畜禽禁养政策对替代生计策略与养殖户收入的影响
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摘要
畜禽禁养政策对于调控畜禽产业布局、强化畜禽污染防治及促进畜禽产业绿色可持续发展具有重要意义。然而,禁养区养殖户如何优化替代生计策略?畜禽禁养政策对养殖户家庭收入产生怎样影响?学术界对此鲜有研究。本文基于河北、河南和湖北生猪养殖密集地区364户养殖户数据,运用Probit模型和粗略精确匹配法(CEM)探讨畜禽禁养政策对养殖户替代生计策略的影响及不同生计策略下的家庭收入效应,并运用定性与定量混合研究方法(MM)对模型估计结果进行解释。研究发现:①禁养区养殖户选择商业经营和外出务工的概率分别提高32.70%和28.20%,选择畜禽养殖的概率下降71.10%,但畜禽禁养政策对养殖户从事农业种植的影响不显著;②畜禽禁养政策提高了禁养区养殖户的商业经营和外出务工收入,分别增加2.191万元和1.202万元,但养殖户家庭总收入和人均收入水平显著降低,分别减少2.305万元和0.461万元/人;③畜禽禁养政策拉大了禁养区和非禁养区养殖户之间的家庭总收入和人均收入差距,替代生计策略并没有维持禁养区养殖户原有的生计水平。因此,政府在畜禽禁养政策优化、圈舍土地复垦及产业转型引导等方面予以调控具有必要性和紧迫性。
The policy of prohibiting livestock and poultry production is of great significance for regulating the spatial distribution of livestock and poultry industry, strengthening the prevention and control of livestock and poultry pollution, and promoting green and sustainable development of the livestock and poultry industry. However, how to optimize alternative livelihood strategies for farmers in the prohibited farming areas has been a challenge, and it is not clear what impacts this policy has on family income. Little research has been done to address these issues. Using the data collected at 364 pig farms in Hebei, Henan, and Hubei provinces and the Probit model and Coarsened Exact Matching(CEM), this study explored the effect of the policy on alternative livelihood strategies and family income of the farming households. This study also used qualitative and quantitative research methods to explain the model results. The study found that:(1) Farmers in the prohibited area choosing business operation and working as migrant workers increased by32.70% and 28.20%. Farmers who chose livestock and poultry farming decreased by 71.10%, but the effect of the policy on farmers' participation in agricultural planting was not significant;(2)The policy raised the income of farmers in the prohibited area engaged in business operation and working as migrant workers, which increased by 22 thousand and 12 thousand yuan respectively.However, total income and per capita income of farmers in the prohibited area decreased significantly, by 23 thousand and 4.6 thousand yuan respectively;(3) The policy widened the gap of family income and per capita income between farmers in the prohibited area and those in the non-prohibited area. Alternative livelihood strategies do not maintain the original livelihood level of farmers in the prohibited area. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent for the government to regulate the policy of prohibition, land reclamation of former animal farms, and industrial transformation.
The policy of prohibiting livestock and poultry production is of great significance for regulating the spatial distribution of livestock and poultry industry, strengthening the prevention and control of livestock and poultry pollution, and promoting green and sustainable development of the livestock and poultry industry. However, how to optimize alternative livelihood strategies for farmers in the prohibited farming areas has been a challenge, and it is not clear what impacts this policy has on family income. Little research has been done to address these issues. Using the data collected at 364 pig farms in Hebei, Henan, and Hubei provinces and the Probit model and Coarsened Exact Matching(CEM), this study explored the effect of the policy on alternative livelihood strategies and family income of the farming households. This study also used qualitative and quantitative research methods to explain the model results. The study found that:(1) Farmers in the prohibited area choosing business operation and working as migrant workers increased by32.70% and 28.20%. Farmers who chose livestock and poultry farming decreased by 71.10%, but the effect of the policy on farmers' participation in agricultural planting was not significant;(2)The policy raised the income of farmers in the prohibited area engaged in business operation and working as migrant workers, which increased by 22 thousand and 12 thousand yuan respectively.However, total income and per capita income of farmers in the prohibited area decreased significantly, by 23 thousand and 4.6 thousand yuan respectively;(3) The policy widened the gap of family income and per capita income between farmers in the prohibited area and those in the non-prohibited area. Alternative livelihood strategies do not maintain the original livelihood level of farmers in the prohibited area. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent for the government to regulate the policy of prohibition, land reclamation of former animal farms, and industrial transformation.
引文
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[9]梁魁林,姚维斌.畜禽禁养区划定的误区及建议[J].现代农业科技,2017,(22):233-236.[Liang K L,Yao W B.Misconceptions and suggestions on livestock and poultry exclusion zones[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2017,(22):233-236.]
[10]张科.汉中市南郑区畜禽粪污防治的思考[J].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2018,34(6):96.[Zhang K.Thinking on prevention and control of livestock manure in Nanzheng District of Hanzhoung[J].China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Abstracts,2018,34(6):96.]
[11]孙玉娟.对新疆畜禽养殖禁养区划定工作的思考及建议[J].新疆畜牧业,2018,(2):14-16.[Sun Y J.Consideration and suggestion on delineation of livestock and poultry breeding prohibited areas in Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Livestock and Poultry Industry,2018,(2):14-16.]
[12]胡晗,司亚飞,王立剑.产业扶贫政策对贫困户生计策略和收入的影响:来自陕西省的经验证据[J].中国农村经济,2018,(1):78-89.[Hu H,Si Y F,Wang L J.The impact of industrial poverty alleviation strategies on the livelihoods and household incomes of the rural poor:An empirical analysis from Shaanxi Province[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018,(1):78-89.]
[13]张春丽,佟连军,刘继斌.三江自然保护区生态建设与替代生计选择研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2008,24(4):420-423.[Zhang C L,Tong L J,Liu J B.Relationship discussion and demonstration research of wetland restoration and adaptive livelihood:Acase study of Sanjiang reserve[J].System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,2008,24(4):420-423.]
[14]Carnry D.Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches:Progress and Possibilities for Change[R].London:Department for International Development,2002.
[15]Teh L,Cheung W W L,Cornish A,et al.A survey of alternative livelihood options for Hong Kong's fishers[J].International Journal of Social Economics,2008,35(5):380-395.
[16]Adeel Z,Safriel U.Achieving sustainability by introducing alternative livelihoods[J].Sustainability Science,2008,3(1):125-133.
[17]Ngugi R K,Nyariki D M.Rural livelihoods in the arid and semiarid environments of Kenya:Sustainable alternatives and challenges[J].Agriculture&Human Values,2005,22(1):65-71.
[18]Howard M.When fishing grounds are closed:Developing alternative livelihoods for fishing communities[J].MPA News,2003,5(2):1-6.
[19]李茜,毕如田.替代生计对农民可持续生计影响的研究:以山西西北四县为例[J].农业与技术,2008,28(1):141-145.[Li Q,Bi R T.On sustainable livelihood development of peasant in replacement livelihood:Case study of the four counties of northwest in Shanxi[J].Agriculture and Technology,2008,28(1):141-145.]
[20]于秀波,张琛,潘明麒.退田还湖后替代生计的经济评估研究:以洞庭湖西畔山洲垸为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(5):632-637.[Yu X B,Zhang C,Pan M Q.Economic assessment of alternative livelihood in the context of wetland restoration[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2006,15(5):632-637.]
[21]杨明,骆江玲,明亮.论替代生计项目在乡村的发展:以NGO在三江平原生态保护项目为例[J].农村经济,2010,(4):101-104.[Yang M,Luo J L,Ming L.On the development of alternative livelihood projects in rural areas:Taking NGO as an example in the Sanjiang plain ecological protection project[J].Rural Economy,2010,(4):101-104.]
[22]蔡洁,马红玉,夏显力.集中连片特困区农地转出户生计策略选择研究:基于六盘山的微观实证分析[J].资源科学,2017,39(11):2083-2093.[Cai J,Ma H Y,Xia X L.Analysis on the choice of livelihood strategies of peasant households who rent out farmland and influencing factors:An micro-empirical study of the contiguous destitute areas of Liupan Mountains[J].Resources Science,2017,39(11):2083-2093.]
[23]Stefano M,Iacus G K,Giuseppe P,et al.Causal inference without balance checking:Coarsened Exact Matching[J].Political Analysis,2012,20(1):1-24.
[24]周忠良,苏敏,司亚飞,等.城镇基本医疗保险制度对居民健康相关生命质量公平性的影响研究:基于广义精确匹配方法(CEM)对陕西省的调查[J].北京行政学院学报,2017,(6):1-9.[Zhou Z L,Su M,Si Y F,et al.A study on the effect of the basic medical insurance system in urban areas on the fairness of resident’s health-related quality of life:Based on the method of Coarsened Exact Matching(CEM)[J].Journal of Beijing Administrative College,2017,(6):1-9.]
[25]Collins K M,Onwuegbuzie A J,Sutton I L.A model incorporating the rationale and purpose for conducting mixed-methods research in special education and beyond[J].Learning Disabilities,2006,4(1):67-100.
[2]孙良媛,刘涛,张乐.中国规模化畜禽养殖的现状及其对生态环境的影响[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016,15(2):23-30.[Sun L Y,Liu T,Zhang L.The pollution of scale livestock and poultry breeding and its influence on eco-environment[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University(Social Science Edition),2016,15(2):23-30.]
[3]刘茹,宋英豪,王焕升.畜禽养殖污水污染治理现状及发展趋势[J].环境保护科学,2012,38(4):19-21.[Liu R,Song Y H,Wang H S.Current situation and development trend of livestock and poultry waste water treatment[J].Environmental Protection Science,2012,38(4):19-21.]
[4]吴根义,廖新俤,贺德春,等.我国畜禽养殖污染防治现状及对策[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(7):1261-1264.[Wu G Y,Liao X D,He D C,et al.Current situation and counter measures of livestock industry pollution control in China[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(7):1261-1264.]
[5]环境保护部,农业部.全国畜禽污染防治“十二五”规划(2012)[EB/OL].(2013-01-23)[2019-03-08].http://www.xjxnw.gov.cn/c/2013-01-23/542903.shtml.[Ministry of Environmental Protection,Ministry of Agriculture.“Twelfth Five-Year Plan”for the Prevention and Control of Livestock and Poultry Pollution in China(2012)[EB/OL].(2013-01-23)[2019-03-08].http://www.xjxnw.gov.cn/c/2013-01-23/542903.shtml.]
[6]国务院.水污染防治计划(水十条)(2015)[EB/OL].(2015-04-02)[2019-03-08].http://www.huiguo.net.cn/news/show/id/874/.[China State Council.Water Pollution Prevention and Control Plan(Article 10)(2015)[EB/OL].(2015-04-02)[2019-03-08].http://www.huiguo.net.cn/news/show/id/874/.]
[7]冷罗生.日本应对面源污染的法律措施[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(9):871-875.[Leng L S.Legal measures of nonpoint pollution in Japan[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(9):871-875.]
[8]刘源源.湘江流域生态文明建设的重要路径:沿江畜禽养殖禁养区建设[J].中南林业科技大学学报(社会科学版),2014,8(5):9-11.[Liu Y Y.Breeding ban area in Xiangjiang river basin:The construction path of ecological civilization[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology(Social Sciences),2014,8(5):9-11.]
[9]梁魁林,姚维斌.畜禽禁养区划定的误区及建议[J].现代农业科技,2017,(22):233-236.[Liang K L,Yao W B.Misconceptions and suggestions on livestock and poultry exclusion zones[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2017,(22):233-236.]
[10]张科.汉中市南郑区畜禽粪污防治的思考[J].中国畜牧兽医文摘,2018,34(6):96.[Zhang K.Thinking on prevention and control of livestock manure in Nanzheng District of Hanzhoung[J].China Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Abstracts,2018,34(6):96.]
[11]孙玉娟.对新疆畜禽养殖禁养区划定工作的思考及建议[J].新疆畜牧业,2018,(2):14-16.[Sun Y J.Consideration and suggestion on delineation of livestock and poultry breeding prohibited areas in Xinjiang[J].Xinjiang Livestock and Poultry Industry,2018,(2):14-16.]
[12]胡晗,司亚飞,王立剑.产业扶贫政策对贫困户生计策略和收入的影响:来自陕西省的经验证据[J].中国农村经济,2018,(1):78-89.[Hu H,Si Y F,Wang L J.The impact of industrial poverty alleviation strategies on the livelihoods and household incomes of the rural poor:An empirical analysis from Shaanxi Province[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018,(1):78-89.]
[13]张春丽,佟连军,刘继斌.三江自然保护区生态建设与替代生计选择研究[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,2008,24(4):420-423.[Zhang C L,Tong L J,Liu J B.Relationship discussion and demonstration research of wetland restoration and adaptive livelihood:Acase study of Sanjiang reserve[J].System Sciences and Comprehensive Studies in Agriculture,2008,24(4):420-423.]
[14]Carnry D.Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches:Progress and Possibilities for Change[R].London:Department for International Development,2002.
[15]Teh L,Cheung W W L,Cornish A,et al.A survey of alternative livelihood options for Hong Kong's fishers[J].International Journal of Social Economics,2008,35(5):380-395.
[16]Adeel Z,Safriel U.Achieving sustainability by introducing alternative livelihoods[J].Sustainability Science,2008,3(1):125-133.
[17]Ngugi R K,Nyariki D M.Rural livelihoods in the arid and semiarid environments of Kenya:Sustainable alternatives and challenges[J].Agriculture&Human Values,2005,22(1):65-71.
[18]Howard M.When fishing grounds are closed:Developing alternative livelihoods for fishing communities[J].MPA News,2003,5(2):1-6.
[19]李茜,毕如田.替代生计对农民可持续生计影响的研究:以山西西北四县为例[J].农业与技术,2008,28(1):141-145.[Li Q,Bi R T.On sustainable livelihood development of peasant in replacement livelihood:Case study of the four counties of northwest in Shanxi[J].Agriculture and Technology,2008,28(1):141-145.]
[20]于秀波,张琛,潘明麒.退田还湖后替代生计的经济评估研究:以洞庭湖西畔山洲垸为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(5):632-637.[Yu X B,Zhang C,Pan M Q.Economic assessment of alternative livelihood in the context of wetland restoration[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2006,15(5):632-637.]
[21]杨明,骆江玲,明亮.论替代生计项目在乡村的发展:以NGO在三江平原生态保护项目为例[J].农村经济,2010,(4):101-104.[Yang M,Luo J L,Ming L.On the development of alternative livelihood projects in rural areas:Taking NGO as an example in the Sanjiang plain ecological protection project[J].Rural Economy,2010,(4):101-104.]
[22]蔡洁,马红玉,夏显力.集中连片特困区农地转出户生计策略选择研究:基于六盘山的微观实证分析[J].资源科学,2017,39(11):2083-2093.[Cai J,Ma H Y,Xia X L.Analysis on the choice of livelihood strategies of peasant households who rent out farmland and influencing factors:An micro-empirical study of the contiguous destitute areas of Liupan Mountains[J].Resources Science,2017,39(11):2083-2093.]
[23]Stefano M,Iacus G K,Giuseppe P,et al.Causal inference without balance checking:Coarsened Exact Matching[J].Political Analysis,2012,20(1):1-24.
[24]周忠良,苏敏,司亚飞,等.城镇基本医疗保险制度对居民健康相关生命质量公平性的影响研究:基于广义精确匹配方法(CEM)对陕西省的调查[J].北京行政学院学报,2017,(6):1-9.[Zhou Z L,Su M,Si Y F,et al.A study on the effect of the basic medical insurance system in urban areas on the fairness of resident’s health-related quality of life:Based on the method of Coarsened Exact Matching(CEM)[J].Journal of Beijing Administrative College,2017,(6):1-9.]
[25]Collins K M,Onwuegbuzie A J,Sutton I L.A model incorporating the rationale and purpose for conducting mixed-methods research in special education and beyond[J].Learning Disabilities,2006,4(1):67-100.