[27]孟婷婷,倪健,王国宏.植物功能性状与环境和生态系统功能[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(1):150-165.Meng Tingting,Ni Jian,Wang Guohong.Plant functional traits,environments and ecosystem functioning[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(1):150-165.
[28] Belsky A J,Carson W P,Jenson C L,et al.Over compensation by plants:Herbivory optimization or red herring[J].Evolutionary Ecology,1993,7:109-121.
[2] Tilman D.Causes,conserquences and ethics of biodiversity[J].Nature,2000,405:208-211.
[3]王悦骅,王忠武,潘占磊,等.载畜率和模拟降水对荒漠草原植物物种多样性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(2):89-94.Wang Yuehua,Wang Zhongwu,Pan Zhanlei,et al.Effects of stocking rate and simulated precipitation on the plant diversity of desert steppe[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(2):89-94.
[4]肖嘉圃,吕世杰,卫智军,等.短花针茅荒漠草原群落多样性对施肥的响应[J].中国草地学报,2017,39(5):84-89.Xiao Jiapu,LüShijie,Wei Zhijun,et al.Response of community diversity of Stipa breviflorain desert steppe to fertilization[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,39(5):84-89.
[5]陶利波,于双,王国会,等.封育对宁夏东部风沙区荒漠草原植物群落特征及其稳定性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(2):67-74.Tao Libo,Yu Shuang,Wang Guohui,et al.Effects of enclosure on characteristics and stability of vegetation community of desert steppe in sandy area of eastern Ningxia[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(2):67-74.
[6] Cadotte M W,Cavender-Bares J,Tilman D,et al.Using phylogenetic,functional and trait diversity to understand patterns of plant community productivity[J].PLoS One,2009,4(5):e5695.
[7] Mokany K,Ash J,Roxburgh S.Functional identity is more important than diversity in influencing ecosystem processes in a temperate native grassland[J].Journal of Ecology,2008,96(5):884-893.
[8] Petchey O L,Gaston K J.Functional diversity:back to basics and looking forward[J].Ecology Letters,2006,9(6):741-758.
[9]李禄军,曾德慧.物种多样性与生态系统功能的关系研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(11):2010-2017.Li Lujun,Zeng Dehui.Relationships between species diversity and ecosystem functioning:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2008,27(11):2010-2017.
[10] Freschet G T,Cornwell W K,Wardle D A,et al.Linking litter decomposition of above-and below-ground organs to plant-soil feedbacks worldwide[J].Journal of Ecology,2013,101:943-952.
[11]丁海君,韩国栋,王忠武,等.短花针茅荒漠草原不同载畜率对植物群落特征的影响[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(2):55-60.Ding Haijun,Han Guodong,Wang Zhongwu,et al.Effect of different stocking rate on plant community characteristics in Stipa breviflora desert steppe[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2014,36(2):55-60.
[12]孙世贤,崔志明,陈立波,等.放牧强度季节调控对荒漠草原主要植物种群和土壤碳、氮的影响[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(2):49-54.Sun Shixian,Cui Zhiming,Chen Libo,et al.Effects of seasonal regulation of grazing intensity on N and C of the main plant species and soil in desert grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2014,36(2):49-54.
[13]高英志,王艳华,王静婷,等.草原植物碳水化合物对环境胁迫响应研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(11):2827-2831.Gao Yingzhi,Wang Yanhua,Wang Jingting,et al.Research advances in the responses of carbohydrates in grassland plants to environmental stress[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(11):2827-2831.
[14]王海东,张璐璐,朱志红.刈割、施肥对高寒草甸物种多样性与生态系统功能关系的影响及群落稳定性机制[J].植物生态学报,2013,37(4):279-295.Wang Haidong,Zhang Lulu,Zhu Zhihong.Effects of clipping and fertilizing on the relationships between species diversity and ecosystem functioning and mechanisms of community stability in alpine meadow[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2013,37(4):279-295.
[15]程积民,邹厚远.封育刈割放牧对草地植被的影响[J].水土保持研究,1998,5(1):36-54.Cheng Jimin,Zou Houyuan.Effects of protective growing cutting and grazing on the vegetation of grassland[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,5(1):36-54.
[16] Kahmen A,Perner J,Audorff V,et al.Effects of plant diversity,community composition and environmental parameters on productivity inmontane European grasslands[J].Oecologia,2005,142:606-615.
[17] Wardle D A,Bonner K I,Barker G M.Plant removals in perennial grassland:vegetation dynamics decomposers,soil biodiversity,and ecosystem properties[J].Ecological Monographs,1999,69:535-568.
[18]郝晓莉.放牧对贝加尔针茅草原植物群落特征、土壤性质及物种多样性的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2007.Hao Xiaoli.Effect of grazing on community characteristics,soil properties and species diversity of Stipa baicalensis steppe[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agriculture University,2007.
[19]安渊,李博,杨持,等.内蒙古大针茅草原草地生产力及其可持续利用研究Ⅰ.放牧系统植物地上现存量动态研究[J].草业学报,2001,10(2):22-27.An Yuan,Li Bo,Yang Chi,et al.Stipagrandis grassland productivity and utilization in Inner Mongolia:Ⅰ.Dynamics of standing crop of pastures in grazing system[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2001,10(2):22-27.
[20]于洋.东北过伐林区蒙古栎天然林土壤、凋落物特征及生物多样性研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2011.Yu Yang.Characteristics of soil,litter and biodiversity in over-logged forest stands of Quercus mongolicain northeastern China[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2011.
[21] Li Q,Zhou D W,Jin Y H,et al.Effects of fencing on vegetation and soil restoration in a degraded alkaline grassland in northeast China[J].Journal of Arid Land,2014,6(4):478-487.
[22] D Xiong,P Shi,X Zhang,et al.Effects of grazing exclusion on carbon sequestration and plant diversity in grasslands of China—A meta-analysis[J].Ecological Engineering,2016,94:647-655.
[23] Schultz N L,Morgan J W,Lunt I D.Effects of grazing exclusion on plant species richness and phytomass accumulation vary across a regional productivity gradient[J].Journal of Vegetation Science,2011,22(1):130-142.
[24]朱新萍,贾宏涛,蒋平安,等.长期围栏封育对中天山草地植物群落特征及多样性的影响[J].草业科学,2012,29(6):989-992.Zhu Xinping,Jia Hongtao,Jiang Pingan,et al.Effects of enclosure on plant diversity and community characteristics in pasture of middle Tianshan mountain[J].Pratacultural Science,2012,29(6):989-992.
[25] F r ncoglu H K,Seefeldt S S,Sahin B.The effects of longterm grazing exclosures on range plants in the central Anatolian region of Turkey[J].Environmental Management,2007,39(3):326-337.
[26]王炜,梁存柱,刘钟龄,等.草原群落退化与恢复演替中的植物个体行为分析[J].植物生态学报,2000,24(3):268-274.Wang Wei,Liang Cunzhu,Liu Zhongling,et al.Analysis of the plant individual behavior during the degradation and restoring succession in steppe community[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2000,24(3):268-274.
[27]孟婷婷,倪健,王国宏.植物功能性状与环境和生态系统功能[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(1):150-165.Meng Tingting,Ni Jian,Wang Guohong.Plant functional traits,environments and ecosystem functioning[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(1):150-165.
[28] Belsky A J,Carson W P,Jenson C L,et al.Over compensation by plants:Herbivory optimization or red herring[J].Evolutionary Ecology,1993,7:109-121.
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