多源遥感图像的1976年Ms7.8唐山大地震等烈度区判定
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摘要
传统的地震烈度评估方法依靠人为实地调查,易造成部分地区数据缺失,导致等烈度线丢失细节信息。本文以实地调查的等烈度线分布为基准,结合保存的唐山地震震后航片资料、卫星图像和其他资料,从宏观上更细致地开展了唐山地震的等烈度线图判定研究。首先,利用地震后的航空照片和地震前美国锁眼(KH)卫星图像进行对比分析,详细判读典型震害建构筑物目标、喷砂冒水等,总结影像判读标准,采用面向对象分类变化检测的方法确定极震区和重点破坏区分布;然后,利用地震前后的航片、KH卫星、美国陆地资源卫星Mss图像,选取2495个建筑区样本点,基于图像纹理信息熵的相关性分析对重点村镇目标进行变化检测处理,确定各村镇建筑物的破坏程度及其趋势;最后,综合分析历史航片、余震等资料,分析地震发震断层等多源遥感资料,基于反距离加权插值的方法对样本点进行插值获取地震烈度分布区域,综合多源遥感资料实现了唐山地震的地震烈度区的判读,与前人实地调查结果对比,综合多源遥感图像判定的地震烈度区与实地调查结果形态相近,证明该方法可用于地震烈度评估。
At 3:42 on July 28, 1976, a strong earthquake of magnitude Ms7.8 with a focal depth of 12 km and an epicentral intensity of XI degrees occurred in the Tangshan area of Hebei Province. The earthquake caused severe casualties and property losses and the most serious damage in Tangshan, but it also spread to Beijing and Tianjin. Equal intensity maps of the Tangshan earthquake were studied in detail by using relevant preserved data. After the Tangshan earthquake, significant departments conducted aerial photography for the first time and gathered the most valuable information for the earthquake damage distribution.Seismic damage information and sand–water blasting are interpreted and extracted by comparing KH satellite and aerial images before and after the earthquake, respectively. The image features for earthquake damage interpretation are summarized, and the meizoseismal area and damage zone are determined. Change detection in major counties is processed using aerial, KH, and Landsat MSS images before and after the earthquake. A total of 2495 building samples are selected, and the change detection of key villages and town targets is performed through correlation analysis. The damage degree and its trend are studied on the basis of change detection. The earthquake fault is analyzed using aerial images, aftershock distribution, and aeromagnetic images. Then, the intensity zone is determined by interpolating sample points through the method of inverse distance weighted interpolation. The seismic intensity zone of the Tangshan earthquake has been interpreted by combining multi-source remote sensing data. This map has finer details than previous results but with high similarity. This paper comprehensively used multi-source remote sensing data to realize the determination of seismic intensity zones. The results obtained are as follows(1) The aerial images after the Tangshan earthquake were mosaicked, the characteristics of the earthquake damage in Tangshan were analyzed, and interpretation marks of the aerial images were established.(2) US KH satellite and aerial images before and after the earthquake, respectively, were analyzed comparatively. The damage to buildings in Tangshan City and its surrounding towns and the collapse rate information were extracted by using the change detection method based on object-oriented image processing. The 90.9%collapse rate of Tangshan City and its surrounding towns was calculated through a comprehensive analysis.(3) Landsat, aerial, and KH images of cities and towns before and after the earthquake were obtained, and 2495 building zone samples were clipped from images. Correlation coefficients were determined from pre-and post-earthquake images. The correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient is low from towns near the epicenter and high from towns far from the epicenter. This result is consistent with the actual situation.(4) On the basis of typical tectonic interpretation marks in aerial films, the active tectonic map of the Tangshan area was obtained using KH, aerial, and ETM images, which provide the information basis for the direction of intensity distribution.(5) On the basis of these results, with reference to the previous research intensity map, the threshold of correlation points was determined through statistical analysis. The intensity distribution area was identified by interpolating the sample data on the basis of the IDW interpolation method. The trend of intensity maps was simplified using seismogenic faults, historical earthquakes, and other tectonic data. The generated earthquake intensity has changed in detail, but it is similar to the field survey results. Rapid mapping of intensity maps after earthquakes is significant in deploying rescue work and reducing casualties and property losses caused by earthquakes. On the basis of remote sensing data, the intensity map was formulated, and it was revised using numerous methods for further precision and accuracy. With a variety of sensors and the launch of UAV photogrammetry and remote sensing, remote sensing technology will play an increasingly important role in drawing and revising seismic intensity maps. The seismic intensity assessment in this study requires a high level of sample data and a uniform distribution. In the future, additional samples should be selected to improve the accuracy of seismic intensity estimation.
At 3:42 on July 28, 1976, a strong earthquake of magnitude Ms7.8 with a focal depth of 12 km and an epicentral intensity of XI degrees occurred in the Tangshan area of Hebei Province. The earthquake caused severe casualties and property losses and the most serious damage in Tangshan, but it also spread to Beijing and Tianjin. Equal intensity maps of the Tangshan earthquake were studied in detail by using relevant preserved data. After the Tangshan earthquake, significant departments conducted aerial photography for the first time and gathered the most valuable information for the earthquake damage distribution.Seismic damage information and sand–water blasting are interpreted and extracted by comparing KH satellite and aerial images before and after the earthquake, respectively. The image features for earthquake damage interpretation are summarized, and the meizoseismal area and damage zone are determined. Change detection in major counties is processed using aerial, KH, and Landsat MSS images before and after the earthquake. A total of 2495 building samples are selected, and the change detection of key villages and town targets is performed through correlation analysis. The damage degree and its trend are studied on the basis of change detection. The earthquake fault is analyzed using aerial images, aftershock distribution, and aeromagnetic images. Then, the intensity zone is determined by interpolating sample points through the method of inverse distance weighted interpolation. The seismic intensity zone of the Tangshan earthquake has been interpreted by combining multi-source remote sensing data. This map has finer details than previous results but with high similarity. This paper comprehensively used multi-source remote sensing data to realize the determination of seismic intensity zones. The results obtained are as follows(1) The aerial images after the Tangshan earthquake were mosaicked, the characteristics of the earthquake damage in Tangshan were analyzed, and interpretation marks of the aerial images were established.(2) US KH satellite and aerial images before and after the earthquake, respectively, were analyzed comparatively. The damage to buildings in Tangshan City and its surrounding towns and the collapse rate information were extracted by using the change detection method based on object-oriented image processing. The 90.9%collapse rate of Tangshan City and its surrounding towns was calculated through a comprehensive analysis.(3) Landsat, aerial, and KH images of cities and towns before and after the earthquake were obtained, and 2495 building zone samples were clipped from images. Correlation coefficients were determined from pre-and post-earthquake images. The correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient is low from towns near the epicenter and high from towns far from the epicenter. This result is consistent with the actual situation.(4) On the basis of typical tectonic interpretation marks in aerial films, the active tectonic map of the Tangshan area was obtained using KH, aerial, and ETM images, which provide the information basis for the direction of intensity distribution.(5) On the basis of these results, with reference to the previous research intensity map, the threshold of correlation points was determined through statistical analysis. The intensity distribution area was identified by interpolating the sample data on the basis of the IDW interpolation method. The trend of intensity maps was simplified using seismogenic faults, historical earthquakes, and other tectonic data. The generated earthquake intensity has changed in detail, but it is similar to the field survey results. Rapid mapping of intensity maps after earthquakes is significant in deploying rescue work and reducing casualties and property losses caused by earthquakes. On the basis of remote sensing data, the intensity map was formulated, and it was revised using numerous methods for further precision and accuracy. With a variety of sensors and the launch of UAV photogrammetry and remote sensing, remote sensing technology will play an increasingly important role in drawing and revising seismic intensity maps. The seismic intensity assessment in this study requires a high level of sample data and a uniform distribution. In the future, additional samples should be selected to improve the accuracy of seismic intensity estimation.
引文
Cao Z Z.2006.Study on reliability-based procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential.Harbin:Institute of Engineering Mechanics,China Earthquake Administration(曹振中.2006.基于可靠性理论的砂土液化判别方法研究.哈尔滨:中国地震局工程力学研究所)
Chen X L,Wei C J and Xie G L.1995.Quick Evaluation and Decisionmaking for Earthquake Disaster by Airborne Remote Sensing Information.Beijing:Science Press,72-83(陈鑫连,魏成阶,谢广林.1995.地震灾害的航空遥感信息快速评估与救灾决策.北京:科学出版社,72-83)
Fang H Q,Miao X K and Zhao S D.1981.Earthquake mechanism and effect of Tangshan earthquake-a preliminary study on the active fault zone in Tangshan.Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,(2):1-6(方鸿琪,苗心宽,赵树栋.1981.唐山地震的发震机制与地震效应--关于唐山活动断裂带的初步研究.工程勘察,(2):1-6)
Guo S M,Li Z Y,Cheng S P,Chen X C,Chen X D,Yang Z E and Li RC.1977.Discussion:on the recional structural background and the seismogenic model of the Tangshan earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geology(4):305-321(虢顺民,李志义,程绍平,陈献程,陈孝德,杨主恩,李如成.1977.唐山地震区域构造背景和发震模式的讨论.地质科学(4):305-321)
Qiu Z H,Ma J and Liu G X.2005.Discovery of the great fault of the Tangshan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,27(4):669-677(邱泽华,马瑾,刘国玺.2005.新发现的唐山地震大断层.地震地质,27(4):669-677)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2005.04.016]
Su Y P and Zhang Y M.2006.Research on distribution of disasters in Tangshan earthquake.Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,26(3):18-21(苏幼坡,张玉敏.2006.唐山大地震震害分布研究.地震工程与工程振动,26(3):18-21)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1301.2006.03.003]
Wang J M,Zheng W J,Chen G S,Yang W T,Chen G L and Pan Z S.1981.A study on the principal surface fracture belt and the cause of occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake.Journal of Seismological Research,4(4):437-450(王景明,郑文俊,陈国顺,杨文田,陈国林,潘祖寿.1981.唐山地震地面主破裂带及地震成因探讨.地震研究,4(4):437-450)
Wang X Q,Dou A X,Sun G Q,Ding X,Wang L and Yuan X X.2013.Intensity assessment of the 2010 Yushu Ms7.1 earthquake based on synthetic seismic damage index.Earthquake,33(2):1-10(王晓青,窦爱霞,孙国清,丁香,王龙,袁小祥.2013.基于综合震害指数的玉树地震烈度遥感评估研究.地震,33(2):1-10)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3274.2013.02.001]
Wang X Q,Dou A X,Wang L,Yuan X X,Ding X and Zhang W.2015.RS-based assessment of seismic intensity of the 2013 Lushan,Sichuan,China Ms7.0 earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(1):163-171(王晓青,窦爱霞,王龙,袁小祥,丁香,张伟.2015.2013年四川芦山7.0级地震烈度遥感评估.地球物理学报,58(1):163-171)[DOI:10.6038/cjg20150114]
Wei C J.2009.History,current conditions and developing tendency of remote sensing application of earthquake disaster in China.Remote Sensing,13(S1):332-344(魏成阶.2009.中国地震灾害遥感应用的历史、现状及发展趋势.遥感学报,13(S1):332-344)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20090047]
Wen X Z and Ma S L.2006.Influence of Tangshan Earthquake on Earthquake Recurrence of Adjacent Faults.Advances in Natural Science,16(10):1346-1350(闻学泽,马胜利.2006.唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响.自然科学进展,16(10):1346-1350)
Yang Z and Cheng J Y.1994.Correlation analysis of percentage of collapsing houses and seismic intensity of Tangshan Earthquake.Seismology and Geology,16(3):283-288(杨喆,程家喻.1994.唐山地震房屋倒塌率与烈度相关分析.地震地质,16(3):283-288)
Yuan S J,Li Y J,Shen Z Y,Guo D Y and Wang L.2013.Research and Utilization of Historical Materials of Tangshan Earthquake in1976.Lantai Word,(8):52-53(袁素娟,李亚君,申志永,郭丹云,王丽.2013.1976年唐山大地震史料研究及利用.兰台世界,(8):52-53)[DOI:10.16565/j.cnki.1006-7744.2013.08.001]
Zhang D C.1993.Preliminary study on visual interpretation marks of building damages caused by earthquakes on aerophotograph.Earthquake,(1):26-30(张德成.1993.建筑物震害航空照片目视判读标志的初步研究.地震,(1):26-30)
Zhang Z L,Li Q Z,Gu J C,Jin Y M,Yang M Y and Liu W Q.1980.The fracture processes of the Tangshan earthquake and its mechanical analysis.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2(2):111-129(张之立,李钦祖,谷继成,靳雅敏,杨懋源,刘万琴.1980.唐山地震的破裂过程及其力学分析.地震学报,2(2):111-129)
Zou X G,Jiang L Z and Jiang C M.1981.Study on the Macroscopic Earthquake Damage of Tangshan Earthquake Using Aerial Photogrammetry.Crustal Deformation and Earthquake,(3):12-22(邹学恭,蒋蔺珍,姜春明.1981.应用航空摄影测量进行唐山地震宏观震害的研究.地壳形变与地震,(3):12-22)
Chen X L,Wei C J and Xie G L.1995.Quick Evaluation and Decisionmaking for Earthquake Disaster by Airborne Remote Sensing Information.Beijing:Science Press,72-83(陈鑫连,魏成阶,谢广林.1995.地震灾害的航空遥感信息快速评估与救灾决策.北京:科学出版社,72-83)
Fang H Q,Miao X K and Zhao S D.1981.Earthquake mechanism and effect of Tangshan earthquake-a preliminary study on the active fault zone in Tangshan.Geotechnical Investigation and Surveying,(2):1-6(方鸿琪,苗心宽,赵树栋.1981.唐山地震的发震机制与地震效应--关于唐山活动断裂带的初步研究.工程勘察,(2):1-6)
Guo S M,Li Z Y,Cheng S P,Chen X C,Chen X D,Yang Z E and Li RC.1977.Discussion:on the recional structural background and the seismogenic model of the Tangshan earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geology(4):305-321(虢顺民,李志义,程绍平,陈献程,陈孝德,杨主恩,李如成.1977.唐山地震区域构造背景和发震模式的讨论.地质科学(4):305-321)
Qiu Z H,Ma J and Liu G X.2005.Discovery of the great fault of the Tangshan earthquake.Seismology and Geology,27(4):669-677(邱泽华,马瑾,刘国玺.2005.新发现的唐山地震大断层.地震地质,27(4):669-677)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-4967.2005.04.016]
Su Y P and Zhang Y M.2006.Research on distribution of disasters in Tangshan earthquake.Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,26(3):18-21(苏幼坡,张玉敏.2006.唐山大地震震害分布研究.地震工程与工程振动,26(3):18-21)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-1301.2006.03.003]
Wang J M,Zheng W J,Chen G S,Yang W T,Chen G L and Pan Z S.1981.A study on the principal surface fracture belt and the cause of occurrence of the Tangshan Earthquake.Journal of Seismological Research,4(4):437-450(王景明,郑文俊,陈国顺,杨文田,陈国林,潘祖寿.1981.唐山地震地面主破裂带及地震成因探讨.地震研究,4(4):437-450)
Wang X Q,Dou A X,Sun G Q,Ding X,Wang L and Yuan X X.2013.Intensity assessment of the 2010 Yushu Ms7.1 earthquake based on synthetic seismic damage index.Earthquake,33(2):1-10(王晓青,窦爱霞,孙国清,丁香,王龙,袁小祥.2013.基于综合震害指数的玉树地震烈度遥感评估研究.地震,33(2):1-10)[DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-3274.2013.02.001]
Wang X Q,Dou A X,Wang L,Yuan X X,Ding X and Zhang W.2015.RS-based assessment of seismic intensity of the 2013 Lushan,Sichuan,China Ms7.0 earthquake.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,58(1):163-171(王晓青,窦爱霞,王龙,袁小祥,丁香,张伟.2015.2013年四川芦山7.0级地震烈度遥感评估.地球物理学报,58(1):163-171)[DOI:10.6038/cjg20150114]
Wei C J.2009.History,current conditions and developing tendency of remote sensing application of earthquake disaster in China.Remote Sensing,13(S1):332-344(魏成阶.2009.中国地震灾害遥感应用的历史、现状及发展趋势.遥感学报,13(S1):332-344)[DOI:10.11834/jrs.20090047]
Wen X Z and Ma S L.2006.Influence of Tangshan Earthquake on Earthquake Recurrence of Adjacent Faults.Advances in Natural Science,16(10):1346-1350(闻学泽,马胜利.2006.唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响.自然科学进展,16(10):1346-1350)
Yang Z and Cheng J Y.1994.Correlation analysis of percentage of collapsing houses and seismic intensity of Tangshan Earthquake.Seismology and Geology,16(3):283-288(杨喆,程家喻.1994.唐山地震房屋倒塌率与烈度相关分析.地震地质,16(3):283-288)
Yuan S J,Li Y J,Shen Z Y,Guo D Y and Wang L.2013.Research and Utilization of Historical Materials of Tangshan Earthquake in1976.Lantai Word,(8):52-53(袁素娟,李亚君,申志永,郭丹云,王丽.2013.1976年唐山大地震史料研究及利用.兰台世界,(8):52-53)[DOI:10.16565/j.cnki.1006-7744.2013.08.001]
Zhang D C.1993.Preliminary study on visual interpretation marks of building damages caused by earthquakes on aerophotograph.Earthquake,(1):26-30(张德成.1993.建筑物震害航空照片目视判读标志的初步研究.地震,(1):26-30)
Zhang Z L,Li Q Z,Gu J C,Jin Y M,Yang M Y and Liu W Q.1980.The fracture processes of the Tangshan earthquake and its mechanical analysis.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2(2):111-129(张之立,李钦祖,谷继成,靳雅敏,杨懋源,刘万琴.1980.唐山地震的破裂过程及其力学分析.地震学报,2(2):111-129)
Zou X G,Jiang L Z and Jiang C M.1981.Study on the Macroscopic Earthquake Damage of Tangshan Earthquake Using Aerial Photogrammetry.Crustal Deformation and Earthquake,(3):12-22(邹学恭,蒋蔺珍,姜春明.1981.应用航空摄影测量进行唐山地震宏观震害的研究.地壳形变与地震,(3):12-22)