单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作不同饲草作物生产性能、效益评价
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摘要
为解决海河平原区苜蓿第3～5茬草雨季收获难的问题。于2011-2016年在位于河北衡水的河北省农林科学院旱作所试验站开展了单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作5种不同饲草作物模式评价研究,以及单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的生产性能比较研究。结果表明,单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作不同饲草作物模式评价研究得出,30-30cm、20-40cm两种行距处理下的单作苜蓿小区干草产量无显著差异(P>0.05);套作高丹草处理下苜蓿第2年前2茬干草产量显著低于单作苜蓿小区干草产量(P<0.05);套作青贮玉米处理后的总食物当量数显著高于单作苜蓿小区(P<0.05),但套作青贮玉米处理后的总经济效益与单作苜蓿小区无显著差异(P>0.05);套作青贮玉米处理下的平均光能利用率、水分利用效率、土地当量比均显著高于单作苜蓿小区(P<0.05)。单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的生产性能比较研究得出,30-30cm、20-40cm行距套作青贮玉米处理下的苜蓿前2茬干草产量、总食物当量数、总经济效益、平均光能利用率、水分利用效率、土地当量比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综合得出,海河平原区单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米的关键种植技术为:单作苜蓿田采用20-40cm宽窄行秋播种植,于第2年前2茬苜蓿草收获后,在宽行中间套作青贮玉米,青贮玉米密度在6万株·hm-2以内,9月底将套作的青贮玉米与苜蓿一起收获,之后苜蓿田苜蓿正常越冬,下一年再重复种植青贮玉米。该模式在保证与单作苜蓿同等经济效益的前提下,可有效解决苜蓿3～5茬草雨季收获难、资源利用效率低的问题。
On the Haihe plain,the traditional 3-5cutting of alfalfa are difficult to achieve in wet growing seasons.To explore this problem,two field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2016to analyze the production performance and economic benefit of interplanting alfalfa with various forage crops in summer.Five different forage crops were evaluated:silage maize,Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense,Dolichos lablab,fodder soybean,and forage millet.The results indicated that there were no significant differences between 30-30 cm and 20-40 cm row spacing treatments(P>0.05).The hay yield of the first two cuts of alfalfa for the second year when alfalfa was interplanted with S.bicolor×S.sudanense was significantly lower than for alfalfa alone(P<0.05).The total feed equivalent units when interplanting silage maize with alfalfa were significantly higher than for alfalfa alone(P<0.05);but the total economic benefits were not significantly different(P>0.05).The average solar energy use efficiency,water use efficiency,and land equivalent ratio when interplanting silage maize and alfalfa in summer were significantly higher than for alfalfa alone(P<0.05.Other research into the yield performance for alfalfa interplanted with silage corn showed that there were no significant differences(P>0.05)in the first two cuts between 30-30 cm and 20-40 cm row spacing treatments for hay yield,total feed equivalent units,total economic benefit,average solar energy use efficiency,water use efficiency,land equivalent ratio.Considering all the results,the optimal planting details for alfalfa interplanted with silage maize are as follows:the alfalfa field is planted in autumn using alternate wide and narrow row spaces of 20 and 40cm.The silage corn is interplanted in the wide row space after the second cut of alfalfa is harvested in second year.The plant density of silage maize was less than 60000plants·ha-1 and the maize is harvested with alfalfa at the end of September,after which the alfalfa overwinters normally.The following year silage maize is replanted as the above.The interplanting methodology developed in this study is more easily implemented than the traditional 3-5cuts of alfalfa in wet growing seasons and enhances solar,water and land resource use efficiency with the promise of corresponding economic benefits.
On the Haihe plain,the traditional 3-5cutting of alfalfa are difficult to achieve in wet growing seasons.To explore this problem,two field experiments were conducted from 2011 to 2016to analyze the production performance and economic benefit of interplanting alfalfa with various forage crops in summer.Five different forage crops were evaluated:silage maize,Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense,Dolichos lablab,fodder soybean,and forage millet.The results indicated that there were no significant differences between 30-30 cm and 20-40 cm row spacing treatments(P>0.05).The hay yield of the first two cuts of alfalfa for the second year when alfalfa was interplanted with S.bicolor×S.sudanense was significantly lower than for alfalfa alone(P<0.05).The total feed equivalent units when interplanting silage maize with alfalfa were significantly higher than for alfalfa alone(P<0.05);but the total economic benefits were not significantly different(P>0.05).The average solar energy use efficiency,water use efficiency,and land equivalent ratio when interplanting silage maize and alfalfa in summer were significantly higher than for alfalfa alone(P<0.05.Other research into the yield performance for alfalfa interplanted with silage corn showed that there were no significant differences(P>0.05)in the first two cuts between 30-30 cm and 20-40 cm row spacing treatments for hay yield,total feed equivalent units,total economic benefit,average solar energy use efficiency,water use efficiency,land equivalent ratio.Considering all the results,the optimal planting details for alfalfa interplanted with silage maize are as follows:the alfalfa field is planted in autumn using alternate wide and narrow row spaces of 20 and 40cm.The silage corn is interplanted in the wide row space after the second cut of alfalfa is harvested in second year.The plant density of silage maize was less than 60000plants·ha-1 and the maize is harvested with alfalfa at the end of September,after which the alfalfa overwinters normally.The following year silage maize is replanted as the above.The interplanting methodology developed in this study is more easily implemented than the traditional 3-5cuts of alfalfa in wet growing seasons and enhances solar,water and land resource use efficiency with the promise of corresponding economic benefits.
引文
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[2] Li X L,Hou X Y,Mu H B,et al.P fertilization effects on the accumulation,transformation and availability of soil phosphorus.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,20(5):1161-1167.李新乐,侯向阳,穆怀彬,等.连续6年施磷肥对土壤磷素积累、形态转化及有效性的影响.草业学报,2014,20(5):1161-1167.
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[4] Zhao H M,Wu R X,Li Y,et al.Dynamic analyzing on the production performance of alfalfa between different cutting times and years.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(6):1349-1357.赵海明,武瑞鑫,李源,等.紫花苜蓿不同茬次及年际间生产性能的动态规律.草地学报,2016,24(6):1349-1357.
[5] Hanson C H,Kehr W R.Alfalfa science and technology.Madison,USA:American Society of Agronomy,1972:471.
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[7] Chen Y X,Zhou D W,Zhang Y F.Yield and photosynthesis of intercropped maize and alfalfa.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2004,12(2):107-112.陈玉香,周道玮,张玉芬.玉米、苜蓿间作的产草量及光合作用.草地学报,2004,12(2):107-112.
[8] Zhang G G,Yang Z B,Dong S T.Studies on forage potential and mechanism of maize and alfalfa intercropping system.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(16):3436-3445.张桂国,杨在宾,董树亭.玉米+苜蓿间作系统饲料生产潜力及其机理的研究.中国农业科学,2011,44(16):3436-3445.
[9] Smith M A,Carter P R.Strip intercropping maize and alfalfa.Journal Production Agriculture,1998,11(3):345-353.
[10] Skelton L E,Barrett G W.A comparison of conventional and alternative agroecosystem using alfalfa(Medicago sativa)and winter wheat(Triticum aestivum).Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2005,20(1):38-47.
[11] Lu L S.Introduction to chinese three-dimensional agriculture.Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Technology Press,1999.卢良恕.中国立体农业概论.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1999.
[12] Li F.Selection and evaluation of energy plants in north of China.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2009.李峰.北方能源草的筛选及其评价.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2009.
[13] Zhang Q D.The efficiency of light energy utilization in the field of crops.Plant Journal,1988,(2):32-33.张其德.作物的大田光能利用效率.植物杂志,1988,(2):32-33.
[14] Niu R F,Liu T F.Agricultural technology and economy handbook(revised edition).Beijing:Agriculture Press,1984.牛若峰,刘天福.农业技术经济手册(修订本).北京:农业出版社,1984.
[15] Du L.Water stress associated with crop cultivation and optimization of wheat-maize cultivation in Hebei Province.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.杜玲.河北省种植业水资源压力与小麦-玉米模式优化研究.北京:中国农业大学,2017.
[16] Ren J Z,Hou F J.Change traditional thinking about food grain production and use food equivalent in yield measurement.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,1999,8(supplement):55-75.任继周,侯扶江.改变粮食观,试行食物当量.草业学报,1999,8(增刊):55-75.
[17] Zeng J X,Wen X C,Muhammad A R,et al.Effects of combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus on interspecies interaction,yield,and dry matter accumulation and translocation in maize in a maize-soybean relay intercropping system.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(7):166-176.曾瑾汐,文熙宸,Muhammad A R,等.氮磷配施对玉米-大豆套作模式下种间作用、玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响.草业学报,2017,26(7):166-176.
[18] Zhang Y K,Chen F J,Li L,et al.The role of maize in phosphorus uptake and productivity of maize/faba bean and maize/wheat intercropping systems.Science China(Life Sciences),2012,(11):993-1001.
[19] Liu X Z,Zhang Y J,Du H L.Effects of moisture-fertilizer interaction on the yields of maize and soybean under the condition of inter-cropping.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,(3):80-82.刘秀珍,张阅军,杜慧玲.水肥交互作用对间作玉米、大豆产量的影响研究.中国生态农业学报,2004,(3):80-82.
[20] Lithourgidis A S,Dordas C A,Damalas C A,et al.Annual intercrops:An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture.Australian Journal of Crop Science,2011,5(4):396-410.
[21] Brown Y,Hugar Y,Beake P.Studies on maize-vegetable intercropping systems.Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science,2008,21(2):162-164.
[22] Li L,Sun J H,Zhang F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercroppingⅠ:Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients.Field Crops Research,2001,71:123-137.
[23] Shen Q R,Zhu G X.Bi-directional nitrogen transfer in an intercropping system of peanut with rice cultivated in aerobic soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2004,40:81-87.
[24] Zhang G G,Yang Z B,Dong S T.Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system.Field Crops Research,2011,124:66-73.
[25] Yong T W,Liu X M,Song C,et al.Effect of planting patterns on crop yield,nutrients uptake and interspecific competition in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(6):659-667.雍太文,刘小明,宋春,等.种植方式对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响.中国生态农业学报,2015,23(6):659-667.
[26] Chen G R,Wang L M,Yang R P,et al.Effect of balanced fertilizer application on crop yield in potato-soybean relay-cropping system.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2017,43(4):596-607.陈光荣,王立明,杨如萍,等.平衡施肥对马铃薯-大豆套作系统中作物产量的影响.作物学报,2017,43(4):596-607.
[27] Zhao Y N,Wang K,Wang J R,et al.Wheat grain yield and nitrogen use characteristics under monoculture and intercropping with different nitrogen fertilization rates.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(7):845-852.赵亚妮,王科,王佳锐,等.施氮对单作和套作小麦产量和氮素利用特征的影响.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(7):845-852.
[28] Liu G B.Planting method of the single alfalfa filed interplanting silage corn in summer.Chinese patent:ZL201410202798.8,2016-01-20.刘贵波.单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米种植方法.中国专利:ZL201410202798.8,2016-01-20.
[2] Li X L,Hou X Y,Mu H B,et al.P fertilization effects on the accumulation,transformation and availability of soil phosphorus.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,20(5):1161-1167.李新乐,侯向阳,穆怀彬,等.连续6年施磷肥对土壤磷素积累、形态转化及有效性的影响.草业学报,2014,20(5):1161-1167.
[3] Li M F,Li P,Wang C Z,et al.Productivity performance of alfalfa varieties with different fall dormancy classes in Zhengzhou area.Pratacultural Science,2008,25(6):45-50.李明凤,李平,王成章,等.不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿品种的生产性能在郑州地区的表现.草业科学,2008,25(6):45-50.
[4] Zhao H M,Wu R X,Li Y,et al.Dynamic analyzing on the production performance of alfalfa between different cutting times and years.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(6):1349-1357.赵海明,武瑞鑫,李源,等.紫花苜蓿不同茬次及年际间生产性能的动态规律.草地学报,2016,24(6):1349-1357.
[5] Hanson C H,Kehr W R.Alfalfa science and technology.Madison,USA:American Society of Agronomy,1972:471.
[6] Liu Z K,Cao W D,Qin W L,et al.A study on the pattern and effect of Zea mays intercropping with Medicago sativa.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2009,18(6):158-163.刘忠宽,曹卫东,秦文利,等.玉米-紫花苜蓿间作模式与效应研究.草业学报,2009,18(6):158-163.
[7] Chen Y X,Zhou D W,Zhang Y F.Yield and photosynthesis of intercropped maize and alfalfa.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2004,12(2):107-112.陈玉香,周道玮,张玉芬.玉米、苜蓿间作的产草量及光合作用.草地学报,2004,12(2):107-112.
[8] Zhang G G,Yang Z B,Dong S T.Studies on forage potential and mechanism of maize and alfalfa intercropping system.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(16):3436-3445.张桂国,杨在宾,董树亭.玉米+苜蓿间作系统饲料生产潜力及其机理的研究.中国农业科学,2011,44(16):3436-3445.
[9] Smith M A,Carter P R.Strip intercropping maize and alfalfa.Journal Production Agriculture,1998,11(3):345-353.
[10] Skelton L E,Barrett G W.A comparison of conventional and alternative agroecosystem using alfalfa(Medicago sativa)and winter wheat(Triticum aestivum).Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,2005,20(1):38-47.
[11] Lu L S.Introduction to chinese three-dimensional agriculture.Chengdu:Sichuan Science and Technology Press,1999.卢良恕.中国立体农业概论.成都:四川科学技术出版社,1999.
[12] Li F.Selection and evaluation of energy plants in north of China.Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2009.李峰.北方能源草的筛选及其评价.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2009.
[13] Zhang Q D.The efficiency of light energy utilization in the field of crops.Plant Journal,1988,(2):32-33.张其德.作物的大田光能利用效率.植物杂志,1988,(2):32-33.
[14] Niu R F,Liu T F.Agricultural technology and economy handbook(revised edition).Beijing:Agriculture Press,1984.牛若峰,刘天福.农业技术经济手册(修订本).北京:农业出版社,1984.
[15] Du L.Water stress associated with crop cultivation and optimization of wheat-maize cultivation in Hebei Province.Beijing:China Agricultural University,2017.杜玲.河北省种植业水资源压力与小麦-玉米模式优化研究.北京:中国农业大学,2017.
[16] Ren J Z,Hou F J.Change traditional thinking about food grain production and use food equivalent in yield measurement.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,1999,8(supplement):55-75.任继周,侯扶江.改变粮食观,试行食物当量.草业学报,1999,8(增刊):55-75.
[17] Zeng J X,Wen X C,Muhammad A R,et al.Effects of combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorus on interspecies interaction,yield,and dry matter accumulation and translocation in maize in a maize-soybean relay intercropping system.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(7):166-176.曾瑾汐,文熙宸,Muhammad A R,等.氮磷配施对玉米-大豆套作模式下种间作用、玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响.草业学报,2017,26(7):166-176.
[18] Zhang Y K,Chen F J,Li L,et al.The role of maize in phosphorus uptake and productivity of maize/faba bean and maize/wheat intercropping systems.Science China(Life Sciences),2012,(11):993-1001.
[19] Liu X Z,Zhang Y J,Du H L.Effects of moisture-fertilizer interaction on the yields of maize and soybean under the condition of inter-cropping.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,(3):80-82.刘秀珍,张阅军,杜慧玲.水肥交互作用对间作玉米、大豆产量的影响研究.中国生态农业学报,2004,(3):80-82.
[20] Lithourgidis A S,Dordas C A,Damalas C A,et al.Annual intercrops:An alternative pathway for sustainable agriculture.Australian Journal of Crop Science,2011,5(4):396-410.
[21] Brown Y,Hugar Y,Beake P.Studies on maize-vegetable intercropping systems.Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science,2008,21(2):162-164.
[22] Li L,Sun J H,Zhang F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercroppingⅠ:Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients.Field Crops Research,2001,71:123-137.
[23] Shen Q R,Zhu G X.Bi-directional nitrogen transfer in an intercropping system of peanut with rice cultivated in aerobic soil.Biology and Fertility of Soils,2004,40:81-87.
[24] Zhang G G,Yang Z B,Dong S T.Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system.Field Crops Research,2011,124:66-73.
[25] Yong T W,Liu X M,Song C,et al.Effect of planting patterns on crop yield,nutrients uptake and interspecific competition in maize-soybean relay strip intercropping system.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(6):659-667.雍太文,刘小明,宋春,等.种植方式对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量、养分吸收和种间竞争的影响.中国生态农业学报,2015,23(6):659-667.
[26] Chen G R,Wang L M,Yang R P,et al.Effect of balanced fertilizer application on crop yield in potato-soybean relay-cropping system.Acta Agronomica Sinica,2017,43(4):596-607.陈光荣,王立明,杨如萍,等.平衡施肥对马铃薯-大豆套作系统中作物产量的影响.作物学报,2017,43(4):596-607.
[27] Zhao Y N,Wang K,Wang J R,et al.Wheat grain yield and nitrogen use characteristics under monoculture and intercropping with different nitrogen fertilization rates.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(7):845-852.赵亚妮,王科,王佳锐,等.施氮对单作和套作小麦产量和氮素利用特征的影响.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(7):845-852.
[28] Liu G B.Planting method of the single alfalfa filed interplanting silage corn in summer.Chinese patent:ZL201410202798.8,2016-01-20.刘贵波.单作紫花苜蓿田夏季套作青贮玉米种植方法.中国专利:ZL201410202798.8,2016-01-20.