氮肥用量和基追肥比例对密植秋芝麻产量和冠层结构的影响
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摘要
为了探索红壤旱地密植秋芝麻的节氮高产栽培技术,以品种金黄麻为材料,采用裂区设计,2016和2017年在江西省进贤县研究氮肥用量[即N_1(105kg/hm~2)和N_2(75kg/hm~2)]和基追肥比例[即Z_1(7∶3)、Z_2(6∶4)、Z_3(5∶5)、Z_4(4∶6)、Z_5(3∶7)]对芝麻产量和冠层结构的影响。结果表明,在N_1条件下,2016年Z_3的单株蒴果数较Z_2显著增加25.36%,Z_4的每蒴粒数和Z_2的千粒重较Z_1的分别显著增加19.96%和13.62%;不同的是,2017年Z_2的每蒴粒数较Z_3显著增加22.84%,对单株蒴果数和千粒重无显著影响。在N_2条件下,2016年Z_3的千粒重较Z_4显著增加6.42%,其它处理间的单株蒴果数、每蒴粒数、千粒重都无显著差异;N_2的平均产量(879.0kg/hm~2)较N_1显著增加22.3%;但是2017年N_1的平均产量(1 080.7kg/hm~2)较N_2增加8.1%。相同的是,两年的结果都表现为Z_2处理平均产量最高。芝麻产量表现为随着基肥的比例减少而先增后减。不同时期N_1的光能截获率和叶面积指数都显著高于N_2,且随生长发育进程而先增后减。不同位置的芝麻冠层光能截获率和叶面积指数都有显著差异,且随着测定位置的不断升高而降低。因此,氮肥用量为75kg/hm~2和基追肥比例为6∶4,有利于协调密植秋芝麻的群体冠层结构,保持秋芝麻的高产。
For high yield of autumn sesame under high density in red soil in Jiangxi Province, black sesame cv Jinhuangma was used to study the effect of 2 nitrogen rates(N_1 105 kg/hm~2 and N_2 75 kg/hm~2) and 5 basal dressing ratios[Z_1(7∶3),Z_2(6∶4),Z_3(5∶5),Z_4(4∶6) and Z_5(3∶7)] on yield and canopy structure in 2016-2017. Results showed that under N_1 condition, capsule numbers per plant of Z_3 increased 25.36%(P<0.05) compared with that of Z_2 in 2016. Seeds per capsule of Z_4 and 1 000-grain weight of Z_2 increased 19.96%(P<0.05) and 13.62%(P<0.05) compared with those of Z_1 respectively, but capsule numbers per plant of Z_2 increased 22.84%(P<0.05) compared with that of Z_3 in 2017, which had no significant effect on capsule numbers and 1 000-grain weight. Under N_2 condition, 1 000-grain weight of Z_3 increased 6.42%(P<0.05) compared with that of Z_4 in 2016. There were no significant differences in the capsule numbers, seeds per capsule and 1 000-grain weight of the other treatments. In 2016, the yield of N_2(879.0 kg/hm~2) increased 22.3%(P<0.05) than that of N_1(718.5 kg/hm~2). However, the yield of N_1(1 080.7 kg/hm~2) increased 8.1%(P>0.05) than that of N_2 in 2017. The two years' results showed that yield of Z_2 was the highest. The interception rate and leaf area index of N_1 in different periods were significantly higher than those of N_2. The interception rate and leaf area index of sesame canopy at different locations had significant difference,and decreased with increasing location. It suggested that N 75 kg/hm~2 with basal dressing ratio of 6∶ 4 could maintain high yield and ideal canopy structure for high density autumn sesame.
For high yield of autumn sesame under high density in red soil in Jiangxi Province, black sesame cv Jinhuangma was used to study the effect of 2 nitrogen rates(N_1 105 kg/hm~2 and N_2 75 kg/hm~2) and 5 basal dressing ratios[Z_1(7∶3),Z_2(6∶4),Z_3(5∶5),Z_4(4∶6) and Z_5(3∶7)] on yield and canopy structure in 2016-2017. Results showed that under N_1 condition, capsule numbers per plant of Z_3 increased 25.36%(P<0.05) compared with that of Z_2 in 2016. Seeds per capsule of Z_4 and 1 000-grain weight of Z_2 increased 19.96%(P<0.05) and 13.62%(P<0.05) compared with those of Z_1 respectively, but capsule numbers per plant of Z_2 increased 22.84%(P<0.05) compared with that of Z_3 in 2017, which had no significant effect on capsule numbers and 1 000-grain weight. Under N_2 condition, 1 000-grain weight of Z_3 increased 6.42%(P<0.05) compared with that of Z_4 in 2016. There were no significant differences in the capsule numbers, seeds per capsule and 1 000-grain weight of the other treatments. In 2016, the yield of N_2(879.0 kg/hm~2) increased 22.3%(P<0.05) than that of N_1(718.5 kg/hm~2). However, the yield of N_1(1 080.7 kg/hm~2) increased 8.1%(P>0.05) than that of N_2 in 2017. The two years' results showed that yield of Z_2 was the highest. The interception rate and leaf area index of N_1 in different periods were significantly higher than those of N_2. The interception rate and leaf area index of sesame canopy at different locations had significant difference,and decreased with increasing location. It suggested that N 75 kg/hm~2 with basal dressing ratio of 6∶ 4 could maintain high yield and ideal canopy structure for high density autumn sesame.
引文
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[14] 张文静,江东国,黄正来,等.氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(2):164-174.
[15] 范仲学,王璞,梁振兴,等.优化灌溉与施肥对冬小麦冠层结构的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005(3):79-81.
[16] 郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮水平对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007(12):1 977-1 981.
[17] 王兴亚,周勋波,钟雯雯,等.种植方式和施氮量对冬小麦产量和农田小气候的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):14 -21.
[18] 李国强,汤亮,张文宇,等.施氮量对不同株型小麦品种叶型垂直分布特征的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(1):127-137.
[19] 吴晓丽,李朝苏,汤永禄,等.氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1 889-1 898.
[2] 中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社.2016.
[3] 江西省统计局.江西统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社.2016.
[4] 卫双玲,李春明,高桐梅,等.芝麻氮、磷、钾肥的效应研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):644-649.
[5] 汪瑞清,肖运萍,吕丰娟,等.氮肥与密度互作对红壤旱地秋芝麻的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(4):502-508.
[6] 李中秀,胡文秀,徐宝庆,等.不同氮钾用量对芝麻产量的影响[J].江西农业学报,2007,19(4):117-118.
[7] 李亚贞,肖国滨,叶川,等.不同氮肥用量对秋播黑芝麻“赣芝8号”生长发育及产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(18):69-73.
[8] 吴玉红,郝兴顺,陈进,等.氮肥基追肥比例对马铃薯微型薯生产的影响[J].中国马铃薯,2012,26(6):354-357.
[9] 王桂芳.彬县旱地小麦氮肥基追肥比例试验[J].现代农业科技,2011(22):72-74.
[10] 王德宝,郜海民,史宏志,等.氮肥用量和基追肥比例对白肋烟干物质积累和氮肥利用率的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2011,45(2):155-159.
[11] 靳立斌,张吉旺,李波,等.高产高效夏玉米的冠层结构及其光合特性[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(12):2 430-2 439.
[12] 任书杰,李世清,王全九,等.栽培模式、施氮和品种对冬小麦冠层结构和产量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2006(12):1 449-1 454.
[13] 徐丽娜,黄收兵,陶洪斌,等.不同氮肥模式对夏玉米冠层结构及部分生理和农艺性状的影响[J].作物学报,2012,38(2):301-306.
[14] 张文静,江东国,黄正来,等.氮肥施用对稻茬小麦冠层结构及产量、品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2018,38(2):164-174.
[15] 范仲学,王璞,梁振兴,等.优化灌溉与施肥对冬小麦冠层结构的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2005(3):79-81.
[16] 郭天财,宋晓,马冬云,等.施氮水平对冬小麦旗叶光合特性的调控效应[J].作物学报,2007(12):1 977-1 981.
[17] 王兴亚,周勋波,钟雯雯,等.种植方式和施氮量对冬小麦产量和农田小气候的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(1):14 -21.
[18] 李国强,汤亮,张文宇,等.施氮量对不同株型小麦品种叶型垂直分布特征的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(1):127-137.
[19] 吴晓丽,李朝苏,汤永禄,等.氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(6):1 889-1 898.