我国学校体育政策制定问题探析与提升途径
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摘要
学校体育政策是促进学校体育发展改革的重要内容。主要采用文献资料法和专家访谈法等研究方法,运用公共政策中常用的明晰性、协调性、合理性、稳定性观点以及交易成本理论,剖析学校体育政策文本及政策执行过程中存在的问题,以便找到解决的通路。研究发现,我国学校体育政策制定主要有3方面问题:1)政策制定模式长期偏重于渐进主义,难以适应我国学校体育发展的需要; 2)政策制定者在信息获取渠道中处于劣势地位,难以获得准确信息; 3)政策制定者清楚政策利益相关者偏好及政策的现实条件,难以彻底改变现状。基于以上问题,提出政策制定质量提升的3个途径:1)针对学校体育政策中的弹性内容建立授权机制,提高地方制定政策的创新力; 2)自下而上完善信息反馈渠道,使之做到准确透明; 3)强化学校体育政策制定者的理论水平与实践经验,建设学校体育政策智库。
School sports policy is an important part of promoting the development of school sports. This paper uses the literature method and expert interview method to analyze the problems in the school sports policy text and policy implementation by using the clarity,coordination,rationality,stability viewpoints and transaction cost theory commonly used in public policy,and analyze the problems cause the increase of transaction cost during the policy implementation. The study found that there are three main problems in the policy content: 1) school physical education policy-making has long been biased towards gradualism,and it is difficult to adapt to the needs of school physical education development in China; 2) policy makers are at a disadvantage in information access channels,and have serious information asymmetry; and 3) policy makers are aware of the policy executor and policy objects,and the realistic conditions of the policy,but it is difficult to change completely. Based on the above problems,this paper proposes three ways to improve the quality of the following policies: 1) establish an empowerment mechanism for the flexible content of the school sports policy,and improve theory ability and practical experiment of policy maker;2) improve the information feedback channels from the bottom up to make them accurate and transparent; and 3)strengthen the theoretical level and practical experience of school sports policy makers,and build a school sports policy think tank.
School sports policy is an important part of promoting the development of school sports. This paper uses the literature method and expert interview method to analyze the problems in the school sports policy text and policy implementation by using the clarity,coordination,rationality,stability viewpoints and transaction cost theory commonly used in public policy,and analyze the problems cause the increase of transaction cost during the policy implementation. The study found that there are three main problems in the policy content: 1) school physical education policy-making has long been biased towards gradualism,and it is difficult to adapt to the needs of school physical education development in China; 2) policy makers are at a disadvantage in information access channels,and have serious information asymmetry; and 3) policy makers are aware of the policy executor and policy objects,and the realistic conditions of the policy,but it is difficult to change completely. Based on the above problems,this paper proposes three ways to improve the quality of the following policies: 1) establish an empowerment mechanism for the flexible content of the school sports policy,and improve theory ability and practical experiment of policy maker;2) improve the information feedback channels from the bottom up to make them accurate and transparent; and 3)strengthen the theoretical level and practical experience of school sports policy makers,and build a school sports policy think tank.
引文
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[8]郑策,王晓娟,孔军.《国家学生体质健康标准》中引体向上评分标准调整研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2018,52(10):95-100.
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[13]王登峰.学校体育的困局与破局:在天津市学校体育工作会议上的报告[J].天津体育学院学报,2013,28(1):1-7.
[14]张文鹏,王志斌,吴本连.健康中国视域下学校体育治理的政策表达[J].北京体育大学学报,2018,41(2):94-100.
[15]景俊杰,肖焕禹.二战后日本体育政策的历史变迁及借鉴建议[J].体育与科学,2013,34(2):107-110.
[16]张建荣.统筹兼顾:公共政策制定的方法论依据[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011,32(1):76-81.
[2]丁煌,定明捷.政策执行中交易成本的构成探析[J].南大商学评论,2006(2):189-201.
[3]奥利佛·威廉姆森,斯科特·马斯滕.交易成本:经济学经典名篇选读[M].李自然,蔡铭,译.北京:人民出版社,2008.
[4]丁煌.政策制定的科学性与政策执行的有效性[J].南京社会科学,2002,4(1):38-44.
[5]李声宇.目标模糊如何影响公共组织的研究述评[J].公共行政评论,2016,9(6):164-188,200-201.
[6]党挺.体育强国进程中我国学校体育的困境与发展[J].西安体育学院学报,2011,28(6):752-755,764.
[7]潘凌云,王健,樊莲香.我国学校体育政策执行的制约因素与路径选择:基于史密斯政策执行过程模型的分析[J].体育科学,2015,35(7):27-34.
[8]郑策,王晓娟,孔军.《国家学生体质健康标准》中引体向上评分标准调整研究[J].武汉体育学院学报,2018,52(10):95-100.
[9]教育部.学生体制健康监测评价方法(教体艺[2014]3号)[S],2014-04-28.
[10]教育部.教育部关于2004年学生体质健康监测结果公告(教体艺[2005]6号)[S],2005-07-26.
[11]邹士年.公共政策理论模式分析及中国的公共政策理论模式选择[J].经济研究导刊,2009(16):195-197.
[12]张文鹏,王健.新中国成立以来学校体育政策的演进:基于政策文本的研究[J].体育科学,2015,35(2):14-23.
[13]王登峰.学校体育的困局与破局:在天津市学校体育工作会议上的报告[J].天津体育学院学报,2013,28(1):1-7.
[14]张文鹏,王志斌,吴本连.健康中国视域下学校体育治理的政策表达[J].北京体育大学学报,2018,41(2):94-100.
[15]景俊杰,肖焕禹.二战后日本体育政策的历史变迁及借鉴建议[J].体育与科学,2013,34(2):107-110.
[16]张建荣.统筹兼顾:公共政策制定的方法论依据[J].大连理工大学学报(社会科学版),2011,32(1):76-81.
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