异色瓢虫幼虫捕食蚜虫与同种非同胞卵的混合食物对成虫捕食行为的影响
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摘要
许多研究发现只捕食非同胞卵对捕食性瓢虫的发育、存活和行为具有不良影响,但较少关注少量捕食非同胞卵对瓢虫是否有影响,自相残杀作为瓢虫捕食其他猎物的营养补充乃是自然界的常态。本研究旨在探明异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)幼虫期在捕食蚜虫的基础上取食非同胞卵是否对成虫捕食行为产生影响。设置3个幼虫期饲喂处理:给各龄幼虫仅饲喂禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)(对照),给各龄幼虫饲喂蚜虫加少量非同胞卵(分散食卵),给4龄幼虫饲喂蚜虫加较多的非同胞卵、其余龄期只喂蚜虫(集中食卵)等;观察雌、雄成虫体型大小和羽化后连续3 d的捕食行为。对观测的异色瓢虫成虫体重、捕食总时间、捕食攻击频次和首次捕食发生倾向等行为特征进行的数据分析结果表明,在所检验的3个饲喂处理间这些特征均不存在显著差异。说明异色瓢虫在幼虫期除捕食蚜虫外,持续少量或一次性大量取食非同胞卵不影响其在成虫期的捕食行为。
Many studies have indicated that consumption of only non-sibling conspecifics can have negative impacts on developmental and reproductive performances,yet few studies have focused on whether consuming the diet of aphids and non-sibling conspecifics at the larval stage affects predation behaviors at the adulthood.This study was to investigate in laboratory whether consumption of some conspecific eggs in addition to the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi at larval stages influenced predation behaviors of Harmonia axyridis at the adult stage.Three diets were provided as food to ladybird larvae,only aphids(the control),aphids plus small amount of non-sibling conspecific eggs to each instar larvae(dispersive egg consumption),or aphids plus a large amount of non-sibling conspecific eggs exclusively to the 4 th instar larvae(aggregat ive egg consumption).Predation behaviors of adults by sex on three consecutive days after emergence were recorded.The analyses of effects of diet by sex showed that the diet treatment did not have a statistical effect on adult body size,total time of predation,frequency of attacks,and latency to the first attack,in both male and female.The results suggest that consumption of non-sibling eggs of either a small amount by each instar or large amount by only the f inal instar may have negligible effect on predation behaviors of male and female adults in H.axyridis
Many studies have indicated that consumption of only non-sibling conspecifics can have negative impacts on developmental and reproductive performances,yet few studies have focused on whether consuming the diet of aphids and non-sibling conspecifics at the larval stage affects predation behaviors at the adulthood.This study was to investigate in laboratory whether consumption of some conspecific eggs in addition to the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi at larval stages influenced predation behaviors of Harmonia axyridis at the adult stage.Three diets were provided as food to ladybird larvae,only aphids(the control),aphids plus small amount of non-sibling conspecific eggs to each instar larvae(dispersive egg consumption),or aphids plus a large amount of non-sibling conspecific eggs exclusively to the 4 th instar larvae(aggregat ive egg consumption).Predation behaviors of adults by sex on three consecutive days after emergence were recorded.The analyses of effects of diet by sex showed that the diet treatment did not have a statistical effect on adult body size,total time of predation,frequency of attacks,and latency to the first attack,in both male and female.The results suggest that consumption of non-sibling eggs of either a small amount by each instar or large amount by only the f inal instar may have negligible effect on predation behaviors of male and female adults in H.axyridis
引文
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[2]Richardson M L,Mitchel R F,Reagel P F,et al.Causes and consequences of cannibalism in noncarnivorous insects[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2010,55(1):39-53.
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[7]Getto P,Diekmann O,de Roos A M.On the(dis)advantages of cannibalism[J].Journal of Mathematical Biology,2005,51(6):695-712.
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[15]Elnagdy S,Majerus M E N,Handley L J L.The value of an egg:resource reallocation in ladybirds(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)infected with male-killing bacteria[J].Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2011,24(10):2164-2172.
[16]Tayeh A,Estoup A,Lombaert E,et al.Cannibalism in invasive,native and biocontrol populations of the harl equin ladybird[J].BMC Evolutionary Biology,2014,14(1):15.
[17]Martini X,Garrigues J L,Hemptinne J L.Egg cannibalism by ladybird larvae is less frequent than expected from the nutritional benefit accrued to cannibals[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,2015,139(8):609-617.
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[19]Febvay G,Pageaux J F,Bonnot G.Lipid-composition of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)(Homoptera,Aphididae),reared on host plant and on artificial media.Arch[J].Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology,1992,21(2):103-118.
[20]Sloggett J J,Lorenz M W.Egg composition and reproductive investment in aphidophagous ladybird beetles(Coccinellidae:Coccinellidae):egg development and interspecific variation[J].Physiological Entomology,2008,33(3):200-208.
[21]Bayoumy M H,Michaud J P.Egg cannibalism and its life history consequences vary with life stage,sex,and reproductive status in Hippodamia convergens(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2015,108(4):1665-1674.
[22]Michaud J P.A comparative study of larval cannibalism in three species of ladybird[J].Ecological Entomology,2003,28(1):92-101.
[23]Rieder J P,Newbold T A S,Sato S,et al.Intra-guild predation and variation in egg defense between sympatric and allopatric populations of two species of ladybird beetles[J].Ecological Entomology,2008,33(1):53-58.
[24]Ware R,Yguel B,Majerus M.Effects of competition,cannibalism and intra-guild predation on larval development of the European coccinellid Adalia bipunctata and the invasive species Harmonia axyridis[J].Ecological Entomology,2009,34(1):12-19.
[25]Dixon A F G.Body size and resource partitioning in ladybirds[J].Population Ecology,2007,49(1):45-50.
[26]王甦,张润志,张帆.异色瓢虫生物生态学研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(9):2117-2126.
[27]Zhang G F,L鰒ei G L,Wu X,et al.Presence of native prey does not divert predation on exotic pests by Harmonia axyridis in its indigenous range[J].PLoS ONE,2016,11(7):1-15.
[28]Brown H D.The behavior of newly hatched coccinellid larvae(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)[J].Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,1972,35(1):149-157.
[29]Osawa N.Sibling and non-sibling cannibalism by larvae of a lady beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas(Coleoptera,Coccinellidae)in the field[J].Research on Population Ecology,1989,31(1):153-160.
[30]Schellhorn N A,Andow D.Mortality of coccinellid(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)larvae and pupae when prey become scarce[J].Environmental Entomology,1999,28(6):1092-1100.
[31]Yasuda H,Kikuchi T,Kindlmann P,et al.Relationships between attack and escape rates,cannibalism,and intraguild predation in larvae of two predatory ladybirds[J].Journal of Insect Behavior,2001,14(3):373-383.
[32]Sato S,Dixon A F G.Effect of intraguild predation on the survival and development of three species of aphidophagous ladybirds:consequences for invasive species[J].Agricultural and Forest Entomology,2004,6(1):21-24.
[33]杜迎刚,季清娥,陈家骅,等.异色瓢虫幼虫对卵的种内自残和种间捕食[J].环境昆虫学报,2014,36(6):874-878.
[34]郭佳妮,李保平,孟玲.三种瓢虫集团内捕食卵对初龄幼虫生长发育的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):1-6.
[35]R Development Core Team.R:A language and environment for statistical computing[M].Vienna,Austria:R Foundation for Statistical Computing,2017.
[36]赵静,张帆,王甦,等.三种捕食性瓢虫成虫对卵的种内自残及其集团内捕食作用[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(2):299-304.
[37]Osawa N.Ecology of Harmonia axyridis in natural habitats within its native range[J].BioControl,2011,56:613-621.
[2]Richardson M L,Mitchel R F,Reagel P F,et al.Causes and consequences of cannibalism in noncarnivorous insects[J].Annual Review of Entomology,2010,55(1):39-53.
[3]Fox L R.Cannibalism in natural populations[J].Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,1975,6(1):87-106.
[4]Takahashi K.Intra-and inter-specific predations by lady beetles in spring alfalfa fields[J].Japanese Journal of Entomology,1989,57(1):199-203.
[5]王甦,谭晓玲,张帆.不同温度条件下异色瓢虫四龄幼虫亲缘关系对自残行为的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(19):5396-5403.
[6]Wagner J D,Glover M D,Moseley J B,et al.Heritability and fitness consequences of cannibalism in larvae of the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis[J].Evolutionary Ecology Research,1999,1(3):375-388.
[7]Getto P,Diekmann O,de Roos A M.On the(dis)advantages of cannibalism[J].Journal of Mathematical Biology,2005,51(6):695-712.
[8]Osawa N.Sibling cannibalism in the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis:fitness consequences for mother and offspring[J].Research on Population Ecology,1992,34(1):45-55.
[9]Elgar M A,Crespi B J.Cannibalism:Ecology and Evolution Among Diverse Taxa[M].New York,USA:Oxford University Press,1992,1-12.
[10]Klug H,Bonsall M B.When to care for,abandon,or eat your offspring:the evolution of parent al care and filial cannibalism[J].American Naturalist,2007,170(6):886-901.
[11]Dixon A F G.Insect Predator-Prey Dynamics:Ladybird Beetles and Biological Control[M].Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2000,1-255.
[12]Martini X,Haccou P,Olivieri I,et al.Evolution of cannibalism and female’s response to oviposition-deterring pheromone in aphidophagous predators[J].Journal of Animal Ecology,2009,78(1):964-972.
[13]Rudolf V H W,Kamo M,Boots M.Cannibals in space:the coevolution of cannibalism and dispersal in spatially structured populations[J].American Naturalist,2010,175(5):513-524.
[14]Saito T,Bjornson S.Horizontal transmission of a microsporidium from the convergent lady beetle,Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae),to three coccinellid species of Nova Scotia[J].Biological Control,2006,39(1):427-433.
[15]Elnagdy S,Majerus M E N,Handley L J L.The value of an egg:resource reallocation in ladybirds(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)infected with male-killing bacteria[J].Journal of Evolutionary Biology,2011,24(10):2164-2172.
[16]Tayeh A,Estoup A,Lombaert E,et al.Cannibalism in invasive,native and biocontrol populations of the harl equin ladybird[J].BMC Evolutionary Biology,2014,14(1):15.
[17]Martini X,Garrigues J L,Hemptinne J L.Egg cannibalism by ladybird larvae is less frequent than expected from the nutritional benefit accrued to cannibals[J].Journal of Applied Entomology,2015,139(8):609-617.
[18]Nakamura K,De Jong P,Ueno H.Comparison of the incidence of sibling cannibalism between male-killing Spiroplasma infect ed and uninfect ed clutches of a predatory ladybird beetle,Harmonia axyridis(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)[J].European Journal of Entomology,2006,103(2):323-326.
[19]Febvay G,Pageaux J F,Bonnot G.Lipid-composition of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris)(Homoptera,Aphididae),reared on host plant and on artificial media.Arch[J].Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology,1992,21(2):103-118.
[20]Sloggett J J,Lorenz M W.Egg composition and reproductive investment in aphidophagous ladybird beetles(Coccinellidae:Coccinellidae):egg development and interspecific variation[J].Physiological Entomology,2008,33(3):200-208.
[21]Bayoumy M H,Michaud J P.Egg cannibalism and its life history consequences vary with life stage,sex,and reproductive status in Hippodamia convergens(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)[J].Journal of Economic Entomology,2015,108(4):1665-1674.
[22]Michaud J P.A comparative study of larval cannibalism in three species of ladybird[J].Ecological Entomology,2003,28(1):92-101.
[23]Rieder J P,Newbold T A S,Sato S,et al.Intra-guild predation and variation in egg defense between sympatric and allopatric populations of two species of ladybird beetles[J].Ecological Entomology,2008,33(1):53-58.
[24]Ware R,Yguel B,Majerus M.Effects of competition,cannibalism and intra-guild predation on larval development of the European coccinellid Adalia bipunctata and the invasive species Harmonia axyridis[J].Ecological Entomology,2009,34(1):12-19.
[25]Dixon A F G.Body size and resource partitioning in ladybirds[J].Population Ecology,2007,49(1):45-50.
[26]王甦,张润志,张帆.异色瓢虫生物生态学研究进展[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(9):2117-2126.
[27]Zhang G F,L鰒ei G L,Wu X,et al.Presence of native prey does not divert predation on exotic pests by Harmonia axyridis in its indigenous range[J].PLoS ONE,2016,11(7):1-15.
[28]Brown H D.The behavior of newly hatched coccinellid larvae(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)[J].Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa,1972,35(1):149-157.
[29]Osawa N.Sibling and non-sibling cannibalism by larvae of a lady beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas(Coleoptera,Coccinellidae)in the field[J].Research on Population Ecology,1989,31(1):153-160.
[30]Schellhorn N A,Andow D.Mortality of coccinellid(Coleoptera:Coccinellidae)larvae and pupae when prey become scarce[J].Environmental Entomology,1999,28(6):1092-1100.
[31]Yasuda H,Kikuchi T,Kindlmann P,et al.Relationships between attack and escape rates,cannibalism,and intraguild predation in larvae of two predatory ladybirds[J].Journal of Insect Behavior,2001,14(3):373-383.
[32]Sato S,Dixon A F G.Effect of intraguild predation on the survival and development of three species of aphidophagous ladybirds:consequences for invasive species[J].Agricultural and Forest Entomology,2004,6(1):21-24.
[33]杜迎刚,季清娥,陈家骅,等.异色瓢虫幼虫对卵的种内自残和种间捕食[J].环境昆虫学报,2014,36(6):874-878.
[34]郭佳妮,李保平,孟玲.三种瓢虫集团内捕食卵对初龄幼虫生长发育的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(6):1-6.
[35]R Development Core Team.R:A language and environment for statistical computing[M].Vienna,Austria:R Foundation for Statistical Computing,2017.
[36]赵静,张帆,王甦,等.三种捕食性瓢虫成虫对卵的种内自残及其集团内捕食作用[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(2):299-304.
[37]Osawa N.Ecology of Harmonia axyridis in natural habitats within its native range[J].BioControl,2011,56:613-621.