沿绝缘介质表面的气体放电等离子体模型
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摘要
高压直流断路器的断口沿面绝缘性能失效已经成为阻碍直流开断技术发展的主要难点之一,而目前对沿面放电的动态发展规律和放电模型研究还很不完善。该文基于二维自洽流体模拟,建立了N_2/O_2等离子体沿面放电模型,考虑带电粒子的连续性方程和电子能量平衡方程,并耦合泊松方程求解。研究结果发现平板电极中放电由两端向中间发展,累积的表面电荷极性与外加电压一致。根据放电电流波形可判断沿面放电的发展阶段,其中电晕放电阶段电流幅值小且稳定,流注放电阶段电流有小幅波动,火花放电阶段出现电流激增。沿面放电发生在绝缘柱表面的薄层中,其中正、负空间电荷混合存在。并从沿面放电发展速度和表面电荷密度分布两方面验证了该等离子体模型的正确性。
Insulation failure along the dielectric surface in the high-voltage direct-current(DC) circuit breaker has become one of the main difficulties in the development of DC switching technology. However,there is still a lack of complete understanding on the development rules of stages transformation and surface discharge models. A two-dimensional(2D) self-consistent fluid simulation of surface discharges of N_2/O_2 plasma was presented in this paper. This model solved the continuity equations for charged species and the electron energy balance equation, coupled with Poisson's equation. The results show that discharge develops from the both ends to the middle in the plates electrodes and it mainly accumulates negative charge on the dielectric surface under the negative voltage. The stage of surface discharge can be judged from the discharge current. It is corona discharge stage if the current amplitude is small and remains unchanged. There is a slight current fluctuation at the streamer discharge stage and a large current will appear at the spark discharge stage. Surface charge occurs in the thin layer of plasma along the dielectric surface which is filled with a mix of positive and negative charges. The correctness of the plasma model is verified from two aspects of the discharge development speed along the dielectric surface and the surface charge density distribution.
Insulation failure along the dielectric surface in the high-voltage direct-current(DC) circuit breaker has become one of the main difficulties in the development of DC switching technology. However,there is still a lack of complete understanding on the development rules of stages transformation and surface discharge models. A two-dimensional(2D) self-consistent fluid simulation of surface discharges of N_2/O_2 plasma was presented in this paper. This model solved the continuity equations for charged species and the electron energy balance equation, coupled with Poisson's equation. The results show that discharge develops from the both ends to the middle in the plates electrodes and it mainly accumulates negative charge on the dielectric surface under the negative voltage. The stage of surface discharge can be judged from the discharge current. It is corona discharge stage if the current amplitude is small and remains unchanged. There is a slight current fluctuation at the streamer discharge stage and a large current will appear at the spark discharge stage. Surface charge occurs in the thin layer of plasma along the dielectric surface which is filled with a mix of positive and negative charges. The correctness of the plasma model is verified from two aspects of the discharge development speed along the dielectric surface and the surface charge density distribution.
引文
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[18]张增辉,张冠军,邵先军,等.大气压Ar/NH3介质阻挡辉光放电的仿真研究[J].物理学报,2012,61(24):245205.Zhang Zenghui,Zhang Guanjun,Shao Xianjun,et al.Modelling study of dielectric barrier glow discharge in Ar/NH3 mixture at atmospheric pressure[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(24):245205(in Chinese).
[19]Qian M Y,Yang C Y,Cheng X C,et al.A two-dimensional model of He/O2 atmospheric pressure plasma needle discharge[J].Chinese Physics B,2015,24(12):125203.
[20]Tsai I H,Hsu C C.Numerical simulation of downstream kinetics of an atmospheric-pressure nitrogen plasma jet[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2010,38(12):3387-3392.
[21]方志,解向前,邱毓昌.大气压空气中均匀介质阻挡放电的产生及放电特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(28):126-132.Fang Zhi,Xie Xiangqian,Qiu Yuchang.Generation and characteristics of the homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge in air under atmosphere pressure[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(28):126-132(in Chinese).
[22]刘兴华,何为,杨帆,等.空气放电中电子输运参数的计算与分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(7):1614-1619.Liu Xinghua,He Wei,Yang Fan,et al.Simulation and analysis of electron transport parameters in air discharge[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(7):1614-1619(in Chinese).
[23]Song X X,Tan Z Y,Chen B.Study on the characteristics of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharges in He-N2admixture[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2012,40(12):3471-3475.
[24]Chen B,Tan Z Y,Song X X,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric-pressure helium barrier pulse discharges[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2011,39(10):1949-1957.
[25]Sima W X,Peng Q J,Yang Q,et al.Study of the characteristics of a streamer discharge in air based on a plasma chemical model[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(2):660-670.
[26]李清泉,许光可,房新振,等.沿面型介质阻挡放电的数值仿真计算[J].高电压技术,2012,38(7):1548-1555.Li Qingquan,Xu Guangke,Fang Xinzhen,et al.Numerical simulation of surface dielectric barrier discharge[J].High Voltage Engineering,2012,38(7):1548-1555(in Chinese).
[27]Wu F F,Liao R J,Wang K,et al.Numerical simulation of the characteristics of heavy particles in bar-plate DC positive corona discharge based on a hybrid model[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2014,42(3):868-878.
[28]Hagelaar G J M,Pitchford L C.Solving the Boltzmann equation to obtain electron transport coefficients and rate coefficients for fluid models[J].Plasma Sources Science and Technology,2005,14:722-733.
[29]梁曦东,陈昌渔,周远翔.高电压工程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003:10-35.Liang Xidong,Chen Changyu,Zhou Yuanxiang.High voltage engineering[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University press,2003:10-35(in Chinese).
[30]孟晓波,梅红伟,陈昌龙,等.绝缘介质表面流注发展特性的机理研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(22):155-165.Meng Xiaobo,Mei Hongwei,Chen Changlong,et al.Research on characteristics of streamer propagation along insulation surfaces[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(22):155-165(in Chinese).
[2]周万迪,魏晓光,高冲,等.基于晶闸管的混合型无弧高压直流断路器[J].中国电机工程学报,2014,34(18):2990-2996.Zhou Wandi,Wei Xiaoguang,Gao Chong,et al.Thyristor based hybrid arc-less high voltage direct current circuit breaker[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2014,34(18):2990-2996(in Chinese).
[3]Lei Z P,Song J C,Tian M Q,et al.Partial discharge of cavities in ethylene propylene rubber insulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2014,21(4):1647-1659.
[4]邵涛,严萍.大气压气体放电及其等离子体应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2015:3-201.Shao Tao,Yan Ping.Atmospheric pressure gas discharge and its application in plasma[M].Beijing:Science Press,2015:3-201(in Chinese).
[5]Yu K K,Zhang G G,Zheng N,et al.Monte Carlo Simulation of Surface-Charging Phenomena on Insulators Prior to Flashover in Vacuum[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2009,37(5):698-704.
[6]董烨,董志伟,周前红,等.沿面闪络流体模型电离参数粒子模拟确定方法[J].物理学报,2014,63(6):067901.Dong Ye,Dong Zhiwei,Zhou Qianhong,et al.Ionization parameters of high power microwave flashover on dielectric window surface calculated by particle-in-cell simulation for fluid modeling[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2014,63(6):067901(in Chinese).
[7]Lee H W,Park G Y,Seo Y S,et al.Modelling of atmospheric pressure plasmas for biomedical applications[J].Journal of Physics,2011(44):053001.
[8]He J,Zhang Y T.Modeling study on the generation of reactive oxygen species in atmosphere radio frequency helium-oxygen discharge[J].Plasma Processes and Polymers,2012(9):919-928.
[9]Barjasteh A,Eslami E,Morshedian N.Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of the effect of voltage parameters on the characteristics of low-pressure argon dielectric barrier discharges[J].Physics of Plasmas,2015(22):073508.
[10]邵先军,马跃,李娅西,等.大气压短间隙Ar介质阻挡辉光放电的模拟分析[J].高电压技术,2010,36(8):2047-2052.Shao Xianjun,Ma Yue,Li Yaxi,et al.Simulation analysis on dielectric barrier glow discharge in short Ar gap under atmospheric pressure[J].High Voltage Engineering,2010,36(8):2047-2052(in Chinese).
[11]Pechereau F,Jansky J,Bourdon A.Simulation of the reignition of a discharge behind a dielectric layer in air at atmospheric pressure[J].Plasma Sources Science and Technology,2012(21):055011.
[12]王艳辉,王德真.介质阻挡均匀大气压氮气放电特性研究[J].物理学报,2006,55(11):5923-5929.Wang Yanhui,Wang Dengzhen.Characteristics of dielectric barrier homogenous discharge at atmospheric pressure in nitrogen[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2006,55(11):5923-5929(in Chinese).
[13]汪沨,肖晓林,张宪标,等.基于PIC法SF6/N2混合气体中绝缘子沿面放电特性研究[J].电工技术学报,2011,26(8):220-226.Wang Feng,Xiao Xiaolin,Zhang Xianbiao,et al.Research on the insulator surface discharge characteristics in SF6/N2 gas mixture using PIC method[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2011,26(8):220-226(in Chinese).
[14]Sarath K,Serdyuk Y V,Gubanski S M.Simulation of surface charge effect on impulse flashover characteristics of outdoor polymeric insulators[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2010,17(6):1754-1763.
[15]Tanaka Y,Michishita T,Uesugi Y.Hydrodynamic chemical non-equilibrium model of a pulsed arc discharge in dry air at atmospheric pressure[J].Plasma Sources Science and Technology,2005(14):134-151.
[16]Li X C,Niu D Y,Xu L F,et al.Simulation of transition from Townsend mode to glow discharge mode in a helium dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure[J].Chinese Physics B,2012,21(7):075204.
[17]张赟,曾嵘,黎小林,等.大气中短空气间隙流注放电过程的数值仿真[J].中国电机工程学报,2008,28(28):6-12.Zhang Yun,Zeng Rong,Li Xiaolin,et al.Numerical simulation on streamer discharge of short air gap of atmospheric air[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2008,28(28):6-12(in Chinese).
[18]张增辉,张冠军,邵先军,等.大气压Ar/NH3介质阻挡辉光放电的仿真研究[J].物理学报,2012,61(24):245205.Zhang Zenghui,Zhang Guanjun,Shao Xianjun,et al.Modelling study of dielectric barrier glow discharge in Ar/NH3 mixture at atmospheric pressure[J].Acta Physica Sinica,2012,61(24):245205(in Chinese).
[19]Qian M Y,Yang C Y,Cheng X C,et al.A two-dimensional model of He/O2 atmospheric pressure plasma needle discharge[J].Chinese Physics B,2015,24(12):125203.
[20]Tsai I H,Hsu C C.Numerical simulation of downstream kinetics of an atmospheric-pressure nitrogen plasma jet[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2010,38(12):3387-3392.
[21]方志,解向前,邱毓昌.大气压空气中均匀介质阻挡放电的产生及放电特性[J].中国电机工程学报,2010,30(28):126-132.Fang Zhi,Xie Xiangqian,Qiu Yuchang.Generation and characteristics of the homogeneous dielectric barrier discharge in air under atmosphere pressure[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2010,30(28):126-132(in Chinese).
[22]刘兴华,何为,杨帆,等.空气放电中电子输运参数的计算与分析[J].高电压技术,2011,37(7):1614-1619.Liu Xinghua,He Wei,Yang Fan,et al.Simulation and analysis of electron transport parameters in air discharge[J].High Voltage Engineering,2011,37(7):1614-1619(in Chinese).
[23]Song X X,Tan Z Y,Chen B.Study on the characteristics of atmospheric dielectric barrier discharges in He-N2admixture[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2012,40(12):3471-3475.
[24]Chen B,Tan Z Y,Song X X,et al.Characteristics of atmospheric-pressure helium barrier pulse discharges[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2011,39(10):1949-1957.
[25]Sima W X,Peng Q J,Yang Q,et al.Study of the characteristics of a streamer discharge in air based on a plasma chemical model[J].IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2012,19(2):660-670.
[26]李清泉,许光可,房新振,等.沿面型介质阻挡放电的数值仿真计算[J].高电压技术,2012,38(7):1548-1555.Li Qingquan,Xu Guangke,Fang Xinzhen,et al.Numerical simulation of surface dielectric barrier discharge[J].High Voltage Engineering,2012,38(7):1548-1555(in Chinese).
[27]Wu F F,Liao R J,Wang K,et al.Numerical simulation of the characteristics of heavy particles in bar-plate DC positive corona discharge based on a hybrid model[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2014,42(3):868-878.
[28]Hagelaar G J M,Pitchford L C.Solving the Boltzmann equation to obtain electron transport coefficients and rate coefficients for fluid models[J].Plasma Sources Science and Technology,2005,14:722-733.
[29]梁曦东,陈昌渔,周远翔.高电压工程[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2003:10-35.Liang Xidong,Chen Changyu,Zhou Yuanxiang.High voltage engineering[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University press,2003:10-35(in Chinese).
[30]孟晓波,梅红伟,陈昌龙,等.绝缘介质表面流注发展特性的机理研究[J].中国电机工程学报,2013,33(22):155-165.Meng Xiaobo,Mei Hongwei,Chen Changlong,et al.Research on characteristics of streamer propagation along insulation surfaces[J].Proceedings of the CSEE,2013,33(22):155-165(in Chinese).