喀斯特山地草地群落多样性海拔特征及土壤理化性质特征
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摘要
为了明确喀斯特草地群落多样性海拔特征及其与土壤的互动效应,采用生态学统计与排序分析,连续3年研究了桂西北喀斯特山地草地群落多样性海拔特征及土壤理化性质特征,并探讨了群落多样性与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明,不同海拔草地根长、高度、地上和地下生物量在2015-2017年呈现增加的趋势,但增幅不明显,3年平均值基本表现为中海拔>低海拔>高海拔,并且不同海拔差异均显著(P<0.05)。不同海拔草地土壤全碳、全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷均表现为中海拔>高海拔>低海拔,不同海拔草地土壤全碳、全氮、全钾、碱解氮和速效磷含量差异均显著(P<0.05);土壤pH值呈相反的变化趋势,而土壤全磷在不同海拔之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。不同海拔草地丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均表现为中海拔>高海拔>低海拔,而优势度指数呈相反的变化趋势。相关性分析表明:植被多样性各指标和生物量均与pH之间存在负相关关系,与土壤理化性质等均呈正相关关系。物种丰富度指数(S)和多样性指数(H)与土壤理化性质的相关系数绝对值均高于优势度指数(D)和均匀度指数(E);其中土壤全碳和全氮与根长和生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),由此可知全碳和全氮是影响根长和生物量的主要土壤因子。冗余分析(RDA)表明植物群落多样性与土壤理化性质均呈正相关(除了pH);沿着RDA的第1排序轴,随着显著性影响因子(土壤理化性质)的增加,植物丰富度指数逐渐增大,其中相关性最大的是全碳及全氮,这是影响研究区植物群落分布的主要因子。
In order to clarify the elevation characteristics of grassland community diversity and its interaction with soil, this study used classical statistical analysis and sequencing analysis to study the elevation characteristics and soil physical and chemical propertiesof grassland community diversity in the karst mountains for three consecutive years(from 2015 to 2017), and discussed the relationship between community diversity and soil nutrient. Our results as followed:(1) The root length, height, aboveground and underground biomass of grassland at different elevations showed a trend of increase from 2015 to 2017, and the increase effect was not obvious. The three-year average was basically shown as medium elevation>low elevation>high elevation, and the difference was significant at different elevations(P<0.05). The contents of total carbon, total nitrogen, total potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil of grasslands at different elevations were all expressed as medium elevation>low elevation>high elevation, and the contents of total carbon, total nitrogen, total potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil at different elevations were significantly different(P<0.05). pH value of soil showed an opposite trend, while the difference of total phosphorus in soil was not significant at different elevations(P>0.05). The richness index, evenness index and diversity index of grassland at different elevations was medium elevation>low elevation>high elevation, while the dominance index showed an opposite trend. Correlation analysis showed that soil physical and chemical properties was significantly correlated with soil plant diversity, and soil physical and chemical properties contributed the most to plant community diversity(the absolute value of its correlation coefficient was the largest). Redundancy analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between plant community diversity and soil nutrient content(except pH). Along the first sequencing axis of RDA, with the increase of significant influencing factors(soil physical and chemical properties), the plant richness index gradually increased, and plant richness index was negatively correlated with pH. Among them, total carbon and total nitrogen was the most correlated with richness index. Therefore, total carbon and total nitrogen are the main factors influencing plant diversity in this region.
In order to clarify the elevation characteristics of grassland community diversity and its interaction with soil, this study used classical statistical analysis and sequencing analysis to study the elevation characteristics and soil physical and chemical propertiesof grassland community diversity in the karst mountains for three consecutive years(from 2015 to 2017), and discussed the relationship between community diversity and soil nutrient. Our results as followed:(1) The root length, height, aboveground and underground biomass of grassland at different elevations showed a trend of increase from 2015 to 2017, and the increase effect was not obvious. The three-year average was basically shown as medium elevation>low elevation>high elevation, and the difference was significant at different elevations(P<0.05). The contents of total carbon, total nitrogen, total potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil of grasslands at different elevations were all expressed as medium elevation>low elevation>high elevation, and the contents of total carbon, total nitrogen, total potassium, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus in soil at different elevations were significantly different(P<0.05). pH value of soil showed an opposite trend, while the difference of total phosphorus in soil was not significant at different elevations(P>0.05). The richness index, evenness index and diversity index of grassland at different elevations was medium elevation>low elevation>high elevation, while the dominance index showed an opposite trend. Correlation analysis showed that soil physical and chemical properties was significantly correlated with soil plant diversity, and soil physical and chemical properties contributed the most to plant community diversity(the absolute value of its correlation coefficient was the largest). Redundancy analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between plant community diversity and soil nutrient content(except pH). Along the first sequencing axis of RDA, with the increase of significant influencing factors(soil physical and chemical properties), the plant richness index gradually increased, and plant richness index was negatively correlated with pH. Among them, total carbon and total nitrogen was the most correlated with richness index. Therefore, total carbon and total nitrogen are the main factors influencing plant diversity in this region.
引文
BUSCH V,KLAUS V H,PENONE C,et al.,2018.Nutrient stoichiometry and land use rather than species richness determine plant functional diversity[J].Ecology and evolution,8(1):601-616.
CHEN H Y H,BISWAS S R,SOBEY T M,et al.,2018.Reclamation strategies for mined forest soils and overstorey drive understorey vegetation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,55(2):926-936.
CHICK M P,NITSCHKE C R,COHN J S,et al.,2018.Factors influencing above-ground and soil seed bank vegetation diversity at different scales in a quasi-Mediterranean ecosystem[J].Journal of vegetation science,29(4):684-694.
DE GROOTE S R E,VANHELLEMONT M,BAETEN L,et al.,2018.Tree species diversity indirectly affects nutrient cycling through the shrub layer and its high-quality litter[J].Plant and Soil,427(1-2):335-350.
JOHN R,DALLING J W,HARMS K E,et al.,2007.Soil nutrients influence spatial distributions of tropical tree species[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,104(3):864-869.
PINGREE M R A,DELUCA T H,2018.The influence of fire history on soil nutrients and vegetation cover in mixed-severity fire regime forests of the eastern Olympic Peninsula,Washington,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,422:95-107.
REN C,ZHANG W,ZHANG Z K,et al.,2018.Differential responses of soil microbial biomass,diversity,and compositions to altitudinal gradients depend on plant and soil characteristics[J].Science of the Total Environment,610-611:750-758.
SHRESTHA P,HURLEY S E,WEMPLE B C,2018.Effects of different soil media,vegetation,and hydrologic treatments on nutrient and sediment removal in roadside bioretention systems[J].Ecological Engineering,112:116-131.
VERDúR,LOBO J M,SANCHEZ-PINERO F,et al.,2018.Ivermectin residues disrupt dung beetle diversity,soil properties and ecosystem functioning:An interdisciplinary field study[J].Science of the Total Environment,618:219-228.
YADETA T,VEENENDAAL E,SYKORA K,et al.,2018.Effect of Vachellia tortilis on understory vegetation,herbaceous biomass and soil nutrients along a grazing gradient in a semi-arid African savanna[J].Journal of Forestry Research,29(6):1601-1609.
ZHANG W,GAO D X,CHEN Z X,et al.,2018.Substrate quality and soil environmental conditions predict litter decomposition and drive soil nutrient dynamics following afforestation on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,325:152-161.
ZHANG W,QIAO W,GAO D,et al.,2018.Relationship between soil nutrient properties and biological activities along a restoration chronosequence of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation forests in the Ziwuling Mountains,China[J].Catena,161:85-95.
李胜平,王克林,2016.桂西北喀斯特山地草地土壤养分季节变化规律及其对植被多样性的响应[J].水土保持学报,30(4):199-205.LI S P,WANG K L,2016.Seasonal distribution of soil nutrients and their response to the plant diversity of karst mountain grassland[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,30(4):199-205.
李学斌,樊瑞霞,刘学东,2014.中国草地生态系统碳储量及碳过程研究进展[J].生态环境学报,23(11):1845-1851.LI X B,FAN R X,LIU X D,2014.Advance in Studies on Carbon Storage and Carbon Process in Grassland Ecosystem of China[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,23(11):1845-1851.
欧芷阳,申文辉,庞世龙,等,2015.平果喀斯特山地不同植物群落的土壤质量评价[J].生态学杂志,34(10):2771-2777.OU Z Y,SHEN W H,PANG S L,et al.,2015.Assessment of soil quality of different plant communities in the Karst mountains of Pingguo County,Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,34(10):2771-2777.
权国玲,尚占环,2015.中国草地生态系统模拟增温实验的综合比较[J].生态学杂志,34(4):1166-1173.QUAN G L,SHANG Z H,2015.A comprehensive review of warming experiments of grassland ecosystem in China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,34(4):1166-1173.
饶胜,林泉,王夏晖,等,2015.正蓝旗草地生态系统服务权衡研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2(3):81-86.RAO S,LIN Q,WANG X H,et al.,2015.The trade-off between grassland ecosystem services in Zhenglan Banner[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2(3):81-86.
尚二萍,许尔琪,2017.黔桂喀斯特山地主要生态系统服务时空变化[J].资源科学,39(10):2000-2015.SHANG E P,XU E Q,2017.Temporal and spatial variation of main ecosystem services in Guizhou and Guangxi Karst Mountainous region[J].Resources Science,39(10):2000-2015.
孙嘉曼,卜晓莉,吴永波,等,2016.喀斯特山地石灰土施用生物炭对刺槐幼苗生长和土壤特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,35(12):3250-3257.SUN J M,BU X L,WU Y B,et al.,2016.Effects of biochar application on the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia L.seedlings and soil properties in limestone soil in a karst mountain site[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,35(12):3250-3257.
孙元丰,万宏伟,赵玉金,等,2018.中国草地生态系统根系周转的空间格局和驱动因子[J].植物生态学报,42(3):337-348.SUN Y F,WAN H W,ZHAO Y J,et al.,2018.Spatial patterns and drivers of root turnover in grassland ecosystems in China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,42(3):337-348.
武德传,王维洁,施寒丰,等,2016.喀斯特山地植烟土壤养分空间变异及分区研究[J].核农学报,5(8):1625-1632.WU D C,WANG W J,SHI H F,et al.,2016.Spatial variability and management zones of tobacco soil nutrients in qiannan karst mountainous areas,southwestern China[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,5(8):1625-1632.
许尔琪,张红旗.2016.喀斯特山地土地利用变化的垂直分布特征[J].中国生态农业学报,24(12):1693-1702.XU E Q,ZHANG H Q.2016.Vertical distribution of land use in karst mountainous region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,24(12):1693-1702.
袁铁象,张合平,欧芷阳,等,2014.地形对桂西南喀斯特山地森林地表植物多样性及分布格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,25(10):2803-2810.YUAN T X,ZHANG H P,OU Z Y,et al.,2014.Effects of topography on the diversity and distribution pattern of ground plants in karst montane forests in Southwest Guangxi,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,25(10):2803-2810.
张红旗,尚二萍,于竹筱,2017.基于地形分异指数的黔桂喀斯特山地土地利用垂直分布特征[J].资源科学,39(10):1964-1974.ZHANG H Q,SHANG E P,YU Z Y,2017.Vertical distribution characteristics of land use in Guizhou and Guangxi Karst Mountainous region based on terrain differentiation indicators[J].Resources Science,39(10):1964-1974.
张继平,刘春兰,郝海广,等,2015.基于MODISGPP/NPP数据的三江源地区草地生态系统碳储量及碳汇量时空变化研究[J].生态环境学报,24(1):8-13.ZHANG J P,LIU C L,HAO H G,et al.,2015.Temporal and spatial changes of carbon storage and carbon sink of grassland ecosystem in sanjiangyuan region based on MODISGPP/NPP data[J].Journal of ecological environment,24(1):8-13.
张雪峰,牛建明,张庆,等,2015.内蒙古锡林河流域草地生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布[J].草业学报,24(1):12-16.ZHANG X F,NIU J M,ZHANG Q,et al.,2015.Soil conservation function and its spatial distribution of grassland ecosystems in Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,24(1):12-16.
CHEN H Y H,BISWAS S R,SOBEY T M,et al.,2018.Reclamation strategies for mined forest soils and overstorey drive understorey vegetation[J].Journal of Applied Ecology,55(2):926-936.
CHICK M P,NITSCHKE C R,COHN J S,et al.,2018.Factors influencing above-ground and soil seed bank vegetation diversity at different scales in a quasi-Mediterranean ecosystem[J].Journal of vegetation science,29(4):684-694.
DE GROOTE S R E,VANHELLEMONT M,BAETEN L,et al.,2018.Tree species diversity indirectly affects nutrient cycling through the shrub layer and its high-quality litter[J].Plant and Soil,427(1-2):335-350.
JOHN R,DALLING J W,HARMS K E,et al.,2007.Soil nutrients influence spatial distributions of tropical tree species[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,104(3):864-869.
PINGREE M R A,DELUCA T H,2018.The influence of fire history on soil nutrients and vegetation cover in mixed-severity fire regime forests of the eastern Olympic Peninsula,Washington,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,422:95-107.
REN C,ZHANG W,ZHANG Z K,et al.,2018.Differential responses of soil microbial biomass,diversity,and compositions to altitudinal gradients depend on plant and soil characteristics[J].Science of the Total Environment,610-611:750-758.
SHRESTHA P,HURLEY S E,WEMPLE B C,2018.Effects of different soil media,vegetation,and hydrologic treatments on nutrient and sediment removal in roadside bioretention systems[J].Ecological Engineering,112:116-131.
VERDúR,LOBO J M,SANCHEZ-PINERO F,et al.,2018.Ivermectin residues disrupt dung beetle diversity,soil properties and ecosystem functioning:An interdisciplinary field study[J].Science of the Total Environment,618:219-228.
YADETA T,VEENENDAAL E,SYKORA K,et al.,2018.Effect of Vachellia tortilis on understory vegetation,herbaceous biomass and soil nutrients along a grazing gradient in a semi-arid African savanna[J].Journal of Forestry Research,29(6):1601-1609.
ZHANG W,GAO D X,CHEN Z X,et al.,2018.Substrate quality and soil environmental conditions predict litter decomposition and drive soil nutrient dynamics following afforestation on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Geoderma,325:152-161.
ZHANG W,QIAO W,GAO D,et al.,2018.Relationship between soil nutrient properties and biological activities along a restoration chronosequence of Pinus tabulaeformis plantation forests in the Ziwuling Mountains,China[J].Catena,161:85-95.
李胜平,王克林,2016.桂西北喀斯特山地草地土壤养分季节变化规律及其对植被多样性的响应[J].水土保持学报,30(4):199-205.LI S P,WANG K L,2016.Seasonal distribution of soil nutrients and their response to the plant diversity of karst mountain grassland[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,30(4):199-205.
李学斌,樊瑞霞,刘学东,2014.中国草地生态系统碳储量及碳过程研究进展[J].生态环境学报,23(11):1845-1851.LI X B,FAN R X,LIU X D,2014.Advance in Studies on Carbon Storage and Carbon Process in Grassland Ecosystem of China[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,23(11):1845-1851.
欧芷阳,申文辉,庞世龙,等,2015.平果喀斯特山地不同植物群落的土壤质量评价[J].生态学杂志,34(10):2771-2777.OU Z Y,SHEN W H,PANG S L,et al.,2015.Assessment of soil quality of different plant communities in the Karst mountains of Pingguo County,Guangxi[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,34(10):2771-2777.
权国玲,尚占环,2015.中国草地生态系统模拟增温实验的综合比较[J].生态学杂志,34(4):1166-1173.QUAN G L,SHANG Z H,2015.A comprehensive review of warming experiments of grassland ecosystem in China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,34(4):1166-1173.
饶胜,林泉,王夏晖,等,2015.正蓝旗草地生态系统服务权衡研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2(3):81-86.RAO S,LIN Q,WANG X H,et al.,2015.The trade-off between grassland ecosystem services in Zhenglan Banner[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2(3):81-86.
尚二萍,许尔琪,2017.黔桂喀斯特山地主要生态系统服务时空变化[J].资源科学,39(10):2000-2015.SHANG E P,XU E Q,2017.Temporal and spatial variation of main ecosystem services in Guizhou and Guangxi Karst Mountainous region[J].Resources Science,39(10):2000-2015.
孙嘉曼,卜晓莉,吴永波,等,2016.喀斯特山地石灰土施用生物炭对刺槐幼苗生长和土壤特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,35(12):3250-3257.SUN J M,BU X L,WU Y B,et al.,2016.Effects of biochar application on the growth of Robinia pseudoacacia L.seedlings and soil properties in limestone soil in a karst mountain site[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,35(12):3250-3257.
孙元丰,万宏伟,赵玉金,等,2018.中国草地生态系统根系周转的空间格局和驱动因子[J].植物生态学报,42(3):337-348.SUN Y F,WAN H W,ZHAO Y J,et al.,2018.Spatial patterns and drivers of root turnover in grassland ecosystems in China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,42(3):337-348.
武德传,王维洁,施寒丰,等,2016.喀斯特山地植烟土壤养分空间变异及分区研究[J].核农学报,5(8):1625-1632.WU D C,WANG W J,SHI H F,et al.,2016.Spatial variability and management zones of tobacco soil nutrients in qiannan karst mountainous areas,southwestern China[J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,5(8):1625-1632.
许尔琪,张红旗.2016.喀斯特山地土地利用变化的垂直分布特征[J].中国生态农业学报,24(12):1693-1702.XU E Q,ZHANG H Q.2016.Vertical distribution of land use in karst mountainous region[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,24(12):1693-1702.
袁铁象,张合平,欧芷阳,等,2014.地形对桂西南喀斯特山地森林地表植物多样性及分布格局的影响[J].应用生态学报,25(10):2803-2810.YUAN T X,ZHANG H P,OU Z Y,et al.,2014.Effects of topography on the diversity and distribution pattern of ground plants in karst montane forests in Southwest Guangxi,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,25(10):2803-2810.
张红旗,尚二萍,于竹筱,2017.基于地形分异指数的黔桂喀斯特山地土地利用垂直分布特征[J].资源科学,39(10):1964-1974.ZHANG H Q,SHANG E P,YU Z Y,2017.Vertical distribution characteristics of land use in Guizhou and Guangxi Karst Mountainous region based on terrain differentiation indicators[J].Resources Science,39(10):1964-1974.
张继平,刘春兰,郝海广,等,2015.基于MODISGPP/NPP数据的三江源地区草地生态系统碳储量及碳汇量时空变化研究[J].生态环境学报,24(1):8-13.ZHANG J P,LIU C L,HAO H G,et al.,2015.Temporal and spatial changes of carbon storage and carbon sink of grassland ecosystem in sanjiangyuan region based on MODISGPP/NPP data[J].Journal of ecological environment,24(1):8-13.
张雪峰,牛建明,张庆,等,2015.内蒙古锡林河流域草地生态系统土壤保持功能及其空间分布[J].草业学报,24(1):12-16.ZHANG X F,NIU J M,ZHANG Q,et al.,2015.Soil conservation function and its spatial distribution of grassland ecosystems in Xilin River Basin,Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,24(1):12-16.
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