2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶M_W6.6地震宏观震中与地质灾害
|
摘要
对2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶M_W6.6地震灾区进行了初步的地震地质灾害实地考察,结合震区高海拔、高寒山区的特点,震源机制解数据,总结了砂土液化、地裂缝、崩塌、滑坡等地震地质灾害的分布及发育特征。本次地震存在2个宏观震中,即维日麻村和布拉克村,2处均发育大量的同震地质灾害。砂土液化主要分布在在喀拉阿特河南岸,面积达1 000m2,由于冻土层下部融层发生液化,液化物质沿已有泉眼、地裂缝喷出,其中60%的砂土液化为泉眼复发形成,根据探槽揭露的地层确定砂土液化发生在地下1.8m的灰绿色粉砂质黏土、粉砂层。本次地震地裂缝以脆性破坏为主,下部融土层发生变形后引起上部冻土层变形产生地裂缝是主要原因,其中维日麻村地裂缝以挤压作用形成棋盘状分布在喀拉阿特河河漫滩上,而布拉克村地裂缝以拉张和左旋走滑性质为主,地裂缝的运动方向在90°~135°,呈环形展布,具有向东侧拉张的趋势。崩塌与滑坡在震区也是重要的地质灾害之一,崩塌掉落下的滚石堵塞道路、砸断电线杆,最大滚石长4m,震区仅发生1处小型滑坡,但在其周边形成了大量的不稳定边坡和潜在滑坡体。本次地震地裂缝与砂土液化有伴生迹象,是造成房屋破坏严重的1个重要原因。
The M_W6. 6 Arketao earthquake occurred on November 25,2016 in Muji Basin of the Kongur extensional system in the eastern Pamir. The region is the Pamir tectonic knot,one of the two structural knots where the India plate collides with the Eurasian plate. This region is one of the most active areas in mainland China. The seismogenic structure of the earthquake is preliminarily determined as the Muji dextral-slip fault which locates in the north of Kongur extensional system.Based on field surveys of seismic geological hazard,and combined with the characteristics of high altitude area and the focal mechanism solution,this paper summarizes the associated distribution and development characteristics of sandy soil liquefaction,ground fissures,collapse,and landslide. There are 2 macroscopic epicenters of the earthquake,that is,Weirima village and Bulake village. There are a lot of geological hazards distributed in the macroscopic epicenters. Sand liquefaction is mainly distributed in the south of Kalaarte River,and area of sand liquefaction is 1 000 m~2. The liquefaction material gushed along the mouth of springs and ground fissures,because of the frozen soil below the surface. More than 60% of soil liquefactions are formed in the mouth of springs. According to the trenching,these liquefactions occurred in 1. 8 meters underground in the gray green silty clay and silty sand layers. The ground fissures are mainly caused by brittle failure,and the deformation of upper frozen soil layer is caused by the deformation of lower soil layer. The ground fissures at Weirima village are distributed in a chessboard-like pattern in the flood plain of Kalaarte River. In the Bulake village,the main movement features of the ground fissure are tension and sinistral slip,and the directions of ground fissures are 90° ~ 135°. The collapse and landslide are one of the important geological disasters in the disaster area. The rolling stones falling in landslide blocked the roads and smashed the wire rods,and the biggest rolling stone is 4 meters in length. We only found a small landslide in the earthquake area,but there are a large number of unstable slopes and potential landslides in the surroundings. The ground fissures associated with sand liquefaction are an important cause of serious damage to the buildings.
The M_W6. 6 Arketao earthquake occurred on November 25,2016 in Muji Basin of the Kongur extensional system in the eastern Pamir. The region is the Pamir tectonic knot,one of the two structural knots where the India plate collides with the Eurasian plate. This region is one of the most active areas in mainland China. The seismogenic structure of the earthquake is preliminarily determined as the Muji dextral-slip fault which locates in the north of Kongur extensional system.Based on field surveys of seismic geological hazard,and combined with the characteristics of high altitude area and the focal mechanism solution,this paper summarizes the associated distribution and development characteristics of sandy soil liquefaction,ground fissures,collapse,and landslide. There are 2 macroscopic epicenters of the earthquake,that is,Weirima village and Bulake village. There are a lot of geological hazards distributed in the macroscopic epicenters. Sand liquefaction is mainly distributed in the south of Kalaarte River,and area of sand liquefaction is 1 000 m~2. The liquefaction material gushed along the mouth of springs and ground fissures,because of the frozen soil below the surface. More than 60% of soil liquefactions are formed in the mouth of springs. According to the trenching,these liquefactions occurred in 1. 8 meters underground in the gray green silty clay and silty sand layers. The ground fissures are mainly caused by brittle failure,and the deformation of upper frozen soil layer is caused by the deformation of lower soil layer. The ground fissures at Weirima village are distributed in a chessboard-like pattern in the flood plain of Kalaarte River. In the Bulake village,the main movement features of the ground fissure are tension and sinistral slip,and the directions of ground fissures are 90° ~ 135°. The collapse and landslide are one of the important geological disasters in the disaster area. The rolling stones falling in landslide blocked the roads and smashed the wire rods,and the biggest rolling stone is 4 meters in length. We only found a small landslide in the earthquake area,but there are a large number of unstable slopes and potential landslides in the surroundings. The ground fissures associated with sand liquefaction are an important cause of serious damage to the buildings.
引文
陈杰,李涛,李文巧,等.2011.帕米尔构造结及邻区的晚新生代构造与现今变形[J].地震地质,33(2):241-259.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.02.001.CHEN Jie,LI Tao,LI Wen-qiao,et al.2011.Late Cenozoic and present tectonic deformation in the Pamir Salient,northwestern China[J].Seismology and Geology,33(2):241-259(in Chinese).
陈杰,李涛,孙建宝,等.2016.2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶MW6.6地震发震构造与地表破裂[J].地震地质,38(4):1160-1174.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.04.028.CHEN Jie,LI Tao,SUN Jian-bao,et al.2016.Coseismic surface ruptures and seismogenic Muji Fault of the 25November 2016 Arketao MW6.6 earthquake in northern Pamir[J].Seismology and Geology,38(4):1160-1174(in Chinese).
黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.2008.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,16(6):730-741.HUANG Run-qiu,PEI Xiang-jun,LI Tian-bin.2008.Basic characteristics and formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):730-741(in Chinese).
黄以职.1983.青藏公路沿线多年冻土融区调查的地球物理方法:兼论河流融区的某些特征[G]∥青藏冻土研究论文集.北京:科学出版社:247-256.HUANG Yi-zhi.1983.The geophysical investigation on the talik in permafrost area along the Qinghai-Xizang highway[G]∥Collected Papers on Permafrost Studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Beijing:Science Press:247-254(in Chinese).
李帅,陈建波,吴国栋.2015.2012年新疆新源-和静MS6.6地震极震区地质灾害特征研究[J].地震研究,38(3):389-395.LI Shuai,CHEN Jian-bo,WU Guo-dong.2015.Research on characteristics of the geological disaster in the meizoseismal area induced by the Xinyuan-Hejing MS6.6 earthquake in 2012[J].Journal of Seismological Research,38(3):389-395(in Chinese).
李帅,许冲,陈建波,等.2012.新疆新源、和静交界MS6.6地震地质灾害诱发因素浅析[J].内陆地震,26(4):365-372.LI Shuai,XU Chong,CHEN Jian-bo,et al.2012.Analysis on inducing factors of geological hazard caused by Xinyuan-Hejing earthquake with MS6.6[J].Inland Earthquake,26(4):365-372(in Chinese).
李文巧,陈杰,袁兆德,等.2011.帕米尔高原1895年塔什库尔干地震地表多段同震破裂与发震构造[J].地震地质,33(2):260-276.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.02.002.LI Wen-qiao,CHEN Jie,YUAN Zhao-de,et al.2011.Coseismic surface ruptures of multi segments and seismogenic fault of the Tashkorgan earthquake in Pamir,1895[J].Seismology and Geology,33(2):260-276(in Chinese).
沈军,薄景山,于晓辉,等.2013.2013年4月20日芦山7.0级地震发震构造及地震地质灾害特点[J].防灾科技学院学报,15(3):1-8.SHEN Jun,BO Jing-shan,YU Xiao-hui,et al.2013.Seismotectonics and seismogeological disaster of the April 20,2013 MS7.0(MW6.6)Lushan earthquake in Sichuan Province of China[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention,15(3):1-8(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等.2009.汶川MS8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译[J].遥感学报,13(4):745-762.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,CHEN Jian,et al.2009.Identification and analysis of secondary geological hazards triggered by a magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):745-762(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.2010.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].地质论评,56(6):860-874.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,XU Xi-wei.2010.Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides:An overview[J].Geological Review,56(6):860-874(in Chinese).
姚远,胡伟华,吴国栋,等.2016.2015年7月3日新疆皮山MS6.5地震烈度与地震地质灾害特点[J].地震工程学报,38(4):663-668.YAO Yuan,HU Wei-hua,WU Guo-dong,et al.2016.Geological hazard characteristics and seismic intensity of July3,2015,Pishan,Xinjiang,MS6.5 earthquake[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,38(4):663-668(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433-444.YIN Yue-ping.2008.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433-444(in Chinese).
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.2010.青海玉树MS7.1地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,18(3):289-296.YIN Yue-ping,ZHANG Yong-shuang,MA Yan-sheng,et al.2010.Research on major characteristics of geohazards induced by the Yushu MS7.1 earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(3):289-296(in Chinese).
袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,28(6):1288-1296.YUAN Xiao-ming,CAO Zhen-zhong,SUN Rui,et al.2009.Preliminary research on liquefaction characteristics of Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(6):1288-1296(in Chinese).
Ambrasey N,Sarma S.1969.Liquefaction of soils induced by earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,59(2):651-664.
Burtman V S,Molnar P.1993.Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir[J].Geological Society of America,281(2):248-251.
Casagrande A.1975.Liquefaction and cyclic deformation of sands-A critical review[C]∥Proceedings of the 5th Pan American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Buenos Aires:80-133.
Coutand I,Strecker M R,Arrowsmith J R,et al.2002.Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the intramontane Alai Valley,(Pamir-Tien Shan region,central Asia):An example of intracontinental deformation due to the IndoEurasia collision[J].Tectonics,21(6):3-1-3-19.doi:10.1029/2002TC001358.
Jing L Z,Wang P,Zhang Z H,et al.2017.Liquefaction in western Sichuan Basin during the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics,694:214-238.
Li T,Chen J,Thompson J A,et al.2012.Equivalency of geologic and geodetic rates in contractional orogens:New insights from the Pamir Frontal Thrust[J].Geophysical Research Letters,39(15):L15305.doi:10.1029/2012GL051782.
Metzger S,Schurr B,Ratschbacher L,et al.2017.Rupture model of the 2015 M7.2 Sarez,Central Pamir,earthquake and the importance of strike-slip faulting in the Pamir interior[C]∥Abstract T11A-2579 Presented at 2011 Fall Meeting,AGU,San Francisco,CA:12-16.
Reigber C,Michel G W,Galas R,et al.2001.New space geodetic constraints on the distribution of deformation in Central Asia[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,191(1-2):157-165.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,et al.2004.Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir:Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system,western China[J].GSA Bulletin,116(7-8):953-973.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,et al.2007.Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir:Implications for strainaccommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen[J].GSA Bulletin,119(7-8):882-896.
Strecker M R,Frisch W,Hamburger M W,et al.1995.Quaternary deformation in the eastern Pamirs,Tadzhikistan and Kyrgyzstan[J].Tectonics,14(5):1061-1079.
Yang S M,Li J,Wang Q.2008.The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPSobservation[J].Science in China(Ser D),51(8):1064-1080.
Yuan X M,Cao Z Z.2011.A fundamental procedure and calculation formula for evaluating gravel liquefaction[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,10(3):339-347.
Yuan X M,Sun R,Chen L W,et al.2010.A method for detecting site liquefaction by seismic records[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,30(4):270-279.
陈杰,李涛,孙建宝,等.2016.2016年11月25日新疆阿克陶MW6.6地震发震构造与地表破裂[J].地震地质,38(4):1160-1174.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2016.04.028.CHEN Jie,LI Tao,SUN Jian-bao,et al.2016.Coseismic surface ruptures and seismogenic Muji Fault of the 25November 2016 Arketao MW6.6 earthquake in northern Pamir[J].Seismology and Geology,38(4):1160-1174(in Chinese).
黄润秋,裴向军,李天斌.2008.汶川地震触发大光包巨型滑坡基本特征及形成机理分析[J].工程地质学报,16(6):730-741.HUANG Run-qiu,PEI Xiang-jun,LI Tian-bin.2008.Basic characteristics and formation mechanism of the largest scale landslide at Daguangbao occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(6):730-741(in Chinese).
黄以职.1983.青藏公路沿线多年冻土融区调查的地球物理方法:兼论河流融区的某些特征[G]∥青藏冻土研究论文集.北京:科学出版社:247-256.HUANG Yi-zhi.1983.The geophysical investigation on the talik in permafrost area along the Qinghai-Xizang highway[G]∥Collected Papers on Permafrost Studies of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Beijing:Science Press:247-254(in Chinese).
李帅,陈建波,吴国栋.2015.2012年新疆新源-和静MS6.6地震极震区地质灾害特征研究[J].地震研究,38(3):389-395.LI Shuai,CHEN Jian-bo,WU Guo-dong.2015.Research on characteristics of the geological disaster in the meizoseismal area induced by the Xinyuan-Hejing MS6.6 earthquake in 2012[J].Journal of Seismological Research,38(3):389-395(in Chinese).
李帅,许冲,陈建波,等.2012.新疆新源、和静交界MS6.6地震地质灾害诱发因素浅析[J].内陆地震,26(4):365-372.LI Shuai,XU Chong,CHEN Jian-bo,et al.2012.Analysis on inducing factors of geological hazard caused by Xinyuan-Hejing earthquake with MS6.6[J].Inland Earthquake,26(4):365-372(in Chinese).
李文巧,陈杰,袁兆德,等.2011.帕米尔高原1895年塔什库尔干地震地表多段同震破裂与发震构造[J].地震地质,33(2):260-276.doi:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2011.02.002.LI Wen-qiao,CHEN Jie,YUAN Zhao-de,et al.2011.Coseismic surface ruptures of multi segments and seismogenic fault of the Tashkorgan earthquake in Pamir,1895[J].Seismology and Geology,33(2):260-276(in Chinese).
沈军,薄景山,于晓辉,等.2013.2013年4月20日芦山7.0级地震发震构造及地震地质灾害特点[J].防灾科技学院学报,15(3):1-8.SHEN Jun,BO Jing-shan,YU Xiao-hui,et al.2013.Seismotectonics and seismogeological disaster of the April 20,2013 MS7.0(MW6.6)Lushan earthquake in Sichuan Province of China[J].Journal of Institute of Disaster Prevention,15(3):1-8(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,陈剑,等.2009.汶川MS8.0地震重灾区次生地质灾害遥感精细解译[J].遥感学报,13(4):745-762.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,CHEN Jian,et al.2009.Identification and analysis of secondary geological hazards triggered by a magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Remote Sensing,13(4):745-762(in Chinese).
许冲,戴福初,徐锡伟.2010.汶川地震滑坡灾害研究综述[J].地质论评,56(6):860-874.XU Chong,DAI Fu-chu,XU Xi-wei.2010.Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslides:An overview[J].Geological Review,56(6):860-874(in Chinese).
姚远,胡伟华,吴国栋,等.2016.2015年7月3日新疆皮山MS6.5地震烈度与地震地质灾害特点[J].地震工程学报,38(4):663-668.YAO Yuan,HU Wei-hua,WU Guo-dong,et al.2016.Geological hazard characteristics and seismic intensity of July3,2015,Pishan,Xinjiang,MS6.5 earthquake[J].China Earthquake Engineering Journal,38(4):663-668(in Chinese).
殷跃平.2008.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,16(4):433-444.YIN Yue-ping.2008.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wenchuan earthquake,Sichuan[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,16(4):433-444(in Chinese).
殷跃平,张永双,马寅生,等.2010.青海玉树MS7.1地震地质灾害主要特征[J].工程地质学报,18(3):289-296.YIN Yue-ping,ZHANG Yong-shuang,MA Yan-sheng,et al.2010.Research on major characteristics of geohazards induced by the Yushu MS7.1 earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,18(3):289-296(in Chinese).
袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,等.2009.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,28(6):1288-1296.YUAN Xiao-ming,CAO Zhen-zhong,SUN Rui,et al.2009.Preliminary research on liquefaction characteristics of Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,28(6):1288-1296(in Chinese).
Ambrasey N,Sarma S.1969.Liquefaction of soils induced by earthquakes[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,59(2):651-664.
Burtman V S,Molnar P.1993.Geological and geophysical evidence for deep subduction of continental crust beneath the Pamir[J].Geological Society of America,281(2):248-251.
Casagrande A.1975.Liquefaction and cyclic deformation of sands-A critical review[C]∥Proceedings of the 5th Pan American Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.Buenos Aires:80-133.
Coutand I,Strecker M R,Arrowsmith J R,et al.2002.Late Cenozoic tectonic development of the intramontane Alai Valley,(Pamir-Tien Shan region,central Asia):An example of intracontinental deformation due to the IndoEurasia collision[J].Tectonics,21(6):3-1-3-19.doi:10.1029/2002TC001358.
Jing L Z,Wang P,Zhang Z H,et al.2017.Liquefaction in western Sichuan Basin during the 2008 MW7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China[J].Tectonophysics,694:214-238.
Li T,Chen J,Thompson J A,et al.2012.Equivalency of geologic and geodetic rates in contractional orogens:New insights from the Pamir Frontal Thrust[J].Geophysical Research Letters,39(15):L15305.doi:10.1029/2012GL051782.
Metzger S,Schurr B,Ratschbacher L,et al.2017.Rupture model of the 2015 M7.2 Sarez,Central Pamir,earthquake and the importance of strike-slip faulting in the Pamir interior[C]∥Abstract T11A-2579 Presented at 2011 Fall Meeting,AGU,San Francisco,CA:12-16.
Reigber C,Michel G W,Galas R,et al.2001.New space geodetic constraints on the distribution of deformation in Central Asia[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,191(1-2):157-165.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,et al.2004.Tectonic evolution of the northeastern Pamir:Constraints from the northern portion of the Cenozoic Kongur Shan extensional system,western China[J].GSA Bulletin,116(7-8):953-973.
Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E,et al.2007.Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir:Implications for strainaccommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen[J].GSA Bulletin,119(7-8):882-896.
Strecker M R,Frisch W,Hamburger M W,et al.1995.Quaternary deformation in the eastern Pamirs,Tadzhikistan and Kyrgyzstan[J].Tectonics,14(5):1061-1079.
Yang S M,Li J,Wang Q.2008.The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan Mountains inferred from GPSobservation[J].Science in China(Ser D),51(8):1064-1080.
Yuan X M,Cao Z Z.2011.A fundamental procedure and calculation formula for evaluating gravel liquefaction[J].Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,10(3):339-347.
Yuan X M,Sun R,Chen L W,et al.2010.A method for detecting site liquefaction by seismic records[J].Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering,30(4):270-279.