平方公里阵天线新技术综述
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摘要
天线是射电望远镜系统关键组成部分,其性能对于望远镜的观测能力有着决定性的影响.数十年来,射电望远镜天线技术不断发展,在有效接收面积、观测带宽和视场等各个方面取得了巨大进步,并推动了新的科学发现.文章对射电天文领域出现的多项先进的天线技术,包括整体成型面板、相控阵馈源、超宽带单波束馈源和孔径阵列等进行了详细的介绍.作为国际上正在积极推进的平方公里阵(Square Kilometre Array,SKA)的关键技术,这些技术已经取得了重要突破,其他领域的天线也可有所借鉴.
Performance of a radio telescope mainly depends on the front-end,especially the antennas.During the past decades,characteristics of the antennas are greatly improved,such as effective receiving area,frequency bandwidth,and field-of-view etc,which enables new scientific discoveries.This paper presents an overview of the emerging technologies of antennas for the next-generation radio telescopes,including the single-piece reflector panel,phased array feed,ultra-wideband single pixel feed,and aperture array.As part of the worldwide efforts toward the Square Kilometre Array(SKA),these technologies are actively prompted and breakthroughs have been made,which may also provide experiences for other antennas.
Performance of a radio telescope mainly depends on the front-end,especially the antennas.During the past decades,characteristics of the antennas are greatly improved,such as effective receiving area,frequency bandwidth,and field-of-view etc,which enables new scientific discoveries.This paper presents an overview of the emerging technologies of antennas for the next-generation radio telescopes,including the single-piece reflector panel,phased array feed,ultra-wideband single pixel feed,and aperture array.As part of the worldwide efforts toward the Square Kilometre Array(SKA),these technologies are actively prompted and breakthroughs have been made,which may also provide experiences for other antennas.
引文
[1]克里斯琴森.射电望远镜[M].陈建生,译.北京:科学出版社,1977:187-194.
[2]DEWDNEY P,HALL P,SCHILIZZI R,et al.The Square Kilometre Array[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1482-1496.
[3]WELCH J,BACKER D,BLITZ,et al.The Allen Telescope Array:the first widefield,panchromatic,snapshot radio camera for radio astronomy and SETI[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1438-1447.
[4]HOVEY,G,LACY G,BYRNES P,et al.Development of the dish verification antenna-1for the square kilometre array[C]//16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics.Victoria,Canada,July 13-16,2014.DOI:10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887671.
[5]CHAI X M,DU B,ZHENG Y P,et al.Dish verification antenna China for SKA[C]//International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation.Nanjing,China,October 23-25,2013.
[6]KILDAL P S,JOHANSSON M,HAGFORS T,et al.Analysis of a cluster feed for the Arecibo trireflector system using forward ray tracing and aperture integration[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,1993,41(8):1019-1025.
[7]POPENKO N,KHAIKIN V,LEBEDEV M,ETAL.Highly effective array feed for RATAN-600radio telescope in a multibeam mode[C]//International Workshop on Terahertz and Mid Infrared Radiation:Basic Research and Practical Applications.Turun-Marmaris,Turkey,November 3-6,2009:61-62.
[8]伍洋,杜彪,金乘进,等.射电望远镜相控阵馈源技术[J].电波科学学报,2013,28(2):348-353.WU Y,DU B,JIN C J,et al.Phased array feed technology for radio telescope[J].Chinese journal of radio science,2013,28(2):348-353.(in Chinese)
[9]HANSEN C,WARNICK K,JEFFS B.Interference cancellation using an array feed design for radio telescopes[C]//Proceeding of IEEE Antennas Propagation Society International Symposium.June 20-25,IEEE,2004,1:539-542.
[10]RAHMAT-SAMII Y.Array feeds for reflector surface distortion compensation:concepts and implementation[J].IEEE antennas and propagation magazine,1990:20-26.
[11]WU Y,JIN C,WARNICK K.Design study of an LBand phased array feed for wide-field surveys and vibration compensation on FAST[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2013,61(6):3026-3033.
[12]VAN CAPPELLEN W A,BAKKER L,OOSTERLOO T A.APERTIF:Phased array feeds for the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope[C]//General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Istanbul,August 13-20,2011.
[13]WARNICK K F,CARTER D,WEBB T,et al.Towards a high sensitivity cryogenic phased array feed antenna for the Green Bank Telescope[C]//General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Istanbul,August 13-20,2011.
[14]CHIPPENDALE A,SCHINCKEL A.ASKAP:Progress towards 36parabolic reflectors with phased array feeds[C]//General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Istanbul,August 13-20,2011.
[15]VEIDT B,HOVEY G J,BURGESS T,et al.Demonstration of a dual-polarized phased-array feed[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):2047-2057.
[16]IMBRIALE W.Large antennas of the deep space network[M].New York:McGraw Hill,2003.
[17]CORTES-MEDELLIN G.The 64 m Sardinia radio telescope optics design[C]//IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society,2002,4:136-139.
[18]伍洋,杨可忠.偏轴卡塞格伦天线的二次赋形[J].电波科学学报,2010,25(5):899-904.WU Y,YANG K Z.Design for re-shaped Cassegrain antenna with offset feeds[J].Chinese journal of radio science,2010,25(5):899-904.(in Chinese)
[19]YANG J.Preliminary design of eleven feed for SKA band 1[C]//31th URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Beijing,August 16-23,2014.
[20]ENGARGIOLA G.Non-planar log-periodic antenna feed for integration with a cryogenic microwave amplifier[C]//Proceeding of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,June 16-21,2002:140-143.
[21]CORTES-MEDELLIN G.Non-planar quasi-selfcomplementary ultra-wideband feed antenna[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):1935-1944.
[22]GAWANDE R,BRADLEY R.Towards an ultra wideband low noise active sinuous feed for next generation radio telescopes[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):1945-1953.
[23]AKGIRAY A,WEINREB S,IMBRIALE W A.The quadruple-ridged flared horn:A flexible,multi-octave reflector feed spanning f/0.3to f/2.5[C]//7th European Conference on Antenna and Propagation.Sweden,2013:768-769.
[24]高喜,李思敏,刘清扬,等.宽带、双极化四脊喇叭馈源研究[J].电波科学学报,2013,28(4):337-340.GAO X,LI S M,LIU Q Y,et al.Broad and dualpolarizationfeed source[J].Chinese journal of radio science,2010,28(4):337-340.(in Chinese)
[25]GUNST A W,BENTUM M J.The LOFAR phased array telescope system[C]//IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology.Boston,October 12-15,2010:632-639.
[26]KANT G W,PATEL P D,WIJNHOLDS S J,et al.EMBRACE:A multi-beam 20,000-element radio astronomical phased array antenna demonstrator[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):1990-2003.
[27]VAN ARDENNA A,BREGMAN J,VAN CAPPELLEN W A,et al.Extending the field of view with phased array techniques:results of European SKA research[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1531-1542.
[28]WILLIAMS C,WILLIAMS A,WHITNEY A R,et al.The Murchison Widefield Array:design overview[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1497-1506.
[29]ELLINGSON S W,CLARKE T E,AARON COHEN,et al.The long wavelength array[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1421-1430.
[30]BRAUN R,VAN CAPPELLEN W A.Aperture arrays for the SKA:dense or sparse?[R/OL].SKA Memo 87.2006[2015-06-13].http://arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0611/0611160.pdf.
[31]DEWDNEY P.SKA1 system baseline design[R/OL].Square Kilometre Array Orgnization.2013[2015-06-13].http://www.skatelescope.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/SKA-TEL-SKO-DD-001-1_BaselineDesign1.pdf.
[2]DEWDNEY P,HALL P,SCHILIZZI R,et al.The Square Kilometre Array[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1482-1496.
[3]WELCH J,BACKER D,BLITZ,et al.The Allen Telescope Array:the first widefield,panchromatic,snapshot radio camera for radio astronomy and SETI[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1438-1447.
[4]HOVEY,G,LACY G,BYRNES P,et al.Development of the dish verification antenna-1for the square kilometre array[C]//16th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics.Victoria,Canada,July 13-16,2014.DOI:10.1109/ANTEM.2014.6887671.
[5]CHAI X M,DU B,ZHENG Y P,et al.Dish verification antenna China for SKA[C]//International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation.Nanjing,China,October 23-25,2013.
[6]KILDAL P S,JOHANSSON M,HAGFORS T,et al.Analysis of a cluster feed for the Arecibo trireflector system using forward ray tracing and aperture integration[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,1993,41(8):1019-1025.
[7]POPENKO N,KHAIKIN V,LEBEDEV M,ETAL.Highly effective array feed for RATAN-600radio telescope in a multibeam mode[C]//International Workshop on Terahertz and Mid Infrared Radiation:Basic Research and Practical Applications.Turun-Marmaris,Turkey,November 3-6,2009:61-62.
[8]伍洋,杜彪,金乘进,等.射电望远镜相控阵馈源技术[J].电波科学学报,2013,28(2):348-353.WU Y,DU B,JIN C J,et al.Phased array feed technology for radio telescope[J].Chinese journal of radio science,2013,28(2):348-353.(in Chinese)
[9]HANSEN C,WARNICK K,JEFFS B.Interference cancellation using an array feed design for radio telescopes[C]//Proceeding of IEEE Antennas Propagation Society International Symposium.June 20-25,IEEE,2004,1:539-542.
[10]RAHMAT-SAMII Y.Array feeds for reflector surface distortion compensation:concepts and implementation[J].IEEE antennas and propagation magazine,1990:20-26.
[11]WU Y,JIN C,WARNICK K.Design study of an LBand phased array feed for wide-field surveys and vibration compensation on FAST[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2013,61(6):3026-3033.
[12]VAN CAPPELLEN W A,BAKKER L,OOSTERLOO T A.APERTIF:Phased array feeds for the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope[C]//General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Istanbul,August 13-20,2011.
[13]WARNICK K F,CARTER D,WEBB T,et al.Towards a high sensitivity cryogenic phased array feed antenna for the Green Bank Telescope[C]//General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Istanbul,August 13-20,2011.
[14]CHIPPENDALE A,SCHINCKEL A.ASKAP:Progress towards 36parabolic reflectors with phased array feeds[C]//General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Istanbul,August 13-20,2011.
[15]VEIDT B,HOVEY G J,BURGESS T,et al.Demonstration of a dual-polarized phased-array feed[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):2047-2057.
[16]IMBRIALE W.Large antennas of the deep space network[M].New York:McGraw Hill,2003.
[17]CORTES-MEDELLIN G.The 64 m Sardinia radio telescope optics design[C]//IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation Society,2002,4:136-139.
[18]伍洋,杨可忠.偏轴卡塞格伦天线的二次赋形[J].电波科学学报,2010,25(5):899-904.WU Y,YANG K Z.Design for re-shaped Cassegrain antenna with offset feeds[J].Chinese journal of radio science,2010,25(5):899-904.(in Chinese)
[19]YANG J.Preliminary design of eleven feed for SKA band 1[C]//31th URSI General Assembly and Scientific Symposium.Beijing,August 16-23,2014.
[20]ENGARGIOLA G.Non-planar log-periodic antenna feed for integration with a cryogenic microwave amplifier[C]//Proceeding of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,June 16-21,2002:140-143.
[21]CORTES-MEDELLIN G.Non-planar quasi-selfcomplementary ultra-wideband feed antenna[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):1935-1944.
[22]GAWANDE R,BRADLEY R.Towards an ultra wideband low noise active sinuous feed for next generation radio telescopes[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):1945-1953.
[23]AKGIRAY A,WEINREB S,IMBRIALE W A.The quadruple-ridged flared horn:A flexible,multi-octave reflector feed spanning f/0.3to f/2.5[C]//7th European Conference on Antenna and Propagation.Sweden,2013:768-769.
[24]高喜,李思敏,刘清扬,等.宽带、双极化四脊喇叭馈源研究[J].电波科学学报,2013,28(4):337-340.GAO X,LI S M,LIU Q Y,et al.Broad and dualpolarizationfeed source[J].Chinese journal of radio science,2010,28(4):337-340.(in Chinese)
[25]GUNST A W,BENTUM M J.The LOFAR phased array telescope system[C]//IEEE International Symposium on Phased Array Systems and Technology.Boston,October 12-15,2010:632-639.
[26]KANT G W,PATEL P D,WIJNHOLDS S J,et al.EMBRACE:A multi-beam 20,000-element radio astronomical phased array antenna demonstrator[J].IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,2011,59(6):1990-2003.
[27]VAN ARDENNA A,BREGMAN J,VAN CAPPELLEN W A,et al.Extending the field of view with phased array techniques:results of European SKA research[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1531-1542.
[28]WILLIAMS C,WILLIAMS A,WHITNEY A R,et al.The Murchison Widefield Array:design overview[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1497-1506.
[29]ELLINGSON S W,CLARKE T E,AARON COHEN,et al.The long wavelength array[J].Proceeding of IEEE,2009,97(8):1421-1430.
[30]BRAUN R,VAN CAPPELLEN W A.Aperture arrays for the SKA:dense or sparse?[R/OL].SKA Memo 87.2006[2015-06-13].http://arxiv.org/ftp/astro-ph/papers/0611/0611160.pdf.
[31]DEWDNEY P.SKA1 system baseline design[R/OL].Square Kilometre Array Orgnization.2013[2015-06-13].http://www.skatelescope.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/SKA-TEL-SKO-DD-001-1_BaselineDesign1.pdf.