近百年来鄱阳湖南部湿地景观生态格局演变
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摘要
百年尺度上的景观生态格局演变对于区域可持续发展有着重要意义。为了研究鄱阳湖南部湿地长时间序列的变化规律,了解湖区湿地在不同时期的变化驱动因素。选取湿地分布较为集中的鄱阳湖南部作为典型区域,基于1930年代军事地形图、1979年和2015年Landsat卫星遥感影像数据,定量重建了近百年来3个时期的鄱阳湖南部湿地空间分布及其景观生态格局变化过程。结果表明,近百年来鄱阳湖南部地区总体湿地面积经历了先增加后减少的变化过程,即从1930s的1 386 km~2增加至1970s的1 655 km~2,随后减少至2010s的1 129 km~2,当前湿地面积较1970s减少了约31.8%。受城市化等外部驱动因素影响,近百年来研究区湿地密度变化空间差异显著,主要体现为研究区西部密度值下降、东部密度值上升;湿地空间格局变化的总体趋势是水面减少、陆地增加。NP(斑块数)在1930s—1970s期间呈下降趋势,在1970s—2010s期间呈增加趋势;PD(斑块密度)在2010s达到最大值(0.376);LPI在近百年间呈逐步下降趋势,2010s相较于1930s下降了52.8%左右,呈现出破碎化的趋势;AI(聚集度指数)在1970s达到最大值(89.357),但是LSI(景观形状指数)在总体上呈下降趋势,表明近百年来鄱阳湖南部湿地斑块的形状出现简单化的趋势。
The evolution of the landscape ecological pattern on the 100-year scale is highly important for regional sustainable development. To study the variation of the long-term sequence of a wetland in the southern part of Poyang Lake and understand the driving factors of the change of wetland in the lake area in different periods, South Poyang Lake, wherein the wetland is more concentrated, selected as a typical area in this study. Based on the military topographic maps of the 1930 s and Landsat satellite remote sensing image data from 1979 and 2015, the spatial distribution and landscape ecological pattern of the wetlands in the south of Poyang Lake in the past 100 years were quantitatively reconstructed. Results showed that in the past 100 years, the total wetland area in the south of Poyang Lake region has undergone a process of initial increase and subsequent decrease: from 1386 km~2 in 1930 s to 1655 km~2 in the 1970 s, and then to 1129 km~2 in the 2010 s. The current wetland area reduced by approximately 31.8% compared with that in the 1970 s. Moreover, the spatial variation of the wetland density in the study area in the past 100 years has changed remarkably due to the influence of external factors, such as urbanization, which mainly reflected in the decrease in density in the western part of the study area and the increase in density in the eastern area. The overall trend of changes in the spatial pattern of the wetland was the decreased water surface and increased land area. The number of plaques(NP) decreased from 1930 s to 1970 s, and increased from 1970 s to 2010 s. The plaque density(PD) peaked to 0.376 in the 2010 s. The largest patch index(LPI) gradually declined in the past 100 years. Compared with the 1930 s, the LPI decreased by approximately 52.8% in the 2010 s and showed a trend of fragmentation. The aggregate index(AI) peaked to 89.357 in the 1970 s; however, the overall landscape shape index in the recent 100 years showed a downward trend. Furthermore, the shape of wetland patches in south Poyang Lake has been fragmented in the past century.
The evolution of the landscape ecological pattern on the 100-year scale is highly important for regional sustainable development. To study the variation of the long-term sequence of a wetland in the southern part of Poyang Lake and understand the driving factors of the change of wetland in the lake area in different periods, South Poyang Lake, wherein the wetland is more concentrated, selected as a typical area in this study. Based on the military topographic maps of the 1930 s and Landsat satellite remote sensing image data from 1979 and 2015, the spatial distribution and landscape ecological pattern of the wetlands in the south of Poyang Lake in the past 100 years were quantitatively reconstructed. Results showed that in the past 100 years, the total wetland area in the south of Poyang Lake region has undergone a process of initial increase and subsequent decrease: from 1386 km~2 in 1930 s to 1655 km~2 in the 1970 s, and then to 1129 km~2 in the 2010 s. The current wetland area reduced by approximately 31.8% compared with that in the 1970 s. Moreover, the spatial variation of the wetland density in the study area in the past 100 years has changed remarkably due to the influence of external factors, such as urbanization, which mainly reflected in the decrease in density in the western part of the study area and the increase in density in the eastern area. The overall trend of changes in the spatial pattern of the wetland was the decreased water surface and increased land area. The number of plaques(NP) decreased from 1930 s to 1970 s, and increased from 1970 s to 2010 s. The plaque density(PD) peaked to 0.376 in the 2010 s. The largest patch index(LPI) gradually declined in the past 100 years. Compared with the 1930 s, the LPI decreased by approximately 52.8% in the 2010 s and showed a trend of fragmentation. The aggregate index(AI) peaked to 89.357 in the 1970 s; however, the overall landscape shape index in the recent 100 years showed a downward trend. Furthermore, the shape of wetland patches in south Poyang Lake has been fragmented in the past century.
引文
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彭忠福.1999.江西省圩堤图集[M].南昌:江西省水利厅:1-376.
万智巍,贾玉连,蒋梅鑫,等.2018.民国时期江西省城市用地与城市化水平[J].地理学报,73(3):550-561.
邬建国.2007.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社:1-223.
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游海林,徐力刚,刘桂林,等.2016.鄱阳湖湿地景观类型变化趋势及其对水位变动的响应[J].生态学杂志,35(9):2487-2493.
张昊雁,张玉坤,解丹.2016.基于分形理论的清代长城外侧城镇格局研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,30(3):61-67.
张敏,宫兆宁,赵文吉,等.2016.近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制[J].生态学报,36(15):4780-4791.
张毅,孔祥德,邓宏兵,等.2010.近百年湖北省湖泊演变特征研究[J].湿地科学,8(1):15-20.
CELIO E,KOELLNER T,GRET A.2014.Modeling land use decisions with Bayesian networks:Spatially explicit analysis of driving forces on land use change[J].Environmental Modelling&Software,52(52):222-233.
GOLDEWIJK K K.2001.Estimating global land use change over the past300 years:the HYDE database[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,15(2):417-433.
HE F N,LI S C,ZHANG X Z.2015.A spatially explicit reconstruction of forest cover in China over 1700-2000[J].Global&Planetary Change,131(131):73-81.
MCGARIGAL K,CUSHMAN S A,ENE E.2012.Fragstats v4:Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps[EB/OL].http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats.html ZADNIK A K,ANDERSON J T,WOOD P B,et al.2009.Wildlife use of back channels associated with islands on the Ohio River[J].Wetlands,29(2):543-551.
ZHAO H,WANG X D,CAI Y J,et al.2016.Wetland transitions and protection under rapid urban expansion:a case study of Pearl River estuary,China[J].Sustainability,8(5):471-485.
陈黎,王远珩.1999.建国前军用地形图整理概况[J].湖北档案,(4):31-32.
陈琳,任春颖,王灿,等.2017.6个时期黄河三角洲滨海湿地动态研究[J].湿地科学,15(2):179-186.
傅伯杰.2011.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社:1-189.
韩颖,杜嘉,宋开山,等.2017.五个时期长江入海口湿地土地利用格局及变化[J].湿地科学,15(4):608-612.
黄群,姜加虎,赖锡军,等.2013.洞庭湖湿地景观格局变化以及三峡工程蓄水对其影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,22(7):922-927.
江伟涛.2015.基于地形图资料与GIS的民国江南城市人口估算[J].中国经济史研究,(4):39-56.
孔凡亭,郗敏,李悦,等.2013.基于RS和GIS技术的湿地景观格局变化研究进展[J].应用生态学报,24(4):941-946.
李莹莹,黄成林,张玉.2016.快速城市化背景下上海绿色空间景观格局梯度及其多样性时空动态特征分析[J].生态环境学报,25(7):1115-1124.
梁佳欣,李新举.2017.三个时期南四湖景观格局及其变化[J].湿地科学,15(6):834-843.
林世滔,谢弟炳,刘郁林,等.2017.景观格局特征与区域生物多样性的关系研究[J].生态环境学报,26(10):1681-1688.
刘征,赵晴,赵旭阳,等.2013.石家庄市地表水源保护区景观格局演变与水环境效应研究[J].地域研究与开发,32(6):133-139.
那晓东,张树清,于欢,等.2009.三江平原典型淡水沼泽湿地景观格局变化研究--以三江自然保护区为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,23(4):69-74.
潘倩,金晓斌,周寅康.2016.清代中期江苏省土地利用格局网格化重建[J].地理学报,70(9):1449-1462.
潘威,满志敏.2010.大河三角洲历史河网密度格网化重建方法--以上海市青浦区1918-1978年为研究范围[J].中国历史地理论丛,25(2):5-14.
潘威.2011.基于分形理论的1915-2000年渭河泾河口-潼关段河道演变研究[J].沉积学报,29(5):946-952.
彭忠福.1999.江西省圩堤图集[M].南昌:江西省水利厅:1-376.
万智巍,贾玉连,蒋梅鑫,等.2018.民国时期江西省城市用地与城市化水平[J].地理学报,73(3):550-561.
邬建国.2007.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].北京:高等教育出版社:1-223.
吴晶晶,栗云召,于良巨,等.2018.黄河三角洲自然湿地景观连接度动态变化及其驱动因素分析[J].生态环境学报,27(1):71-78.
游海林,徐力刚,刘桂林,等.2016.鄱阳湖湿地景观类型变化趋势及其对水位变动的响应[J].生态学杂志,35(9):2487-2493.
张昊雁,张玉坤,解丹.2016.基于分形理论的清代长城外侧城镇格局研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,30(3):61-67.
张敏,宫兆宁,赵文吉,等.2016.近30年来白洋淀湿地景观格局变化及其驱动机制[J].生态学报,36(15):4780-4791.
张毅,孔祥德,邓宏兵,等.2010.近百年湖北省湖泊演变特征研究[J].湿地科学,8(1):15-20.