北京城市洪涝问题与成因分析
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摘要
利用社会经济统计数据和水文气象资料,探讨城市化背景下北京城市洪涝特征、形成机制及影响因素。近50年来城市内涝逐渐成为北京洪涝灾害的主要类型,随着城市化迅猛发展,城市内涝积水点数量在时间上表现为显著增加趋势,在空间上呈现出由内环逐步向外环扩张趋势,与城市化发展空间格局关系密切。从水循环的角度分析城市洪涝形成机制,指出区域气候变化和城市化发展改变了城市降水格局,汛期降水量和极端降水事件呈现下降趋势,但城区短历时强降水事件呈现增加态势;城市化发展改变了区域下垫面条件、城市流域产汇流特性和城市排水格局,进而影响了区域水循环过程和水量分配,在一定程度上增加了城市洪涝灾害风险;同时城市基础设施建设水平不足、排水排涝标准偏低、应急管理能力不足等因素,导致城市洪涝发生风险增加,降低了城市洪涝综合应对能力。
In this work,the urban flood and waterlogging problems in Beijing were discussed based on the socio-ecologic statistical data and hydrological and meteorological data. Firstly,the results show that the urban waterlogging has become the major type of urban floods in Beijing during the past 50 years. The spatial distribution of waterlogging sites had an outward expansion tendency accompanied by the rapid urban expansion. The artificial depressions in urban areas became the black spots for urban waterlogging because of the land use change and urban micro-topography change. The waterlogging sites had an increasing trend due to the effects of the climate change and urban development. Secondly,the formation mechanism of urban flood and waterlogging was discussed from the perspective of urban water cycle system. The precipitation pattern over the urban areas was changed due to the effects of climate change and rapid urban development. The precipitation in flood season and precipitation extremes both showed a decline trend,whereas the precipitation intensity for short duration precipitation events showed an increasing trend. Additionally,the changes in underlying feature due to the rapid urban development caused the changes in the rainfall-runoff characteristics,which may cause the changes in regional hydrological processes and water resources amounts. Overall,the increasing risk of urban flood and waterlogging was affected by the frequent extreme precipitation events,the changes in drainage pattern,land use/cover change and urban microclimate characters due to the climate change and urban expansion. The increasing vulnerability was also caused by the low standard in waterlogging elimination and drainage control,the deficiency in urban infrastructure and emergency management capacity,which caused the decrease of urban comprehensive response to the urban floods and waterlogging problems.
In this work,the urban flood and waterlogging problems in Beijing were discussed based on the socio-ecologic statistical data and hydrological and meteorological data. Firstly,the results show that the urban waterlogging has become the major type of urban floods in Beijing during the past 50 years. The spatial distribution of waterlogging sites had an outward expansion tendency accompanied by the rapid urban expansion. The artificial depressions in urban areas became the black spots for urban waterlogging because of the land use change and urban micro-topography change. The waterlogging sites had an increasing trend due to the effects of the climate change and urban development. Secondly,the formation mechanism of urban flood and waterlogging was discussed from the perspective of urban water cycle system. The precipitation pattern over the urban areas was changed due to the effects of climate change and rapid urban development. The precipitation in flood season and precipitation extremes both showed a decline trend,whereas the precipitation intensity for short duration precipitation events showed an increasing trend. Additionally,the changes in underlying feature due to the rapid urban development caused the changes in the rainfall-runoff characteristics,which may cause the changes in regional hydrological processes and water resources amounts. Overall,the increasing risk of urban flood and waterlogging was affected by the frequent extreme precipitation events,the changes in drainage pattern,land use/cover change and urban microclimate characters due to the climate change and urban expansion. The increasing vulnerability was also caused by the low standard in waterlogging elimination and drainage control,the deficiency in urban infrastructure and emergency management capacity,which caused the decrease of urban comprehensive response to the urban floods and waterlogging problems.
引文
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[14] 高超,刘鹏,黄超然.基于系统思考的武汉市内涝成因分析及对策[J].灾害学,2017,32(3):101-106.(GAO C,LIU P,HUANG C R.Analysis and responses of the waterlogging in Wuhan City based on system thinking[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2017,32(3):101-106.(in Chinese))
[15] 张亮,俞露,任心欣,等.基于历史内涝调查的深圳市海绵城市建设策略[J].中国给水排水,2015,31(23):120-124.(ZHANG L,YU L,REN X X,et al.Construction strategy of sponge city based on historical waterlogging survey in Shenzhen [J].China Water & Wastewater,2015,31(23):120-124.(in Chinese))
[16] 蒋祺,郑伯红.城市雨洪调蓄空间对洪涝灾害影响研究:以长沙市2017年洪涝灾害为例[J].自然灾害学报,2018,27(3):29-38.(JIANG Q,ZHENG B H.Study on the influence of urban stormwater detention and retention space on flood disaster:case study of flood disaster in Changsha,2017[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2018,27(3):29-38.(in Chinese))
[17] 张九香,王选仓,侯仰慕,等.城市化进程对福州内涝的影响研究[J].灾害学,2018,33(1):146-151.(ZHANG J X,WANG X C,HOU Y M,et al.Study on the impact of urbanization on waterlogging in Fuzhou [J].Journal of Catastrophology,2018,33(1):146-151.(in Chinese))
[18] 李裕宏.北京城的雨涝灾害及防灾对策[J].城市道桥与防洪,1994(3):33-39.(LI Y H.Urban stormwater and waterlogging disaster and prevention countermeasure in Beijing [J].Urban Roads Bridges & Flood Control,1994(3):33-39.(in Chinese))
[19] 赵晶.北京城市内涝特征及景观系统的雨洪调蓄潜力[D].北京:北京大学,2012.(ZHAO J.Local flood characteristics and stormwater regulation-storage potential of landscape in Beijing urban area [D].Beijing:Peking University,2012.(in Chinese))
[20] ZHAO J,YU K,LI D.Spatial characteristics of local floods in Beijing urban area [J].Urban Water Journal,2014,11(7):557-572.
[21] 钟一丹,贾仰文,李志威.北京地区近53年最大1小时降雨强度的时空变化规律[J].水文,2013,33(1):32-37.(ZHONG Y D,JIA Y W,LI Z W.Spatial and temporal changes of maximum 1 h precipitation intensity in Beijing region in last 53 years[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2013,33(1):32-37.(in Chinese))
[22] SONG X M,ZHANG J Y,AGHAKOUCHAK A,et al.Rapid urbanization and changes in trends and spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation in the Beijing metropolitan area [J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2014,119(19):11250-11271.
[23] 宋晓猛,张建云,孔凡哲,等.北京地区降水极值时空演变特征[J].水科学进展,2017,28(2):161-173.(SONG X M,ZHANG J Y,KONG F Z,et al.Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of precipitation extremes in Beijing[J].Advances in Water Science,2017,28(2):161-173.(in Chinese))
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