GCr15轴承钢中TiN夹杂物聚合机理研究
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摘要
在对GCr15轴承钢的扫描电镜观察中发现了尺寸不同的2类TiN夹杂物,包括小尺寸单颗粒TiN和多颗粒聚合TiN。对TiN的热力学计算表明,GCr15轴承钢中TiN夹杂物在固液两相区析出。对TiN生长动力学的计算表明,在初始Ti的质量分数为0.006 0%～0.007 8%和N的质量分数为0.004 9%～0.007 0%,TiN析出的局部冷却速度为0.5～10 K/s,析出温度为1 620～1 640 K的条件下,单颗粒TiN最终析出半径为1～6μm。对多颗粒聚合型TiN形成机制研究表明,其是由单颗粒TiN经历了3个阶段形成的:当有距离较近的单颗粒TiN时,两者之间会自发形成腔桥并通过腔桥力相互吸引靠近;当带有活性的TiN尖端接触后,发生碰撞粗化;各基相发生固相烧结。
Many different types of TiN inclusions were found in the scanning electron microscope observation of GCr15 bearing steel, including single particle TiN, multi-particle polymerized TiN. The thermodynamic calculation of TiN shows that TiN inclusion in GCr15 bearing steel precipitates in the mushy zone. The calculation of TiN growth kinetics shows that: under the condition that the initial concentration of Ti is 0.006 0 mass%-0.007 8 mass% and the content of N is 0.004 9 mass%-0.007 0 mass%, the local cooling rate of TiN precipitation is 0.5-10 K/s and precipitation temperature is 1 620-1 640 K, the final size of single particle TiN is 1-6 μm. The formation mechanisms on multi-particle polymerized TiN reveal that they are formed by single-particle TiN going through three stages as follows: single-particle TiN inclusions approach together by the cavity bridge force; the collision coarsening occurs around the neck region of inclusions; inclusions and new precipitates are sintered in solid phase state.
Many different types of TiN inclusions were found in the scanning electron microscope observation of GCr15 bearing steel, including single particle TiN, multi-particle polymerized TiN. The thermodynamic calculation of TiN shows that TiN inclusion in GCr15 bearing steel precipitates in the mushy zone. The calculation of TiN growth kinetics shows that: under the condition that the initial concentration of Ti is 0.006 0 mass%-0.007 8 mass% and the content of N is 0.004 9 mass%-0.007 0 mass%, the local cooling rate of TiN precipitation is 0.5-10 K/s and precipitation temperature is 1 620-1 640 K, the final size of single particle TiN is 1-6 μm. The formation mechanisms on multi-particle polymerized TiN reveal that they are formed by single-particle TiN going through three stages as follows: single-particle TiN inclusions approach together by the cavity bridge force; the collision coarsening occurs around the neck region of inclusions; inclusions and new precipitates are sintered in solid phase state.
引文
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[16] Ma W J, Bao Y P, Zhao L H. Control of the precipitation of TiN inclusions in gear steels[J]. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2014, 21(3):234.
[17] Yin H, Shibata H, Emi T. "In-situ" observation of collision, agglomeration and cluster formation of alumina inclusion particles on steel melts[J]. ISIJ International, 1997, 37(10):936.
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[19] Shibata H, Yin H, Yoshinaga S. In-situ observation of engulfment and pushing of nonmetallic inclusions in steel melt by advancing melt/solid interface[J]. ISIJ International, 1998, 38(2):149.
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[21] Sasai K. Interaction between alumina inclusions in molten steel due to cavity bridge force[J]. ISIJ International, 2016, 56(6):1013.
[22] Sasai K. Direct measurement of agglomeration force exerted between alumina particles in molten steel[J]. ISIJ International 2014, 54(12):2780.
[23] Bratko D, Curtis R A, Blanch H W, et al. Interaction between hydrophobic surfaces with metastable intervening liquid[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2001, 115(8):3873.
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[27] Carambassis A, Jonker L C, Attard P, et al. Forces measured between hydrophobic surfaces due to a submicroscopic bridging bubble[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1998, 80(24):5357.
[28] Podgornik R. Electrostatic correlation forces between surfaces with surface specific ionic interactions[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1989, 91(9):5840.
[29] 吴铿. 冶金传输原理[M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2011.(Wu K. Principles of Metallurgical Transport[M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2011.)
[30] Lu Y, Song S, Shen X, et al. Low-power phase change memory with multilayer TiN/W nanostructure electrode[J]. Applied Physics, 2014, 117A(4):1933.
[31] Podgornik R. Electrostatic correlation forces between surfaces with surface specific ionic interactions[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1989, 91(9):5840.
[32] Johnson J L, German R M. Advances in powder metallurgy and particulate materials[J]. The International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, 1993, 4(1):201.
[33] Johnson J L, Hens K F, German R M. Tungsten and Refractory Metals-1994[M]. Princeton: Metal Powder Industry Federation, 1995:246.
[34] Johnson J L, German R M. Theoretical modeling of densification during activated solid-state sintering[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 1996, 27A:441.
[35] Johnson J L, German R M. Solid-state contributions to densification during liquid-phase sintering[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 1996, 27B(6):901.
[2] Lund T, Akesson J. Oxygen content, oxidic microindusions, and fatigue properties of rolling bearing steels[C]//Hoo J J C. Effect of Steel Manufacturing Processes on the Quality of Bearing Steels. Baltimore: ASTM Intermational, 1988:308.
[3] Fu J, Zhu J, Di L, et al. Study on the precipitation behavior of TiN in the micro-alloyed steels[J]. Acta Metallrugica Sinica-Chinese Edition, 2000, 36(8):801.
[4] 金友林, 杨丽珠. 高碳抗疲劳应力钢TiN夹杂物形成机理及控制研究[J]. 安徽冶金, 2012(4):1.(Jin Y L, Yang L Z. The forming mechanism and control of TiN inclusions in round billet of high carbon and anti-fatigue stress steel[J]. Anhui Metallurgy, 2012(4):1.)
[5] 杨俊, 王新华, 龚志翔, 等. 超低氧车轮钢中TiN夹杂析出的热力学分析及控制[J]. 北京科技大学学报, 2010, 32(9):1138.(Yang J, Wang X H, Gong Z X, et al. Precipitation thermodynamics analysis and control of titanium nitride inclusions in extra-low oxygen wheel steel[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2010, 32(9):1138.)
[6] 张学伟, 张立峰, 杨文, 等. 重轨钢中碳氮化物析出动力学分析与控制[J]. 炼钢, 2016, 32(5):41.(Zhang X W, Zhang L F, Yang W, et al. Dynamics of carbonitrides inclusions precipitation during solidification in heavy rail steels[J]. Steelmaking, 2016, 32(5):41.)
[7] 薛正良, 金武涛, 雷家柳, 等. 帘线钢生产中钛夹杂的析出与控制[J]. 炼钢, 2016, 32(4):23.(Xue Z L, Jin W T, Lei J L, et al. Precipitation and control of titanium inclusions in tire cord steel production[J]. Steelmaking, 2016, 32(4):23.)
[8] 田新中, 刘润藻, 周春芳, 等. 轴承钢中TiN夹杂物的控制研究[J]. 北京科技大学学报, 2009, 31(s1):150.(Tian X Z, Liu R Z, Zhou C F, et al. Control of titanium nitride in bearing steel[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2009, 31(s1):150.)
[9] 曾新光. 轴承钢中TiN夹杂物析出的控制[J]. 北京科技大学学报, 2009, 31(s1):145.(Zeng X G. Control of TiN inclusion precipitation in bearing steel[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2009, 31(s1):145.)
[10] Zhou D G, Fu J, Chen X C, et al. Precipitation behavior of TiN in bearing steel[J]. Journal of Materials Science and Technology, 2003, 19(2):184.
[11] Yang X, Cheng G G, Wang M L, et al. Precipitation and growth of titanium nitride during solidification of clean steel[J]. Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing: English Edition, 2003, 10(5):24.
[12] 黄希祜. 钢铁冶金原理[M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2013.(Huang X H. Iron and Steel Metallurgy Principle[M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2013.)
[13] Gulliver G M. Metallic Alloys[M]. London: Griffen, 1922.
[14] Scheil E. Influence of cooling rate on microsegregation behavior of magnesium alloys[J]. Zeitschrift Metallkunde, 1942, 34:70.
[15] Chen P, Zhu C, Li G. Effect of sulphur concentration on precipitation behaviors of MnS-containing inclusions in GCr15 bearing steels after LF refining[J]. ISIJ International, 2017, 57(6):1019.
[16] Ma W J, Bao Y P, Zhao L H. Control of the precipitation of TiN inclusions in gear steels[J]. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 2014, 21(3):234.
[17] Yin H, Shibata H, Emi T. "In-situ" observation of collision, agglomeration and cluster formation of alumina inclusion particles on steel melts[J]. ISIJ International, 1997, 37(10):936.
[18] Yin H., Shibata H, Emi T. Characteristics of agglomeration of various inclusion particles on molten steel surface[J]. ISIJ International, 1997, 37(10):946.
[19] Shibata H, Yin H, Yoshinaga S. In-situ observation of engulfment and pushing of nonmetallic inclusions in steel melt by advancing melt/solid interface[J]. ISIJ International, 1998, 38(2):149.
[20] 陈家祥. 炼钢常用图表数据[M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2010.(Chen J X. Manual of Chart and Data in Common Use of Steelmaking[M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2010.)
[21] Sasai K. Interaction between alumina inclusions in molten steel due to cavity bridge force[J]. ISIJ International, 2016, 56(6):1013.
[22] Sasai K. Direct measurement of agglomeration force exerted between alumina particles in molten steel[J]. ISIJ International 2014, 54(12):2780.
[23] Bratko D, Curtis R A, Blanch H W, et al. Interaction between hydrophobic surfaces with metastable intervening liquid[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 2001, 115(8):3873.
[24] Singh S, Houston J, Van Swol F, et al. Superhydrophobicity: Drying transition of confined water[J]. Nature, 2006, 442(7102):526.
[25] Ishida N, Inoue T, Miyahara M, et al. Nano bubbles on a hydrophobic surface in water observed by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy[J]. Langmuir, 2000, 16(16):6377.
[26] Parker J L, Claesson P M, Attard P. Bubbles, cavities, and the long-ranged attraction between hydrophobic surfaces[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1994, 98(34):8468.
[27] Carambassis A, Jonker L C, Attard P, et al. Forces measured between hydrophobic surfaces due to a submicroscopic bridging bubble[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1998, 80(24):5357.
[28] Podgornik R. Electrostatic correlation forces between surfaces with surface specific ionic interactions[J]. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 1989, 91(9):5840.
[29] 吴铿. 冶金传输原理[M]. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2011.(Wu K. Principles of Metallurgical Transport[M]. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2011.)
[30] Lu Y, Song S, Shen X, et al. Low-power phase change memory with multilayer TiN/W nanostructure electrode[J]. Applied Physics, 2014, 117A(4):1933.
[31] Podgornik R. Electrostatic correlation forces between surfaces with surface specific ionic interactions[J]. Journal of Chemical Physics, 1989, 91(9):5840.
[32] Johnson J L, German R M. Advances in powder metallurgy and particulate materials[J]. The International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, 1993, 4(1):201.
[33] Johnson J L, Hens K F, German R M. Tungsten and Refractory Metals-1994[M]. Princeton: Metal Powder Industry Federation, 1995:246.
[34] Johnson J L, German R M. Theoretical modeling of densification during activated solid-state sintering[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 1996, 27A:441.
[35] Johnson J L, German R M. Solid-state contributions to densification during liquid-phase sintering[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions, 1996, 27B(6):901.