玉米生物炭和改性炭对土壤无机氮磷淋失影响的研究
|
摘要
利用玉米秸秆为原料制作生物炭,并用氯化铁进行改性,考察了改性前后生物炭对硝态氮和磷的吸附等温和吸附动力学过程,将生物炭和改性炭制作3 cm厚的物理隔离层,施入土柱50 cm处,通过淋溶实验,研究生物炭改性前后对土壤无机氮磷淋失的影响。结果表明,炭化温度为500℃时,铁炭比为0.7的生物炭和改性炭对氮磷的吸附能力最强。吸附动力学和等温吸附曲线分析表明:生物炭改性后对硝态氮和磷的吸附增大,生物炭和改性生物炭对硝态氮的最大吸附量分别为0 mg·g-1和2.414 mg·g-1、对磷的最大吸附量分别为1.723 mg·g-1和16.062 mg·g-1。与对照相比,生物炭处理和改性炭处理硝态氮的淋失量分别降低11.2%和31.6%,磷的淋失量分别显著降低33.1%和82.9%,氨氮的淋失量分别显著降低44.3%和68.6%。淋溶试验后对土壤残留养分分析表明,隔离层的添加并不会对0～50 cm土层内NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P含量产生明显影响,同时改性生物炭能有效减少NH+4-N和PO3-4-P向更深土层中迁移,表明土壤中添加改性生物炭能够有效降低土壤无机氮磷的淋失风险。
In this study, biochar and modified biochar were used to investigate the adsorption kinetics of nitrate and phosphorus. A 3 cmthick physical barrier of biochar and modified carbon was applied to a depth of 50 cm. The soil column leaching experiment was used to study the effect of biochar on the leaching of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. The results showed that when the carbonization temperature was 500 ℃ and the iron carbon ratio was 0.7, the adsorption capacity of the biochar and modified carbon to nitrogen and phosphorus was the strongest. In addition, the kinetics of adsorption isotherm biochars before and after modification were more in line with the Langmuir adsorption equation and dynamics equation of quasi secondary. Biochar modification before adsorption by nitrate into a modified maximum of 2.414 mg·g~(-1), biochar and modified carbon on phosphorus adsorption quantity biggest were 1.723 mg·g~(-1) and 16.062 mg·g~(-1).Compared with the control, biochar and modified carbon leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen were decreased by 11.2% and 31.6%, the leaching amounts of phosphorus were significantly decreased by 33.1% and 82.9%, respectively, significantly reduced the amount of ammonia nitrogen leaching 44.3% and 68.6%. Analysis of soil residual nutrients after leaching test showed that the addition of isolation layer did not significantly affect the contents of NO_3~--N, NH_4~+-N and PO_4~(3-)-P in 0～40 cm soil layer, while the modified carbon could effectively reduce NH_4~+-N and PO_4~(3-)-P migrated to deeper soil layers, indicating that the leaching risk in soil by adding modified biochar can effectively reduce the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in soil.
In this study, biochar and modified biochar were used to investigate the adsorption kinetics of nitrate and phosphorus. A 3 cmthick physical barrier of biochar and modified carbon was applied to a depth of 50 cm. The soil column leaching experiment was used to study the effect of biochar on the leaching of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. The results showed that when the carbonization temperature was 500 ℃ and the iron carbon ratio was 0.7, the adsorption capacity of the biochar and modified carbon to nitrogen and phosphorus was the strongest. In addition, the kinetics of adsorption isotherm biochars before and after modification were more in line with the Langmuir adsorption equation and dynamics equation of quasi secondary. Biochar modification before adsorption by nitrate into a modified maximum of 2.414 mg·g~(-1), biochar and modified carbon on phosphorus adsorption quantity biggest were 1.723 mg·g~(-1) and 16.062 mg·g~(-1).Compared with the control, biochar and modified carbon leaching loss of nitrate nitrogen were decreased by 11.2% and 31.6%, the leaching amounts of phosphorus were significantly decreased by 33.1% and 82.9%, respectively, significantly reduced the amount of ammonia nitrogen leaching 44.3% and 68.6%. Analysis of soil residual nutrients after leaching test showed that the addition of isolation layer did not significantly affect the contents of NO_3~--N, NH_4~+-N and PO_4~(3-)-P in 0～40 cm soil layer, while the modified carbon could effectively reduce NH_4~+-N and PO_4~(3-)-P migrated to deeper soil layers, indicating that the leaching risk in soil by adding modified biochar can effectively reduce the inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in soil.
引文
[1]Liu A G,Ming J H,Ankumah R O.Nitrate contamination in private wells in rural Alabama[J].Science of the Total Environment,2005,346(1/2/3):112-120.
[2]张彦浩,钟佛华,夏四清,等.硝酸盐污染饮用水的去除技术研究进展[J].环境保护科学,2009,35(4):50-53.ZHANG Yan-hao,ZHONG Fo-hua,XIA Si-qing,et al.Study progress on removal technologies of nitrate-contaminated drinking water[J].Environmental Protection Science,2009,35(4):50-53.
[3]高德才,张蕾,刘强,等.旱地土壤施用生物炭减少土壤氮损失及提高氮素利用率[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):54-61.GAO De-cai,ZHANG Lei,LIU Qiang,et al.Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):54-61.
[4]串丽敏,赵同科,安志装,等.土壤硝态氮淋溶及氮素利用研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(11):200-205.CHUAN Li-min,ZHAO Tong-ke,AN Zhi-zhuang,et al.Research advancement in nitrate leaching and nitrogen use in soils[J].Chinese agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(11):200-205.
[5]刘玉学,刘微,吴伟祥,等.土壤生物质炭环境行为与环境[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(4):977-982.LIU Yu-xue,LIU Wei,WU Wei-xiang,et al.Environmental behavior and effect of biomass derived black carbon in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(4):977-982.
[6]李裕元,邵明安.模拟降雨条件下施肥方法对坡面磷素流失的影响[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(11):1421-1424.LI Yu-yuan,SHAO Ming-an.Effects of phosphorus application methods on phosphorus loss on sloping land under simulated rainfall[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(11):1421-1424.
[7]龚文,张怀志,李永梅,等.滇池流域原位模拟降雨条件下不同有机肥用量的农田氮素流失研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(2):16-20.GONG Wen,ZHANG Huai-zhi,LI Yong-mei,et al.Study on nitrogen loss from different chicken manure application level under the in-situ simulated rainfall conditions in Dianchi lake watershed of Yunnan Province[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,2010(2):16-20.
[8]Galvez A,Sinicco T,Cayuela M L,et al.Shortterm effects of bioenergy by-products on soil C and N dynamics,nutrient availability and biochemical propertics[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2012,160:3-14.
[9]Ding Y,Liu Y X,Wu W X,et al.Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2010,213(1):47-55.
[10]Laird D,Fleming P,Wang B,et al.Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3/4):436-442.
[11]刘玉学.生物质炭输入对土壤氮素流失及温室气体排放特性的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.LIU Yu-xue.Effect of biochar on the characteristic of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission from soil[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011.
[12]杨放,李心清,刑英,等.生物炭对盐碱土氮淋溶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):972-977.YANG Fang,LI Xin-qing,XING Ying,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on nitrogen leaching in saline soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(5):972-977.
[13]Yao Y,Gao B,Zhang M,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate,ammonium,and phosphate in a sandy soil[J].Chemosphere,2012,89(11):1467-1471.
[14]杨帆,李飞跃,赵玲,等.生物炭对土壤氨氮转化的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):1016-1020.YANG Fan,LI Fei-yue,ZHAO Ling,et al.Influence of biochar on the transformation of ammonia nitrogen in soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(5):1016-1020.
[15]Guo Y J,Tang H,Li J D,et al.Effects of cow dung biochar amendment on adsorption and leaching of nutrient from an acid yellow soil irrigated with biogas slurry[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2014,225:1820-1833.
[16]马琨,陈欣,王兆骞.模拟暴雨下红壤坡面产流产沙及养分流失特征研究[J].宁夏农学院学报,2004,25(1):1-4.MA Kun,CHEN Xin,WANG Zhao-qian.The properties of runoff,sediment and nutrient loss under simulated rainstorm in slope land of red soil area[J].Journal of Ningxia Agricultural University,2004,25(1):1-4.
[17]彭莉,王莉玮,杨志敏,等.降雨对农家堆肥氮磷流失的影响及其面源污染风险分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):407-411.PENG Li,WANG Li-wei,YANG Zhi-min,et al.Effects of rainfall on nitrogen and phosphorus loss from courtyard compost and its risk of nonpoint source pollution[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(2):407-411.
[18]Cao X,Harris W.Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(14):5222-5228.
[19]王章鸿,郭海艳,沈飞,等.热解条件对生物炭性质和氮、磷吸附性能的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2805-2812.WANG Zhang-hong,GUO Hai-yan,SHEN Fei,et al.Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the properties of biochar and its adsorption to N and P from aqueous solution[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(9):2805-2812.
[20]Bhatnagar A,Ji M K,Choi Y H,et al.Removal of nitrate from water by adsorption onto zinc chloride treated activated carbon[J].Separation Science and Technology,2008,43(4):886-907.
[21]Malandrino M,Abollino O,Giacomino A,et al.Adsorption of heavy metals on vermiculite:Influence of pH and organic ligands[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2006,299(2):537-546.
[22]张继义,徐春梅,李金涛,等.氯化锌法改性小麦秸秆制备生物碳质吸附剂及其对磷酸根的吸附效果[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(3):987-992.ZHANG Ji-yi,XU Chun-mei,LI Jin-tao,et al.Biomass adsorbents prepared from wheat straw by chemical modification with zinc chloride and its adsorption of phosphate[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2013,7(3):987-992.
[23]郎印海,刘伟,王慧.生物炭对水中五氯酚的吸附性能研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(8):2017-2023.LANG Yin-hai,LIU Wei,WANG Hui.Adsorption efficiencies of pentachlorophenol from aqueous solution onto biochars[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(8):2017-2023.
[24]Gong G,Ye S,Tian Y,et al.Preparation of a new sorbent with hydrated lime and blast furnace slag for phosphorus removal from aqueous solution[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2/3):714-719.
[25]Ozacar M.Contact time optimization of two-stage batch adsorber design using second-order kinetic model for the adsorption of phosphate onto alunite[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,137(1):218-225.
[26]李际会,吕国华,白文波,等.改性生物炭的吸附作用及其对土壤硝态氮和有效磷淋失的影响[J].中国农业气象,2012,33(2):220-225.LI Ji-hui,LüGuo-hua,BAI Wen-bo,et al.Effect of modified biochar on soil nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus leaching[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(2):220-225.
[27]Saha B,Bains R,Greenwood F.Physicochemical characterization of granular ferric hydroxide(GFH)for arsenic(V)sorption from water[J].Separation Science and Technology,2005,40(14):2909-2932.
[28]Saha B,Griffin L,Blunden H.Adsorptive separation of phosphate oxyanion from aqueous solution using an inorganic adsorbent[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2010,32(4):341-347.
[29]Demiral H,Gunduzoglu G.Removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from sugar beet bagasse[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101:1675-1680.
[30]赵斌,王红,周大迈,等.片麻岩新成土中氮素淋溶迁移的模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(1):17-21.ZHAO Bin,WANG Hong,ZHOU Da-mai,et al.Simulation studies on nitrogen transport and leaching in the gneiss entisols[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(1):17-21.
[31]邢英,李心清,王兵,等.生物炭对黄壤中氮淋溶影响:室内土柱模拟[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2483-2488.XING Ying,LI Xin-qing,WANG Bing,et al.Effects of biochar on soil nitrogen leaching:A laboratory simulation test with yellow soil column[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(11):2483-2488.
[32]Gundale M J,DeLuca T H.Charcoal effects on soil solution chemistry and growth of Koeleria macrantha in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir ecosystem[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2007,43:303-311.
[33]陈心想,何绪生,张雯,等.生物炭用量对模拟土柱氮素淋失和田间土壤水分参数的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(1):110-114,139.CHEN Xin-xiang,HE Xu-sheng,ZHANG Wen,et al.Effects of quantity on nitrogen leaching in simulate soil columns and soil moisture parameters in field[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(1):110-114,139.
[34]Yan L G,Xu Y Y,Yu H Q,et al.Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution by hydroxy-aluminum,hydroxy-iron and hydroxy-ironaluminum pillared bentonites[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,179(1/2/3):244-250.
[35]王承俊,杨放,邢英,等.生物炭对干旱区盐碱土淋溶的影响[J].四川环境,2017,36(2):17-21.WANG Cheng-jun,YANG Fang,XING Ying,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on nitrogen leaching in saline soil in arid area[J].Sichuan Environment,2017,36(2):17-21.
[36]蔡祖聪,赵维.土地利用方式对湿润亚热带土壤硝化作用的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(5):795-801.CAI Zu-cong,ZHAO Wei.Effects of land use types on nitrification in humid subtropical soils of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(5):795-801.
[37]盖霞普,刘宏斌,翟丽梅,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对土壤无机氮素淋失风险的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):310-318.GAI Xia-pu,LIU Hong-bin,ZHAI Li-mei,et al.Effects of cornstalk biochar on inorganic nitrogen leaching from soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(2):310-318.
[38]李卓瑞,韦高玲.不同生物炭添加量对土壤中氮磷淋溶损失的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(02):333-338.LI Zhuo-rui,WEI Gao-ling.Effects of biochar with different additive amounts on the leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(2):333-338.
[39]Güere?a D,Lehmann J,Hanley K,et al.Nitrogen dynamics following field application of biochar in a temperate North American maizebased production system[J].Plant Soil,2013,365(1/2):239-254.
[40]肖茜,张洪培,沈玉芳,等.生物炭对黄土区土壤水分入渗、蒸发及硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):128-134.XIAO Qian,ZHANG Hong-pei,SHEN Yu-fang,et al.Effects of biochar on water infiltration,evaporation and nitrate leaching in semi-arid loess area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(16):128-134.
[41]尹秀玲,张璐,贾丽,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对暗棕壤性质和氮磷吸附特性的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(4):439-445.YIN Xiu-ling,ZHANG Lu,JIA Li,et al.Effects of corn straw biochar on properties of dark brown soil and adsorption characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in dark brown soil[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2016,38(4):439-445.
[2]张彦浩,钟佛华,夏四清,等.硝酸盐污染饮用水的去除技术研究进展[J].环境保护科学,2009,35(4):50-53.ZHANG Yan-hao,ZHONG Fo-hua,XIA Si-qing,et al.Study progress on removal technologies of nitrate-contaminated drinking water[J].Environmental Protection Science,2009,35(4):50-53.
[3]高德才,张蕾,刘强,等.旱地土壤施用生物炭减少土壤氮损失及提高氮素利用率[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(6):54-61.GAO De-cai,ZHANG Lei,LIU Qiang,et al.Application of biochar in dryland soil decreasing loss of nitrogen and improving nitrogen using rate[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(6):54-61.
[4]串丽敏,赵同科,安志装,等.土壤硝态氮淋溶及氮素利用研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(11):200-205.CHUAN Li-min,ZHAO Tong-ke,AN Zhi-zhuang,et al.Research advancement in nitrate leaching and nitrogen use in soils[J].Chinese agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(11):200-205.
[5]刘玉学,刘微,吴伟祥,等.土壤生物质炭环境行为与环境[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(4):977-982.LIU Yu-xue,LIU Wei,WU Wei-xiang,et al.Environmental behavior and effect of biomass derived black carbon in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(4):977-982.
[6]李裕元,邵明安.模拟降雨条件下施肥方法对坡面磷素流失的影响[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(11):1421-1424.LI Yu-yuan,SHAO Ming-an.Effects of phosphorus application methods on phosphorus loss on sloping land under simulated rainfall[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2002,13(11):1421-1424.
[7]龚文,张怀志,李永梅,等.滇池流域原位模拟降雨条件下不同有机肥用量的农田氮素流失研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010(2):16-20.GONG Wen,ZHANG Huai-zhi,LI Yong-mei,et al.Study on nitrogen loss from different chicken manure application level under the in-situ simulated rainfall conditions in Dianchi lake watershed of Yunnan Province[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences,2010(2):16-20.
[8]Galvez A,Sinicco T,Cayuela M L,et al.Shortterm effects of bioenergy by-products on soil C and N dynamics,nutrient availability and biochemical propertics[J].Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment,2012,160:3-14.
[9]Ding Y,Liu Y X,Wu W X,et al.Evaluation of biochar effects on nitrogen retention and leaching in multi-layered soil columns[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2010,213(1):47-55.
[10]Laird D,Fleming P,Wang B,et al.Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil[J].Geoderma,2010,158(3/4):436-442.
[11]刘玉学.生物质炭输入对土壤氮素流失及温室气体排放特性的影响[D].杭州:浙江大学,2011.LIU Yu-xue.Effect of biochar on the characteristic of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission from soil[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2011.
[12]杨放,李心清,刑英,等.生物炭对盐碱土氮淋溶的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(5):972-977.YANG Fang,LI Xin-qing,XING Ying,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on nitrogen leaching in saline soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2014,33(5):972-977.
[13]Yao Y,Gao B,Zhang M,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on sorption and leaching of nitrate,ammonium,and phosphate in a sandy soil[J].Chemosphere,2012,89(11):1467-1471.
[14]杨帆,李飞跃,赵玲,等.生物炭对土壤氨氮转化的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(5):1016-1020.YANG Fan,LI Fei-yue,ZHAO Ling,et al.Influence of biochar on the transformation of ammonia nitrogen in soils[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(5):1016-1020.
[15]Guo Y J,Tang H,Li J D,et al.Effects of cow dung biochar amendment on adsorption and leaching of nutrient from an acid yellow soil irrigated with biogas slurry[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2014,225:1820-1833.
[16]马琨,陈欣,王兆骞.模拟暴雨下红壤坡面产流产沙及养分流失特征研究[J].宁夏农学院学报,2004,25(1):1-4.MA Kun,CHEN Xin,WANG Zhao-qian.The properties of runoff,sediment and nutrient loss under simulated rainstorm in slope land of red soil area[J].Journal of Ningxia Agricultural University,2004,25(1):1-4.
[17]彭莉,王莉玮,杨志敏,等.降雨对农家堆肥氮磷流失的影响及其面源污染风险分析[J].环境科学,2012,33(2):407-411.PENG Li,WANG Li-wei,YANG Zhi-min,et al.Effects of rainfall on nitrogen and phosphorus loss from courtyard compost and its risk of nonpoint source pollution[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(2):407-411.
[18]Cao X,Harris W.Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101(14):5222-5228.
[19]王章鸿,郭海艳,沈飞,等.热解条件对生物炭性质和氮、磷吸附性能的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(9):2805-2812.WANG Zhang-hong,GUO Hai-yan,SHEN Fei,et al.Effects of pyrolysis conditions on the properties of biochar and its adsorption to N and P from aqueous solution[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(9):2805-2812.
[20]Bhatnagar A,Ji M K,Choi Y H,et al.Removal of nitrate from water by adsorption onto zinc chloride treated activated carbon[J].Separation Science and Technology,2008,43(4):886-907.
[21]Malandrino M,Abollino O,Giacomino A,et al.Adsorption of heavy metals on vermiculite:Influence of pH and organic ligands[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,2006,299(2):537-546.
[22]张继义,徐春梅,李金涛,等.氯化锌法改性小麦秸秆制备生物碳质吸附剂及其对磷酸根的吸附效果[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(3):987-992.ZHANG Ji-yi,XU Chun-mei,LI Jin-tao,et al.Biomass adsorbents prepared from wheat straw by chemical modification with zinc chloride and its adsorption of phosphate[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2013,7(3):987-992.
[23]郎印海,刘伟,王慧.生物炭对水中五氯酚的吸附性能研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(8):2017-2023.LANG Yin-hai,LIU Wei,WANG Hui.Adsorption efficiencies of pentachlorophenol from aqueous solution onto biochars[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(8):2017-2023.
[24]Gong G,Ye S,Tian Y,et al.Preparation of a new sorbent with hydrated lime and blast furnace slag for phosphorus removal from aqueous solution[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,166(2/3):714-719.
[25]Ozacar M.Contact time optimization of two-stage batch adsorber design using second-order kinetic model for the adsorption of phosphate onto alunite[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2006,137(1):218-225.
[26]李际会,吕国华,白文波,等.改性生物炭的吸附作用及其对土壤硝态氮和有效磷淋失的影响[J].中国农业气象,2012,33(2):220-225.LI Ji-hui,LüGuo-hua,BAI Wen-bo,et al.Effect of modified biochar on soil nitrate nitrogen and available phosphorus leaching[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2012,33(2):220-225.
[27]Saha B,Bains R,Greenwood F.Physicochemical characterization of granular ferric hydroxide(GFH)for arsenic(V)sorption from water[J].Separation Science and Technology,2005,40(14):2909-2932.
[28]Saha B,Griffin L,Blunden H.Adsorptive separation of phosphate oxyanion from aqueous solution using an inorganic adsorbent[J].Environmental Geochemistry and Health,2010,32(4):341-347.
[29]Demiral H,Gunduzoglu G.Removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from sugar beet bagasse[J].Bioresource Technology,2010,101:1675-1680.
[30]赵斌,王红,周大迈,等.片麻岩新成土中氮素淋溶迁移的模拟研究[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(1):17-21.ZHAO Bin,WANG Hong,ZHOU Da-mai,et al.Simulation studies on nitrogen transport and leaching in the gneiss entisols[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(1):17-21.
[31]邢英,李心清,王兵,等.生物炭对黄壤中氮淋溶影响:室内土柱模拟[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2483-2488.XING Ying,LI Xin-qing,WANG Bing,et al.Effects of biochar on soil nitrogen leaching:A laboratory simulation test with yellow soil column[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(11):2483-2488.
[32]Gundale M J,DeLuca T H.Charcoal effects on soil solution chemistry and growth of Koeleria macrantha in the ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir ecosystem[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,2007,43:303-311.
[33]陈心想,何绪生,张雯,等.生物炭用量对模拟土柱氮素淋失和田间土壤水分参数的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(1):110-114,139.CHEN Xin-xiang,HE Xu-sheng,ZHANG Wen,et al.Effects of quantity on nitrogen leaching in simulate soil columns and soil moisture parameters in field[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(1):110-114,139.
[34]Yan L G,Xu Y Y,Yu H Q,et al.Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution by hydroxy-aluminum,hydroxy-iron and hydroxy-ironaluminum pillared bentonites[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2010,179(1/2/3):244-250.
[35]王承俊,杨放,邢英,等.生物炭对干旱区盐碱土淋溶的影响[J].四川环境,2017,36(2):17-21.WANG Cheng-jun,YANG Fang,XING Ying,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on nitrogen leaching in saline soil in arid area[J].Sichuan Environment,2017,36(2):17-21.
[36]蔡祖聪,赵维.土地利用方式对湿润亚热带土壤硝化作用的影响[J].土壤学报,2009,46(5):795-801.CAI Zu-cong,ZHAO Wei.Effects of land use types on nitrification in humid subtropical soils of China[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2009,46(5):795-801.
[37]盖霞普,刘宏斌,翟丽梅,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对土壤无机氮素淋失风险的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(2):310-318.GAI Xia-pu,LIU Hong-bin,ZHAI Li-mei,et al.Effects of cornstalk biochar on inorganic nitrogen leaching from soil[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(2):310-318.
[38]李卓瑞,韦高玲.不同生物炭添加量对土壤中氮磷淋溶损失的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(02):333-338.LI Zhuo-rui,WEI Gao-ling.Effects of biochar with different additive amounts on the leaching loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in soils[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2016,25(2):333-338.
[39]Güere?a D,Lehmann J,Hanley K,et al.Nitrogen dynamics following field application of biochar in a temperate North American maizebased production system[J].Plant Soil,2013,365(1/2):239-254.
[40]肖茜,张洪培,沈玉芳,等.生物炭对黄土区土壤水分入渗、蒸发及硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):128-134.XIAO Qian,ZHANG Hong-pei,SHEN Yu-fang,et al.Effects of biochar on water infiltration,evaporation and nitrate leaching in semi-arid loess area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(16):128-134.
[41]尹秀玲,张璐,贾丽,等.玉米秸秆生物炭对暗棕壤性质和氮磷吸附特性的影响[J].吉林农业大学学报,2016,38(4):439-445.YIN Xiu-ling,ZHANG Lu,JIA Li,et al.Effects of corn straw biochar on properties of dark brown soil and adsorption characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus in dark brown soil[J].Journal of Jilin Agricultural University,2016,38(4):439-445.