安徽九华山风景区古树群落主要种群生态位的动态变化
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摘要
开展古树群落生态位特征及动态变化研究,可以了解物种对环境资源的利用和适应,为古树资源的保护和管理提供科学依据。本文基于九华山古树群落固定样地的动态监测,分析了2007—2017年间古树群落主要种群物种重要值、生态位宽度和生态位重叠等变化。结果表明:2007年样地中有物种230种,到2017年,有39种从群落中消失,12种进入群落;从重要值变化看,10年间细叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、灯台树(Cornus controversa)、檫木(Sassafras tzumu)等古树种群优势地位进一步增强,而马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、金钱松(Pseudolarix amabilis)、白玉兰(Magnolia denudate)等古树种群的优势地位逐步减弱;在生态位宽度的变化上,细叶青冈依然是乔木层宽度最大物种,但灌木层生态位最宽物种阔叶箬竹(Indocalamus latifolius)被细叶青冈幼树和常春藤(Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis)取代,细叶青冈种群对环境资源的利用进一步增强。而优势种中,古树种群金钱松、白玉兰、马尾松生态位宽度变窄,对资源的利用能力以及对环境的适应能力有所下降。Bray-Curtis聚类分析将各群落层次优势种分为3组,其中,古树种群灯台树、细叶青冈、枫香、白玉兰聚为一类,生态位宽度相似性高; 10年间生态位重叠值超过0.2的种对所占比例增加明显,群落优势种可能因利用相同资源而产生的种间竞争趋于激烈,亦可能是不同物种可以从不同的角度和侧面利用资源,形成相对稳定又处于相互竞争的动态平衡。在九华山风景区,古树种群细叶青冈、枫香、灯台树等在群落中较为稳定,但金钱松、马尾松等的优势地位存在被环境适应能力强的其他树种替代的可能。
The niche characteristics and its dynamic changes of old-tree communities were investigated in this study. Results from this study help improve our understanding the utilization and adaptation of different species to environmental resources and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and management of old-tree communities. Based on the dynamic monitoring of the fixed plots of old-tree communities in Jiuhua Mountain from 2007 to 2017,we analyzed the changes of species importance values,niche breadth and niche overlap of main populations in old-tree communities. The results showed that there were 230 species in the plots in 2007. In 2017,39 species disappeared from the community,and another 12 species entered the community. For the importance value,old-tree populations such as Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia,Liquidambar formosana,Cornus controversa and Sassafras tzumu were enhanced,but the dominant position of Pinus massoniana,Pseudolarix amabilis and Magnolia denudate gradually decreased during the past decade. In terms of niche breadth,C. myrsinaefolia was still the largest species in the hierarchy,but the broadest species of shrub layer niche were replaced by C. myrsinaefolia and Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis. The utilization of environmental resources by C. myrsinaefolia was enhanced. The niche breadth of M. grandiflora,C. lanceolata,P. massoniana became narrower,indicating that a decline of their ability to use resources and adapt to the environment. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis divided the dominant species in each community into three groups. C. controversa,C. myrsinaefolia,L. formosana and M. denudate were clustered in one group,with similar niche breadths. The proportion of species with an overlap value of more than 0.2 increased significantly in the past decade,indicating that species competition for similar resource was more intense,or that they might utilize resources from different approaches to form a relatively stable and competitive dynamic balance. The populations of C. myrsinaefolia,L. formosana,C. controversa were relatively stable in the community,but the dominant position of P. massoniana and P. amabilis may be replaced by other tree species with strong environmental adaptability in old-tree communities of Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area.
The niche characteristics and its dynamic changes of old-tree communities were investigated in this study. Results from this study help improve our understanding the utilization and adaptation of different species to environmental resources and provide a scientific basis for the conservation and management of old-tree communities. Based on the dynamic monitoring of the fixed plots of old-tree communities in Jiuhua Mountain from 2007 to 2017,we analyzed the changes of species importance values,niche breadth and niche overlap of main populations in old-tree communities. The results showed that there were 230 species in the plots in 2007. In 2017,39 species disappeared from the community,and another 12 species entered the community. For the importance value,old-tree populations such as Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia,Liquidambar formosana,Cornus controversa and Sassafras tzumu were enhanced,but the dominant position of Pinus massoniana,Pseudolarix amabilis and Magnolia denudate gradually decreased during the past decade. In terms of niche breadth,C. myrsinaefolia was still the largest species in the hierarchy,but the broadest species of shrub layer niche were replaced by C. myrsinaefolia and Hedera nepalensis var. sinensis. The utilization of environmental resources by C. myrsinaefolia was enhanced. The niche breadth of M. grandiflora,C. lanceolata,P. massoniana became narrower,indicating that a decline of their ability to use resources and adapt to the environment. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis divided the dominant species in each community into three groups. C. controversa,C. myrsinaefolia,L. formosana and M. denudate were clustered in one group,with similar niche breadths. The proportion of species with an overlap value of more than 0.2 increased significantly in the past decade,indicating that species competition for similar resource was more intense,or that they might utilize resources from different approaches to form a relatively stable and competitive dynamic balance. The populations of C. myrsinaefolia,L. formosana,C. controversa were relatively stable in the community,but the dominant position of P. massoniana and P. amabilis may be replaced by other tree species with strong environmental adaptability in old-tree communities of Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area.
引文
白欢欢,王雪峰,徐建国.2018.天然黄山松群落主要树种营养生态位特征研究.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,48(2):81-88.
白尚斌,周国模,王懿祥,等.2013.天目山保护区森林群落植物多样性对毛竹入侵的响应及动态变化.生物多样性,21(3):288-295.
陈丝露,赵敏,李贤伟,等.2018.柏木低效林不同改造模式优势草本植物多样性及其生态位.生态学报,38(1):143-155.
陈晓霞,李瑜,茹正忠,等.2015.深圳坝光银叶树群落结构与多样性.生态学杂志,34(6):1487-1498.
董冬,何云核.2008.安徽省九华山风景名胜区古树名木资源的调查.安徽农业大学学报,35(2):191-195.
董冬,周志翔,何云核,等.2011.安徽省九华山风景区古树群落景观美学评价.生态学杂志,30(8):1786-1792.
冯宜明,陈学龙,齐瑞,等.2018.甘肃亚高山云杉人工林下植物种群生态位特征.草业科学,35(4):807-815.
盖新敏.2005.支提山突脉青冈天然林主要植物种群生态位研究.中南林业科技大学学报,25(3):21-24.
龚雪伟,吕光辉.2017.艾比湖流域杜加依林荒漠植物群落多样性及优势种生态位.生物多样性,25(1):34-45.
韩路,王家强,王海珍,等.2016.塔里木荒漠绿洲过渡带主要种群生态位与空间格局分析.植物科学学报,34(3):352-360.
黄艺,黄木柯,柴立伟,等.2018.干旱半干旱区土壤微生物空间分布格局的成因.生态环境学报,27(1):191-198.
黄云霞,徐萱,张莉芗,等.2016.百山祖常绿阔叶林灌草层物种组成和分布的10年动态.生物多样性,24(12):1353-1363.
胡相明,程积民,万惠娥,等.2006.黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下植物种群生态位研究.草业学报,15(1):29-35.
晋秀龙,陆林,郝朝运,等.2011.旅游活动对九华山风景区游道附件植物群落的影响.林业科学,47(2):1-8.
李丘霖,宗秀虹,邓洪平,等.2017.赤水桫椤群落乔木层优势物种生态位与种间联结性研究.西北植物学报,37(7):1422-1428.
刘想,龚熹,陈思斯,等.2018.基于MaxEnt和Arc GIS模拟檫木分布格局及其栖息地的变化.植物科学学报,36(3):320-326.
石树人,葛继志,尹华宝,等.2000.九华山风景名胜区生态环境的演变.安徽大学学报:自然科学版,24(4):92-97.
田文斌,周刘丽,周伟平,等.2016.浙江普陀山古树群落木本植物种间关系.福建林业科技,43(2):36-40.
王国庆,杜广明,聂莹莹,等.2017.草甸草原封育演替过程中主要植物种群生态位动态分析.中国草地学报,39(6):72-78.
王立龙,陆林.2010.雪灾对九华山风景区毛竹林的影响.植物生态学报,34(2):233-239.
王晓荣,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.2016.三峡库区消落带水淹初期主要优势草本植物生态位变化特征.长江流域资源与环境,25(3):404-411.
向应海,向准.1999.贵阳市高坡乡杉坪村古森林残存群落及银杏种群调查---贵州省银杏古森林残存群落考察资料Ⅲ.贵州科学,17(3):221-230.
俞筱押,余瑞,黄娟,等.2017.贵州茂兰喀斯特森林四药门花群落优势种群生态位特征.生态学杂志,36(12):3470-3478.
张金屯.2004.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社.
Anderson RP.2013.A framework for using niche models to estimate impacts of climate change on species distributions.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1297:8-28.
Anthwal S,Bhatt AB,Nautiyal BP,et al.2008.Vegetation structure,niche width,niche overlap and types of competition in temperate grazingland of Garhwal Himalaya,India.Environmentalist,28:261-273.
Arellano G,Cala V,Macía MJ.2014.Niche breadth of oligarchic species in Amazonian and Andean rain forests.Journal of Vegetation Science,25:1355-1366.
Brown ND,Curtis T,Adams EC.2015.Effects of clear-felling versus gradual removal of conifer trees on the survival of understorey plants during the restoration of ancient woodlands.Forest Ecology and Management,348:15-22.
Chesson P.2000.Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,31:343-366.
Gaston KJ,Spicer JI.2001.The relationship between range size and niche breadth:A test using five species of Gammarus(Amphipoda).Global Ecology and Biogeography,10:179-188.
Ingram T,Costa-Pereira R,Araújo MS.2018.The dimensionality of individual niche variation.Ecology,99:536-549.
Ito T.2006.Breeding characteristic,invasion prevention method,and its dissemination of Phyllostachys pubescens woods.Shinrin Gijyutsu,772:36-37.
Kraft NJB,Comita LS,Chase JM,et al.2011.Disentangling the drivers ofβdiversity along latitudinal and elevational gradients.Science,333:1755-1758.
Laaka-Lindberg S,Pohjamo M,Korpelainen H.2005.Niche breadth and niche overlap in three epixylic hepatics in a boreal old-growth forest,southern Finland.Journal of Bryology,27:119-127.
Levins R.1968.Evolution in Changing Environments:Some Theoretical Exploration.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Lou YJ,Gao CY,Pan YW,et al.2018.Niche modelling of marsh plants based on occurrence and abundance data.Science of the Total Environment,616-617:198-207.
Marinek A,ˇCarni A,ilc U,et al.2015.What makes a plant species specialist in mixed broad-leaved deciduous forests?Plant Ecology,216:1-11.
Martorell C,Freckleton RP.2014.Testing the roles of competition,facilitation and stochasticity on community structure in a species-rich assemblage.Journal of Ecology,102:74-85.
Moga CI,Hartel T,Ollerer K.2009.Ancient oak wood-pasture as a habitat for the endangered tree pipit Anthus trivialis.Biologia,64:1011-1015.
Mota-Vargas C,Rojas-Soto OR.2016.Taxonomy and ecological niche modeling:Implications for the conservation of wood partridges(genus Dendrortyx).Journal for Nature Conservation,29:1-13.
Muller R,Nowicki C,Barthlott W,et al.2003.Biodiversity and endemism mapping as a tool for regional conservation planning:Case study of the Pleurothallidinae(Orchidaceae)of the Andeanrain forests in Bolivia.Biodiversity and Conservation,12:2005-2024.
Pianka ER.1973.The structure of lizard community.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,4:53-74.
Rosenthal G.2003.Selecting target species to evaluate the success of wet grassland restoration.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,98:227-246.
Soberon J,Peterson AT.2005.Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’distributional areas.Biodiversity Informatics,2:1-10.
Spies TA,Franklin JF,Klopsch M.1990.Canopy gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Cascade Mountains.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,20:649-658.
Sullivan MJP,Davy AJ,Grant A,et al.2017.Is saltmarsh restoration success constrained by matching natural environments or altered succession?A test using niche models.Journal of Applied Ecology,55:1207-1217.
Tilman GD.1984.Plant dominance along an experimental nutrient gradient.Ecology,65:1445-1453.
Walker B.1995.Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem resilience.Conservation Biology,9:747-752.
Winemiller KO,Fitzgerald DB,Bower LM,et al.2015.Functional traits,convergent evolution,and periodic tables of niches.Ecology Letters,18:737-751.
Zhang YH,Liu PY,Kong QQ,et al.2017.The contents of terpene trilactone and flavonoid in leaves of seedlings from ancient female ginkgo trees in China.Horticultural Plant Journal,3:165-171.
白尚斌,周国模,王懿祥,等.2013.天目山保护区森林群落植物多样性对毛竹入侵的响应及动态变化.生物多样性,21(3):288-295.
陈丝露,赵敏,李贤伟,等.2018.柏木低效林不同改造模式优势草本植物多样性及其生态位.生态学报,38(1):143-155.
陈晓霞,李瑜,茹正忠,等.2015.深圳坝光银叶树群落结构与多样性.生态学杂志,34(6):1487-1498.
董冬,何云核.2008.安徽省九华山风景名胜区古树名木资源的调查.安徽农业大学学报,35(2):191-195.
董冬,周志翔,何云核,等.2011.安徽省九华山风景区古树群落景观美学评价.生态学杂志,30(8):1786-1792.
冯宜明,陈学龙,齐瑞,等.2018.甘肃亚高山云杉人工林下植物种群生态位特征.草业科学,35(4):807-815.
盖新敏.2005.支提山突脉青冈天然林主要植物种群生态位研究.中南林业科技大学学报,25(3):21-24.
龚雪伟,吕光辉.2017.艾比湖流域杜加依林荒漠植物群落多样性及优势种生态位.生物多样性,25(1):34-45.
韩路,王家强,王海珍,等.2016.塔里木荒漠绿洲过渡带主要种群生态位与空间格局分析.植物科学学报,34(3):352-360.
黄艺,黄木柯,柴立伟,等.2018.干旱半干旱区土壤微生物空间分布格局的成因.生态环境学报,27(1):191-198.
黄云霞,徐萱,张莉芗,等.2016.百山祖常绿阔叶林灌草层物种组成和分布的10年动态.生物多样性,24(12):1353-1363.
胡相明,程积民,万惠娥,等.2006.黄土丘陵区不同立地条件下植物种群生态位研究.草业学报,15(1):29-35.
晋秀龙,陆林,郝朝运,等.2011.旅游活动对九华山风景区游道附件植物群落的影响.林业科学,47(2):1-8.
李丘霖,宗秀虹,邓洪平,等.2017.赤水桫椤群落乔木层优势物种生态位与种间联结性研究.西北植物学报,37(7):1422-1428.
刘想,龚熹,陈思斯,等.2018.基于MaxEnt和Arc GIS模拟檫木分布格局及其栖息地的变化.植物科学学报,36(3):320-326.
石树人,葛继志,尹华宝,等.2000.九华山风景名胜区生态环境的演变.安徽大学学报:自然科学版,24(4):92-97.
田文斌,周刘丽,周伟平,等.2016.浙江普陀山古树群落木本植物种间关系.福建林业科技,43(2):36-40.
王国庆,杜广明,聂莹莹,等.2017.草甸草原封育演替过程中主要植物种群生态位动态分析.中国草地学报,39(6):72-78.
王立龙,陆林.2010.雪灾对九华山风景区毛竹林的影响.植物生态学报,34(2):233-239.
王晓荣,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.2016.三峡库区消落带水淹初期主要优势草本植物生态位变化特征.长江流域资源与环境,25(3):404-411.
向应海,向准.1999.贵阳市高坡乡杉坪村古森林残存群落及银杏种群调查---贵州省银杏古森林残存群落考察资料Ⅲ.贵州科学,17(3):221-230.
俞筱押,余瑞,黄娟,等.2017.贵州茂兰喀斯特森林四药门花群落优势种群生态位特征.生态学杂志,36(12):3470-3478.
张金屯.2004.数量生态学.北京:科学出版社.
Anderson RP.2013.A framework for using niche models to estimate impacts of climate change on species distributions.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1297:8-28.
Anthwal S,Bhatt AB,Nautiyal BP,et al.2008.Vegetation structure,niche width,niche overlap and types of competition in temperate grazingland of Garhwal Himalaya,India.Environmentalist,28:261-273.
Arellano G,Cala V,Macía MJ.2014.Niche breadth of oligarchic species in Amazonian and Andean rain forests.Journal of Vegetation Science,25:1355-1366.
Brown ND,Curtis T,Adams EC.2015.Effects of clear-felling versus gradual removal of conifer trees on the survival of understorey plants during the restoration of ancient woodlands.Forest Ecology and Management,348:15-22.
Chesson P.2000.Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,31:343-366.
Gaston KJ,Spicer JI.2001.The relationship between range size and niche breadth:A test using five species of Gammarus(Amphipoda).Global Ecology and Biogeography,10:179-188.
Ingram T,Costa-Pereira R,Araújo MS.2018.The dimensionality of individual niche variation.Ecology,99:536-549.
Ito T.2006.Breeding characteristic,invasion prevention method,and its dissemination of Phyllostachys pubescens woods.Shinrin Gijyutsu,772:36-37.
Kraft NJB,Comita LS,Chase JM,et al.2011.Disentangling the drivers ofβdiversity along latitudinal and elevational gradients.Science,333:1755-1758.
Laaka-Lindberg S,Pohjamo M,Korpelainen H.2005.Niche breadth and niche overlap in three epixylic hepatics in a boreal old-growth forest,southern Finland.Journal of Bryology,27:119-127.
Levins R.1968.Evolution in Changing Environments:Some Theoretical Exploration.Princeton:Princeton University Press.
Lou YJ,Gao CY,Pan YW,et al.2018.Niche modelling of marsh plants based on occurrence and abundance data.Science of the Total Environment,616-617:198-207.
Marinek A,ˇCarni A,ilc U,et al.2015.What makes a plant species specialist in mixed broad-leaved deciduous forests?Plant Ecology,216:1-11.
Martorell C,Freckleton RP.2014.Testing the roles of competition,facilitation and stochasticity on community structure in a species-rich assemblage.Journal of Ecology,102:74-85.
Moga CI,Hartel T,Ollerer K.2009.Ancient oak wood-pasture as a habitat for the endangered tree pipit Anthus trivialis.Biologia,64:1011-1015.
Mota-Vargas C,Rojas-Soto OR.2016.Taxonomy and ecological niche modeling:Implications for the conservation of wood partridges(genus Dendrortyx).Journal for Nature Conservation,29:1-13.
Muller R,Nowicki C,Barthlott W,et al.2003.Biodiversity and endemism mapping as a tool for regional conservation planning:Case study of the Pleurothallidinae(Orchidaceae)of the Andeanrain forests in Bolivia.Biodiversity and Conservation,12:2005-2024.
Pianka ER.1973.The structure of lizard community.Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics,4:53-74.
Rosenthal G.2003.Selecting target species to evaluate the success of wet grassland restoration.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,98:227-246.
Soberon J,Peterson AT.2005.Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’distributional areas.Biodiversity Informatics,2:1-10.
Spies TA,Franklin JF,Klopsch M.1990.Canopy gaps in Douglas-fir forests of the Cascade Mountains.Canadian Journal of Forest Research,20:649-658.
Sullivan MJP,Davy AJ,Grant A,et al.2017.Is saltmarsh restoration success constrained by matching natural environments or altered succession?A test using niche models.Journal of Applied Ecology,55:1207-1217.
Tilman GD.1984.Plant dominance along an experimental nutrient gradient.Ecology,65:1445-1453.
Walker B.1995.Conserving biological diversity through ecosystem resilience.Conservation Biology,9:747-752.
Winemiller KO,Fitzgerald DB,Bower LM,et al.2015.Functional traits,convergent evolution,and periodic tables of niches.Ecology Letters,18:737-751.
Zhang YH,Liu PY,Kong QQ,et al.2017.The contents of terpene trilactone and flavonoid in leaves of seedlings from ancient female ginkgo trees in China.Horticultural Plant Journal,3:165-171.