生物质锅炉氮氧化物排放控制技术研究进展
|
摘要
生物质燃料中含有的燃料氮含量较低,但是大约70%～100%(质量分数)的氮最终会转化为NO_x,并且秸秆等生物质燃料燃烧排放的NO_x含量较木质燃料等更高.此外,近年来,我国空气质量面临严峻态势,NO_x是常见的大气污染物,对居民身体健康、生产和生活有很大影响.因此,本文对目前国内外的NO_x燃烧控制技术进行综述,总结了各类技术的优缺点,及我国目前对于生物质锅炉NO_x控制技术遇到的瓶颈,并对该研究领域的未来趋势做出展望.
Currently,fossil fuels such as oil,coal,and natural gas are the world's primary energy sources. However,it is anticipated that these energy sources will be depleted in less than 100 years. As such,the development of new energy technologies is urgently needed. Biomass is one of the earliest sources of energy,and is used especially in rural areas where it is often the only one that is accessible and affordable. With the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental degradation,biomass energy is attracting increasing attention around the world. Compared with fossil fuel,biomass is carbon neutral and sustainable,and has a smaller greenhouse gas footprint and lower SO2 emission levels. In addition,biomass energy remains the only renewable green energy that can be stored and transported. A number of countries have developed mature and proven combustion technologies,but these technologies are mainly based on wood biomass fuels. Unlike these developed countries,China is a large agricultural country with a limited amount of available firewood. As such,foreign experience cannot be fully applied in China. Although biomass fuels typically have relatively low fuel-N contents,this fuel-N between 70%-100% mass fraction is converted to NO_xduring combustion. In addition,the combustion of straw and other biomass fuels emits more NO_xthan wood fuels. In recent years,the air quality in China has become a serious public health concern,and NO_xis a widespread atmospheric pollutant with significant impacts on human health and the economy. In this paper,an overview of biomass combustion technologies and NO_xcontrol systems in China and around the world was presented,and theiradvantages and disadvantages were summarized. The main bottleneck was identified in NO_xcontrol technologies with respect to biomass boilers in China and the development of new technologies in this field was predicted.
Currently,fossil fuels such as oil,coal,and natural gas are the world's primary energy sources. However,it is anticipated that these energy sources will be depleted in less than 100 years. As such,the development of new energy technologies is urgently needed. Biomass is one of the earliest sources of energy,and is used especially in rural areas where it is often the only one that is accessible and affordable. With the depletion of fossil fuels and increasing environmental degradation,biomass energy is attracting increasing attention around the world. Compared with fossil fuel,biomass is carbon neutral and sustainable,and has a smaller greenhouse gas footprint and lower SO2 emission levels. In addition,biomass energy remains the only renewable green energy that can be stored and transported. A number of countries have developed mature and proven combustion technologies,but these technologies are mainly based on wood biomass fuels. Unlike these developed countries,China is a large agricultural country with a limited amount of available firewood. As such,foreign experience cannot be fully applied in China. Although biomass fuels typically have relatively low fuel-N contents,this fuel-N between 70%-100% mass fraction is converted to NO_xduring combustion. In addition,the combustion of straw and other biomass fuels emits more NO_xthan wood fuels. In recent years,the air quality in China has become a serious public health concern,and NO_xis a widespread atmospheric pollutant with significant impacts on human health and the economy. In this paper,an overview of biomass combustion technologies and NO_xcontrol systems in China and around the world was presented,and theiradvantages and disadvantages were summarized. The main bottleneck was identified in NO_xcontrol technologies with respect to biomass boilers in China and the development of new technologies in this field was predicted.
引文
[1]Shafiee S,Topal E.When will fossil fuel reserves be diminished?Energy Policy,2009,37(1):181
[2]Mu X Z,Yu S S,Xu P.Review on utilizing rural biomass as energy.Mod Chem Ind,2018,38(3):9(穆献中,余漱石,徐鹏.农村生物质能源化利用研究综述.现代化工,2018,38(3):9)
[3]Gonzalez-Salazar M A,Morini M,Pinelli M,et al.Methodology for estimating biomass energy potential and its application to Colombia.Appl Energy,2014,136:781
[4]Zhang B,Jin P F,Qiao H,et al.Exergy analysis of Chinese agriculture.Ecol Indic,2017,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.054
[5]World Bioenergy Association.WBA global bioenergy statistics[J/OL].World Bioenergy Association(2018-12-18)[2018-03-14].https://worldbioenergy.org/uploads/WBA%20GBS%202017_lq.pdf
[6]Zeng X Y,Ma Y T,Ma L R.Utilization of straw in biomass energy in China.Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev,2007,11(5):976
[7]Li Q.Research on the Compression of Straw of Baler[Dissertation].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2008(李倩.秸秆打包机的分层叠压技术研究[学位论文].无锡:江南大学,2008)
[8]Demirbas A.Potential applications of renewable energy sources,biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues.Prog Energy Combust Sci,2005,31(2):171
[9]Haykiri-Acma H.Combustion characteristics of different biomass materials.Energy Convers Manage,2003,44(1):155
[10]Shen J F,Zhu S G,Liu X Z,et al.The prediction of elemental composition of biomass based on proximate analysis.Energy Convers Manage,2010,51(5):983
[11]Sami M,Annamalai K,Wooldridge M.Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends.Prog Energy Combust Sci,2001,27(2):171
[12]Jenkins B M,Baxter L L,Miles T R.Combustion properties of biomass.Fuel Process Technol,1998,54(1-3):17
[13]Demirbas A.Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels.Prog Energy Combust Sci,2004,30(2):219
[14]Vassilev S V,Baxter D,Andersen L K,et al.An overview of the chemical composition of biomass.Fuel,2010,89(5):913
[15]Jiang S J,Wei L X,Ai Y F,et al.Experimental research on emission behavior of pellet stove during ignition and shutting process.J Therm Sci Technol,2010,9(3):256(蒋绍坚,魏烈旭,艾元方,等.生物质成型燃料炉点火和熄火过程中排放行为的实验研究.热科学与技术,2010,9(3):256)
[16]Sun K,Chen C,Xu Y,et al.Design and experiments study on combustion engine of straw briquettes fuel.Chem Ind Forest Prod,2014,34(6):93(孙康,陈超,许玉,等.秸秆成型燃料锅炉燃烧机设计及试验研究.林产化学与工业,2014,34(6):93)
[17]Huang C,Han L,Yang Z,et al.Ultimate analysis and heating value prediction of straw by near infrared spectroscopy.Waste Manage,2009,29(6):1793
[18]Zuo P L,Han B J,Yue T,et al.Tests of air pollutants emissions from biofuels-fired boilers and analysis on abatement potential//2014 Annual Meeting of Chinese Society for Environment Science.Chengdu,2014:1(左朋莱,韩斌杰,岳涛,等.生物质成型燃料锅炉主要大气污染物排放测试及减排潜力分析//2014中国环境科学学会学术年会.成都,2014:1)
[19]Yang L.Study on the Properties of Biomass Charcoal Produced by Pyrolysis and Its By-Products[Dissertation].Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology,2013(杨丽.热解法生产成型生物质炭及其副产物特性研究[学位论文].昆明:昆明理工大学,2013)
[20]Jiang E C,He G S.Experimental research on low temperature pyrolysis of biomass extrusion bar of rice husk and sawdust.Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng,2007,23(1):188(蒋恩臣,何光设.稻壳、锯末成型燃料低温热解特性试验研究.农业工程学报,2007,23(1):188)
[21]Stolarski M J,Szczukowski S,Tworkowski J,et al.Comparison of quality and production cost of briquettes made from agricultural and forest origin biomass.Renewable Energy,2013,57:20
[22]Demirbas A.Properties of charcoal derived from hazelnut shell and the production of briquettes using pyrolytic oil.Energy,1999,24(2):141
[23]Faborode M O,O'Callaghan J R.Theoretical analysis of the compression of fibrous agricultural materials.J Agric Eng Res,1986,35(3):175
[24]Demirba爧A,爦ahin A.Evaluation of biomass residue:1.briquetting waste paper and wheat straw mixtures.Fuel Process Technol,1998,55(2):175
[25]Su J L,Wang Z K,Jiao Z W.The exploitation and application on biomass boiler by high efficiency and clean combustion.J Agric Mechn Res,2009,31(8):202(苏俊林,王震坤,矫振伟.高效洁净生物质锅炉的开发及应用.农机化研究,2009,31(8):202)
[26]Luo Z Y,Zhou J S,Wang S R,et al.Technological evaluation of China biomass energy utilization.Energy China,2004,26(9):39(骆仲泱,周劲松,王树荣,等.中国生物质能利用技术评价.中国能源,2004,26(9):39)
[27]Zhang B L.Energy Engineering in Rural Area.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999(张百良.农村能源工程学.北京:中国农业出版社,1999)
[28]Saidur R,Abdelaziz E A,Demirbas A,et al.A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers.Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev,2011,15(5):2262
[29]Xu Z G,Wang X H,Bai H J.Dynamic response analysis on water-cooled vibrating stoker of straw boiler.Boiler Manuf,2008(1):21(许志贵,王新华,白红俊.秸秆锅炉水冷振动炉排动态特性分析.锅炉制造,2008(1):21)
[30]Li G F,Zhao X,Han Z S.Application of biomass fuel firing technology on combined grates.Mod Manuf Technol Equip,2009(4):52(李广风,赵旭,韩增颂.联合炉排在生物质燃料锅炉中的应用.现代制造技术与装备,2009(4):52)
[31]Chen G Y,Fang M X,Luo Z Y,et al.Experimental studies of rice husk-fired fluidized bed and design of a 35 t/h boiler.Power Eng,1997,17(6):47(陈冠益,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.燃用稻壳流化床锅炉的试验研究及35 t/h锅炉的设计.动力工程,1997,17(6):47)
[32]Zhang Z D,Bie R S,Yang L D,et al.Development of SZF4-1.25-D type fluidized bed boiler for rice husk.Energy Conserv Technol,1995(5):8(张子栋,别如山,杨励丹,等.SZF4-1.25-D型稻壳流化床锅炉的研制.节能技术,1995(5):8)
[33]Xiu T C.Development and Experimental Study on Biomass Brequette Stoves[Dissertation].Haerbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2009(修太春.生物质成型燃料炉具的研制及实验研究[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009)
[34]Yu G S,Hou M.Development status and trend of biomass briquettes processing equipment.Forestry Mach Woodwork Equip,2009,37(2):4(俞国胜,侯孟.生物质成型燃料加工装备发展现状及趋势.林业机械与木工设备,2009,37(2):4)
[35]Zhang M,Chen J.Control and development situation of nitrogen oxide at domestic coal-fired power plant.Sichuan Chem Ind,2009,12(5):44(张敏,陈军.国内燃煤电厂氮氧化物的控制现状及其发展.四川化工,2009,12(5):44)
[36]Sartor K,Restivo Y,Ngendakumana P,et al.Prediction of SOx and NOxemissions from a medium size biomass boiler.Biomass Bioenergy,2014,65:91
[37]Gao P.Experiments and Mechanism Study of Advanced Reburning and Selective Non-catalytic Reduction on NO Removal[Dissertation].Jinan:Shandong University,2008(高攀.先进再燃及选择性非催化脱硝优化实验与机理研究[学位论文].济南:山东大学,2008)
[38]Hao J T.High Level Reburning Denitrification Test of Biomass and Chemical Kinetics Simulation of NO Reduction[Dissertation].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2014(郝江涛.生物质高级再燃脱硝试验及NO还原化学动力学模拟[学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2014)
[39]Gao J,Wang Y,Zhang B.Countermeasure of atmospheric nitrogen oxide pollution in China.Environ Prot Sci,2004,30(5):1(高婕,王禹,张蓓.我国大气氮氧化物污染控制对策.环境保护科学,2004,30(5):1)
[40]Yang N,Wang X.Nitrogen oxide pollution and its prevention and control.Environmental Protection Circular Economy,2010,30(11):63(杨楠,王雪.氮氧化物污染及防治.环境保护与循环经济,2010,30(11):63)
[41]Committee of Desulfurization and Dust Removal of Boiler and Kiln.China development report on desulfurization&denitration industry of power plant in 2009.China Environ Prot Ind,2010(6):17(中国环境保护产业协会锅炉炉窑脱硫除尘委员会.我国火电厂脱硫脱硝行业2009年发展综述.中国环保产业,2010(6):17)
[42]Hao J M,Ma G D,Wang S X.Air Pollution Control Engineering.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2010(郝吉明,马广大,王书肖.大气污染控制工程.北京:高等教育出版社,2010)
[43]Ministry of Environmental Protection,People's Republic of China.GB13271-2014 Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Boiler.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2014(中华人民共和国环境保护部.GB13271-2014锅炉大气污染物排放标准.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2014)
[44]Guan Q Y,Liao F L,Luo D S.Review on the development of bioenergy in China and the World.J Agric Mech Res,2007(11):20(官巧燕,廖福霖,罗栋燊.国内外生物质能发展综述.农机化研究,2007(11):20)
[45]Xie Z H.China Circular Economy Yearbook.Beijing:Chinese Financial&Economic Publishing House,2008(解振华.中国循环经济年鉴.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2008)
[46]Liu Z X,He X L.Analysis and comparison of biomass energy development under the Low-carbon economy in China.Ecol Econ,2012(1):117(刘志雄,何晓岚.低碳经济背景下我国生物质能发展分析及比较.生态经济(中文版),2012(1):117)
[47]Yang Y.Study on Environmental Performance and Adaptability in China of Biomass Power Generation[Dissertation].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2011(杨艳.生物质发电环保性能及在我国的适应性研究[学位论文].南京:南京信息工程大学,2011)
[48]Yang S.Low nitrogen combustion technical renovation of biomass boiler and NOxemission monitoring.Chem Eng Equip,2015(7):258(杨松.生物质颗粒工业锅炉低氮燃烧技术改造及NOx排放监测.化学工程与装备,2015(7):258)
[49]Wang Q C.Experimental Study on Pyrolysis and Carbonization of Biomass at Low Temperature and Its Reburning Denitrification[Dissertation].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2012(王秦超.生物质低温热解炭化及其再燃脱硝特性的试验研究[学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2012)
[50]Adams B R,Harding N S.Reburning using biomass for NOxcontrol.Fuel Process Technol,1998,54(1-3):249
[51]Liu H,Hampartsoumian E,Gibbs B M.Evaluation of the optimal fuel characteristics for efficient NO reduction by coal reburning.Fuel,1997,76(11):985
[52]Shi B G,Li Y L,Wang Y J.Study on automotive emission control technology.Urban Vehicles,2005(2):24(石本改,李岳林,王艺娟.汽车排放控制技术的研究.城市车辆,2005(2):24)
[53]Guo F Q,Dong Y P,Dong L,et al.Design and low NOxemission effect of biomass briquette boiler with third air distribution type.Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng,2012,28(14):42(郭飞强,董玉平,董磊,等.生物质成型燃料三次配风锅炉的设计及低NOx排放效果.农业工程学报,2012,28(14):42)
[54]Zhou H,Jensen A D,Glarborg P,et al.Formation and reduction of nitric oxide in fixed-bed combustion of straw.Fuel,2006,85(5-6):705
[55]Luan J Y.Experimental Studies and Numerical Simulation on Reburning Process of Biomasses[Dissertation].Haerbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2009(栾积毅.生物质再燃过程的试验研究及数值模拟[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009)
[56]Ministry of Environmental Protection,People's Republic of China.Technical policy for the prevention and control of nitrogen oxides in thermal power plants[R/OL].Ministry of Environmental Protection,People's Republic of China(2009-06-25)[2018-03-14].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/200910/t20091022_175013.htm(中华人民共和国环境保护部.火电厂氮氧化物防治技术政策(征求意见稿)编制说明[R/OL].中华人民共和国环境保护部(2009-06-25)[2018-03-14].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/200910/t20091022_175013.htm)
[57]Yao L Y,Zhang D G,Wang W,et al.Technology route on coalfired industrial boilers NOxpollution prevention.North Environ,2012,24(4):79(姚立英,张东国,王伟,等.燃煤工业锅炉氮氧化物污染防治技术路线.北方环境,2012,24(4):79)
[58]Niu S L,Han K H,Lu C M.Experimental study on the effect of urea and additive injection for controlling nitrogen oxides emissions.Environ Eng Sci,2010,27(1):47
[59]Wang Y F.Experimental Study and Chemical Kinetics Modeling of Advanced Natrual Gas Reburning Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Mechanism[Dissertation].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2008(王亚飞.天然气高级再燃脱硝机理的实验研究和化学动力学模拟[学位论文].上海:上海交通大学,2008)
[60]Harding N S,Adams B R.Biomass as a reburning fuel:a specialized cofiring application.Biomass Bioenergy,2000,19(6):429
[61]Han K H,Niu S L,Lu C M.Experimental study on biomass advanced reburning for nitrogen oxides reduction.Process Saf Environ Prot,2010,88(6):425
[62]Gao J H,Zhang Y A,Gao Y.Choice of technical options about biomass boiler flue gas desulphurization and denitrification.Sulphur Acid Ind,2017(8):52(高劲豪,张幼安,高原.生物质锅炉烟气脱硫脱硝技术方案选择.硫酸工业,2017(8):52)
[63]Xue J,Weng W G,Yu Y,et al.Study and analysis of denitrification technologies on 130 t/h full-biomass-fired boiler.Boiler Manuf,2017(2):24(薛军,翁卫国,俞燕,等.130 t/h全烧生物质锅炉脱硝技术研究及应用.锅炉制造,2017(2):24)
[64]Li L M,Li Q P,Yu Y,et al.Research and application of denitration technology of flue gas from biomass CFB boiler.Energy Conserv,2017(3):47(李廉明,李秋萍,俞燕,等.生物质循环流化床锅炉烟气脱硝技术研究与应用.节能,2017(3):47)
[2]Mu X Z,Yu S S,Xu P.Review on utilizing rural biomass as energy.Mod Chem Ind,2018,38(3):9(穆献中,余漱石,徐鹏.农村生物质能源化利用研究综述.现代化工,2018,38(3):9)
[3]Gonzalez-Salazar M A,Morini M,Pinelli M,et al.Methodology for estimating biomass energy potential and its application to Colombia.Appl Energy,2014,136:781
[4]Zhang B,Jin P F,Qiao H,et al.Exergy analysis of Chinese agriculture.Ecol Indic,2017,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.054
[5]World Bioenergy Association.WBA global bioenergy statistics[J/OL].World Bioenergy Association(2018-12-18)[2018-03-14].https://worldbioenergy.org/uploads/WBA%20GBS%202017_lq.pdf
[6]Zeng X Y,Ma Y T,Ma L R.Utilization of straw in biomass energy in China.Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev,2007,11(5):976
[7]Li Q.Research on the Compression of Straw of Baler[Dissertation].Wuxi:Jiangnan University,2008(李倩.秸秆打包机的分层叠压技术研究[学位论文].无锡:江南大学,2008)
[8]Demirbas A.Potential applications of renewable energy sources,biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues.Prog Energy Combust Sci,2005,31(2):171
[9]Haykiri-Acma H.Combustion characteristics of different biomass materials.Energy Convers Manage,2003,44(1):155
[10]Shen J F,Zhu S G,Liu X Z,et al.The prediction of elemental composition of biomass based on proximate analysis.Energy Convers Manage,2010,51(5):983
[11]Sami M,Annamalai K,Wooldridge M.Co-firing of coal and biomass fuel blends.Prog Energy Combust Sci,2001,27(2):171
[12]Jenkins B M,Baxter L L,Miles T R.Combustion properties of biomass.Fuel Process Technol,1998,54(1-3):17
[13]Demirbas A.Combustion characteristics of different biomass fuels.Prog Energy Combust Sci,2004,30(2):219
[14]Vassilev S V,Baxter D,Andersen L K,et al.An overview of the chemical composition of biomass.Fuel,2010,89(5):913
[15]Jiang S J,Wei L X,Ai Y F,et al.Experimental research on emission behavior of pellet stove during ignition and shutting process.J Therm Sci Technol,2010,9(3):256(蒋绍坚,魏烈旭,艾元方,等.生物质成型燃料炉点火和熄火过程中排放行为的实验研究.热科学与技术,2010,9(3):256)
[16]Sun K,Chen C,Xu Y,et al.Design and experiments study on combustion engine of straw briquettes fuel.Chem Ind Forest Prod,2014,34(6):93(孙康,陈超,许玉,等.秸秆成型燃料锅炉燃烧机设计及试验研究.林产化学与工业,2014,34(6):93)
[17]Huang C,Han L,Yang Z,et al.Ultimate analysis and heating value prediction of straw by near infrared spectroscopy.Waste Manage,2009,29(6):1793
[18]Zuo P L,Han B J,Yue T,et al.Tests of air pollutants emissions from biofuels-fired boilers and analysis on abatement potential//2014 Annual Meeting of Chinese Society for Environment Science.Chengdu,2014:1(左朋莱,韩斌杰,岳涛,等.生物质成型燃料锅炉主要大气污染物排放测试及减排潜力分析//2014中国环境科学学会学术年会.成都,2014:1)
[19]Yang L.Study on the Properties of Biomass Charcoal Produced by Pyrolysis and Its By-Products[Dissertation].Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology,2013(杨丽.热解法生产成型生物质炭及其副产物特性研究[学位论文].昆明:昆明理工大学,2013)
[20]Jiang E C,He G S.Experimental research on low temperature pyrolysis of biomass extrusion bar of rice husk and sawdust.Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng,2007,23(1):188(蒋恩臣,何光设.稻壳、锯末成型燃料低温热解特性试验研究.农业工程学报,2007,23(1):188)
[21]Stolarski M J,Szczukowski S,Tworkowski J,et al.Comparison of quality and production cost of briquettes made from agricultural and forest origin biomass.Renewable Energy,2013,57:20
[22]Demirbas A.Properties of charcoal derived from hazelnut shell and the production of briquettes using pyrolytic oil.Energy,1999,24(2):141
[23]Faborode M O,O'Callaghan J R.Theoretical analysis of the compression of fibrous agricultural materials.J Agric Eng Res,1986,35(3):175
[24]Demirba爧A,爦ahin A.Evaluation of biomass residue:1.briquetting waste paper and wheat straw mixtures.Fuel Process Technol,1998,55(2):175
[25]Su J L,Wang Z K,Jiao Z W.The exploitation and application on biomass boiler by high efficiency and clean combustion.J Agric Mechn Res,2009,31(8):202(苏俊林,王震坤,矫振伟.高效洁净生物质锅炉的开发及应用.农机化研究,2009,31(8):202)
[26]Luo Z Y,Zhou J S,Wang S R,et al.Technological evaluation of China biomass energy utilization.Energy China,2004,26(9):39(骆仲泱,周劲松,王树荣,等.中国生物质能利用技术评价.中国能源,2004,26(9):39)
[27]Zhang B L.Energy Engineering in Rural Area.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1999(张百良.农村能源工程学.北京:中国农业出版社,1999)
[28]Saidur R,Abdelaziz E A,Demirbas A,et al.A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers.Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev,2011,15(5):2262
[29]Xu Z G,Wang X H,Bai H J.Dynamic response analysis on water-cooled vibrating stoker of straw boiler.Boiler Manuf,2008(1):21(许志贵,王新华,白红俊.秸秆锅炉水冷振动炉排动态特性分析.锅炉制造,2008(1):21)
[30]Li G F,Zhao X,Han Z S.Application of biomass fuel firing technology on combined grates.Mod Manuf Technol Equip,2009(4):52(李广风,赵旭,韩增颂.联合炉排在生物质燃料锅炉中的应用.现代制造技术与装备,2009(4):52)
[31]Chen G Y,Fang M X,Luo Z Y,et al.Experimental studies of rice husk-fired fluidized bed and design of a 35 t/h boiler.Power Eng,1997,17(6):47(陈冠益,方梦祥,骆仲泱,等.燃用稻壳流化床锅炉的试验研究及35 t/h锅炉的设计.动力工程,1997,17(6):47)
[32]Zhang Z D,Bie R S,Yang L D,et al.Development of SZF4-1.25-D type fluidized bed boiler for rice husk.Energy Conserv Technol,1995(5):8(张子栋,别如山,杨励丹,等.SZF4-1.25-D型稻壳流化床锅炉的研制.节能技术,1995(5):8)
[33]Xiu T C.Development and Experimental Study on Biomass Brequette Stoves[Dissertation].Haerbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2009(修太春.生物质成型燃料炉具的研制及实验研究[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009)
[34]Yu G S,Hou M.Development status and trend of biomass briquettes processing equipment.Forestry Mach Woodwork Equip,2009,37(2):4(俞国胜,侯孟.生物质成型燃料加工装备发展现状及趋势.林业机械与木工设备,2009,37(2):4)
[35]Zhang M,Chen J.Control and development situation of nitrogen oxide at domestic coal-fired power plant.Sichuan Chem Ind,2009,12(5):44(张敏,陈军.国内燃煤电厂氮氧化物的控制现状及其发展.四川化工,2009,12(5):44)
[36]Sartor K,Restivo Y,Ngendakumana P,et al.Prediction of SOx and NOxemissions from a medium size biomass boiler.Biomass Bioenergy,2014,65:91
[37]Gao P.Experiments and Mechanism Study of Advanced Reburning and Selective Non-catalytic Reduction on NO Removal[Dissertation].Jinan:Shandong University,2008(高攀.先进再燃及选择性非催化脱硝优化实验与机理研究[学位论文].济南:山东大学,2008)
[38]Hao J T.High Level Reburning Denitrification Test of Biomass and Chemical Kinetics Simulation of NO Reduction[Dissertation].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2014(郝江涛.生物质高级再燃脱硝试验及NO还原化学动力学模拟[学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2014)
[39]Gao J,Wang Y,Zhang B.Countermeasure of atmospheric nitrogen oxide pollution in China.Environ Prot Sci,2004,30(5):1(高婕,王禹,张蓓.我国大气氮氧化物污染控制对策.环境保护科学,2004,30(5):1)
[40]Yang N,Wang X.Nitrogen oxide pollution and its prevention and control.Environmental Protection Circular Economy,2010,30(11):63(杨楠,王雪.氮氧化物污染及防治.环境保护与循环经济,2010,30(11):63)
[41]Committee of Desulfurization and Dust Removal of Boiler and Kiln.China development report on desulfurization&denitration industry of power plant in 2009.China Environ Prot Ind,2010(6):17(中国环境保护产业协会锅炉炉窑脱硫除尘委员会.我国火电厂脱硫脱硝行业2009年发展综述.中国环保产业,2010(6):17)
[42]Hao J M,Ma G D,Wang S X.Air Pollution Control Engineering.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2010(郝吉明,马广大,王书肖.大气污染控制工程.北京:高等教育出版社,2010)
[43]Ministry of Environmental Protection,People's Republic of China.GB13271-2014 Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Boiler.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2014(中华人民共和国环境保护部.GB13271-2014锅炉大气污染物排放标准.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2014)
[44]Guan Q Y,Liao F L,Luo D S.Review on the development of bioenergy in China and the World.J Agric Mech Res,2007(11):20(官巧燕,廖福霖,罗栋燊.国内外生物质能发展综述.农机化研究,2007(11):20)
[45]Xie Z H.China Circular Economy Yearbook.Beijing:Chinese Financial&Economic Publishing House,2008(解振华.中国循环经济年鉴.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2008)
[46]Liu Z X,He X L.Analysis and comparison of biomass energy development under the Low-carbon economy in China.Ecol Econ,2012(1):117(刘志雄,何晓岚.低碳经济背景下我国生物质能发展分析及比较.生态经济(中文版),2012(1):117)
[47]Yang Y.Study on Environmental Performance and Adaptability in China of Biomass Power Generation[Dissertation].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology,2011(杨艳.生物质发电环保性能及在我国的适应性研究[学位论文].南京:南京信息工程大学,2011)
[48]Yang S.Low nitrogen combustion technical renovation of biomass boiler and NOxemission monitoring.Chem Eng Equip,2015(7):258(杨松.生物质颗粒工业锅炉低氮燃烧技术改造及NOx排放监测.化学工程与装备,2015(7):258)
[49]Wang Q C.Experimental Study on Pyrolysis and Carbonization of Biomass at Low Temperature and Its Reburning Denitrification[Dissertation].Nanjing:Nanjing Normal University,2012(王秦超.生物质低温热解炭化及其再燃脱硝特性的试验研究[学位论文].南京:南京师范大学,2012)
[50]Adams B R,Harding N S.Reburning using biomass for NOxcontrol.Fuel Process Technol,1998,54(1-3):249
[51]Liu H,Hampartsoumian E,Gibbs B M.Evaluation of the optimal fuel characteristics for efficient NO reduction by coal reburning.Fuel,1997,76(11):985
[52]Shi B G,Li Y L,Wang Y J.Study on automotive emission control technology.Urban Vehicles,2005(2):24(石本改,李岳林,王艺娟.汽车排放控制技术的研究.城市车辆,2005(2):24)
[53]Guo F Q,Dong Y P,Dong L,et al.Design and low NOxemission effect of biomass briquette boiler with third air distribution type.Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng,2012,28(14):42(郭飞强,董玉平,董磊,等.生物质成型燃料三次配风锅炉的设计及低NOx排放效果.农业工程学报,2012,28(14):42)
[54]Zhou H,Jensen A D,Glarborg P,et al.Formation and reduction of nitric oxide in fixed-bed combustion of straw.Fuel,2006,85(5-6):705
[55]Luan J Y.Experimental Studies and Numerical Simulation on Reburning Process of Biomasses[Dissertation].Haerbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2009(栾积毅.生物质再燃过程的试验研究及数值模拟[学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009)
[56]Ministry of Environmental Protection,People's Republic of China.Technical policy for the prevention and control of nitrogen oxides in thermal power plants[R/OL].Ministry of Environmental Protection,People's Republic of China(2009-06-25)[2018-03-14].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/200910/t20091022_175013.htm(中华人民共和国环境保护部.火电厂氮氧化物防治技术政策(征求意见稿)编制说明[R/OL].中华人民共和国环境保护部(2009-06-25)[2018-03-14].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgth/200910/t20091022_175013.htm)
[57]Yao L Y,Zhang D G,Wang W,et al.Technology route on coalfired industrial boilers NOxpollution prevention.North Environ,2012,24(4):79(姚立英,张东国,王伟,等.燃煤工业锅炉氮氧化物污染防治技术路线.北方环境,2012,24(4):79)
[58]Niu S L,Han K H,Lu C M.Experimental study on the effect of urea and additive injection for controlling nitrogen oxides emissions.Environ Eng Sci,2010,27(1):47
[59]Wang Y F.Experimental Study and Chemical Kinetics Modeling of Advanced Natrual Gas Reburning Nitrogen Oxides Reduction Mechanism[Dissertation].Shanghai:Shanghai Jiao Tong University,2008(王亚飞.天然气高级再燃脱硝机理的实验研究和化学动力学模拟[学位论文].上海:上海交通大学,2008)
[60]Harding N S,Adams B R.Biomass as a reburning fuel:a specialized cofiring application.Biomass Bioenergy,2000,19(6):429
[61]Han K H,Niu S L,Lu C M.Experimental study on biomass advanced reburning for nitrogen oxides reduction.Process Saf Environ Prot,2010,88(6):425
[62]Gao J H,Zhang Y A,Gao Y.Choice of technical options about biomass boiler flue gas desulphurization and denitrification.Sulphur Acid Ind,2017(8):52(高劲豪,张幼安,高原.生物质锅炉烟气脱硫脱硝技术方案选择.硫酸工业,2017(8):52)
[63]Xue J,Weng W G,Yu Y,et al.Study and analysis of denitrification technologies on 130 t/h full-biomass-fired boiler.Boiler Manuf,2017(2):24(薛军,翁卫国,俞燕,等.130 t/h全烧生物质锅炉脱硝技术研究及应用.锅炉制造,2017(2):24)
[64]Li L M,Li Q P,Yu Y,et al.Research and application of denitration technology of flue gas from biomass CFB boiler.Energy Conserv,2017(3):47(李廉明,李秋萍,俞燕,等.生物质循环流化床锅炉烟气脱硝技术研究与应用.节能,2017(3):47)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |