低氮密植栽培对机插晚稻产量及氮素吸收利用的影响
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摘要
研究低氮密植栽培对机插晚稻干物质累积与氮素利用效率的影响,为水稻高产高效栽培提供依据,以杂交稻‘泰优390’与常规稻‘湘晚籼13’为材料,在大田栽培条件下,研究机插密度(36.4穴/m~2、28.6穴/m~2)与施氮肥量(0、120、150kg/hm~2)对机插晚稻产量及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:与常规栽培(28.6穴/m~2,150kg/hm~2)相比,低氮密植(36.4穴/m~2,120kg/hm~2)条件下,晚稻的干物质累积量与氮素累积量显著提升,‘泰优390’与‘湘晚籼13’的收获期干物质累积量分别提高22.8%和15.3%,氮素累积量分别提高10.6%和16.2%;产量构成因素中,穗粒数、结实率、千粒质量在2种栽培条件下无显著差异,但有效穗数、偏生产力及氮肥吸收利用率显著提高。由此可见,水稻低氮密植栽培保持了稳定高产,同时显著提高氮肥利用率,是一种可实现水稻高产高效的栽培模式。
In order to study the effects of low-nitrogen and close-planting cultivation on the dry matter accumulation,nitrogen utilization efficiency of late rice and to provide basis for high yield and efficient cultivation of rice,hybrid rice cultivar ‘Taiyou 390' and conventional cultivar ‘Xiangwanxian 13' were used to study the effects of planting density(36.4 holes/m~2,28.6 holes/m~2) and nitrogen application rate(0,120 kg/hm~2,150 kg/hm~2) on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of machine-planted rice in the field. The results showed that compared with conventional cultivation,the dry mass and nitrogen accumulation of late rice improved significantly under the condition of low-nitrogen and close-planting,in detail,the dry mass of ‘Taiyou 390' and ‘Xiangwanxian 13' increased by 22.8% and 15.3% respectively,and nitrogen accumulation increased by 10.6% and 16.2% respectively. No significant differences were observed in the number of kernels,seed setting rate and 1 000-grain mass between the two cultivation patterns. However,compared with the conventional cultivation,the partial productivity and nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency were significantly enhanced under low-nitrogen and close-planting condition,suggesting that the late rice maintained high yield under low nitrogen conditions.In conclusion low-nitrogen close-planting is a valuable cultivation pattern for late rice,which maintained a stable and high yield and significantly increased the nitrogen utilization efficiency.
In order to study the effects of low-nitrogen and close-planting cultivation on the dry matter accumulation,nitrogen utilization efficiency of late rice and to provide basis for high yield and efficient cultivation of rice,hybrid rice cultivar ‘Taiyou 390' and conventional cultivar ‘Xiangwanxian 13' were used to study the effects of planting density(36.4 holes/m~2,28.6 holes/m~2) and nitrogen application rate(0,120 kg/hm~2,150 kg/hm~2) on the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of machine-planted rice in the field. The results showed that compared with conventional cultivation,the dry mass and nitrogen accumulation of late rice improved significantly under the condition of low-nitrogen and close-planting,in detail,the dry mass of ‘Taiyou 390' and ‘Xiangwanxian 13' increased by 22.8% and 15.3% respectively,and nitrogen accumulation increased by 10.6% and 16.2% respectively. No significant differences were observed in the number of kernels,seed setting rate and 1 000-grain mass between the two cultivation patterns. However,compared with the conventional cultivation,the partial productivity and nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency were significantly enhanced under low-nitrogen and close-planting condition,suggesting that the late rice maintained high yield under low nitrogen conditions.In conclusion low-nitrogen close-planting is a valuable cultivation pattern for late rice,which maintained a stable and high yield and significantly increased the nitrogen utilization efficiency.
引文
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[3]蒙静杰.水稻机械种植方式实施现状与对策探讨[J].南方农业,2017,17(7):6-11.MENG J J.The present situation and countermeasures of rice mechanical planting mode were discussed[J].South China Agriculture,2017,17(7):6-11.
[4]陈新红,韩正光,叶玉秀,等.麦草全量机械还田对机插水稻产量和生长特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(8):38-41.CHEN X H,HAN ZH G,YE Y X,et al.Effects of wheatresidue application on grain yield and growth characteristics in mechanical transplanting rice[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2013,22(8):38-41.
[5]李艳大,舒时富,陈立才,等.长江流域双季稻种植机械化现状分析[J].中国农机化学报,2014,35(6):311-314.LI Y D,SHU SH F,CHEN L C,et al.Status analysis of the double cropping rice planting mechanization along the Changjiang river valley[J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2014,35(6):311-314.
[6]殷春渊,王书玉,薛应征,等.水稻高产、优质和氮高效协同的氮素调控研究[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(1):68-72.YIN CH Y,WANG SH Y,XUE Y ZH,et al.Study on nitrogen regulation of high yield,superior quality and high nitrogen use efficiency in rice[J].Acta Agriculturae Borealioccidentalis Sinica,2015,24(1):68-72.
[7]JU X T,XING G X,CHEN X P,et al.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,2009,106(9):3041-3046.
[8]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.ZHANG F S,WANG J Q,ZHANG W F.Nutrient use efficiencies of major cereal crops in China and measures for improvement[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2008,45(5):915-924.
[9]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.BAO SH D.Soil Agrochemical Analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,1999.
[10]JU X T,KOU C L,ZHANG F S,et al.Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate contamination:comparison among three intensive cropping systems on the North China Plain[J].Environment Pollution,2006,143(1):117-125.
[11]陈佳娜,曹放波,谢小兵,等.机插条件下低氮密植栽培对“早晚兼用”双季稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响[J].作物学报,2016,42(8):1176-1187.CHEN J N,CAO F B,XIE X B,et al.Effect of low nitrogen rate combined with high plant density on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of machine-transplanted early-late season double cropping rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(8):1176-1187.
[12]张卫峰,马林,黄高强,等.中国氮肥发展、贡献和挑战[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(15):3161-3171.ZHANG W F,MA L,HUANG G Q,et al.The development and contribution of nitrogenous fertilizer in China and challenges faced by the country[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(15):3161-3171.
[13]夏冰,蒋鹏,谢小兵,等.超级杂交稻与常规稻产量形成及养分吸收利用的比较研究[J].中国稻米,2015,21(4):38-43.XIA B,JIANG P,XIE X B,et al.Comparative study on yield formation and nutrient uptake and utilization between super hybrid rice and conventional rice[J].China Rice,2015,21(4):38-43.