长白山天池火山千年大喷发2期空降浮岩对比
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摘要
长白山天池火山的喷发历史和喷出物层序一直以来是人们关注的焦点。目前,对于千年大喷发以来空降堆积物,尤其是灰白色空降浮岩层之上的粗面质杂色空降浮岩的地层划分仍具有较大争议。文中通过对野外地层的详细观察,对2层空降浮岩层进行对比研究,发现两者之间没有沉积间隔,认为2期空降浮岩均应划分为千年大喷发的喷发物。下部赤峰期灰白色空降浮岩成分较为均一,呈棱角状,正粒序,分选较好;上部圆池期喷发为脉动式喷发,岩性为富土黄色浮岩和富黑色浮岩颗粒互层,浮岩呈棱角状,粒序不明显,分选较好。2期浮岩粒度呈正态分布,在中值和分选系数图中均投点于空降堆积区内。浮岩内斑晶以长石和辉石为主,但圆池期黑色浮岩内斑晶含量略高。赤峰期空降浮岩为灰白色碱流质,气孔较大,连续贯通,气孔壁薄。圆池期土黄色空降浮岩为粗面质,气孔连通,气孔壁略厚;黑色浮岩颗粒成分虽然也投点为粗面质,但Si O2含量明显较低,气孔度低,气孔壁厚。圆池期喷发强度较赤峰期喷发强度弱。多种岩浆成分说明长白山天池火山下具有复杂的岩浆系统,多种岩浆可能以分层的形式存在,赤峰期仅喷出了上部的碱流岩,圆池期的脉动式喷发喷出了不同层位的岩浆。
Tianchi volcano in Changbaishan area is located at the border between China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea,and is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in China. It has experienced several explosive eruptions in late Pleistocene and Holocene,i. e. 50 000 a BP eruption,946 AD eruption,1668 AD eruption,1702 AD eruption,1903 AD eruption. Especially,the 946 AD eruption( also known as"Millennium eruption") of this volcano is considered to be one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the world in the past 2 000 a. The eruption history and strata sequence of Tianchi volcano have long been the focus of attention. The stratigraphic unit division of fallout deposits in the past millennium is controversial,especially for the heterogeneous trachytic pumices( erupted from the Yuanchi stage) above the off-white pumices( erupted from the Chifeng stage).In this paper,through the detailed field exploration and strata comparation,it was found that there was no depositional interval between the two stage eruptions,or the interval was not long,and thus,it is believed that two stages of fallout pumice should be classified into the Millennium eruption.The off-white fallout pumices in Chifeng stage are relatively homogeneous,with angular shape,normal grading and good sorting. The median size( MdΦ) and the sorting coefficient( σΦ) of Chifeng pumice are in the range of-4. 25 ～-1. 3 and 0. 93 ～ 1. 53,respectively. The eruption of Yuanchi stage is in pulsing pattern,and the strata show interbedding of rich khaki pumice layer and rich black pumice layer. The pumices with angular shape show inconspicuous grain grading and good sorting. The median size( MdΦ) and the sorting coefficient( σΦ) of Yuanchi pumice are in the range of-2. 55 ～-0. 6 and 1 ～ 1. 68,respectively. Both the granularities of the pumice particles from two stages are normally distributed and fall into the air-fall field in the median diameter versus sorting diagram. The pumices from 50 000 a BP and pyroclastic flow of Millennium eruption were also shown in the diagram.Phenocrysts in pumices are mainly feldspar and pyroxene,but the phenocrysts with obvious resorbed characteristic in Yuanchi black pumice are bigger,and the phenocryst contents are a little higher than those in others. Feldspar content in off-white pumice in Chifeng stage was 0. 24% ～1. 77%,that in khaki pumice in Yuanchi stage was 0. 2% ～ 7. 5%,and that in black pumice in Yuanchi stage was 3. 02% ～ 8. 0%. The phenocrysts in Chifeng pumice are broken,which represents more violent explosion. The vesicles inside the pumice also reflect the intensity of the eruption. The Chifeng pumices have large,continuous vesicles and thin vesicle walls. The Yuanchi khaki pumices have continuous vesicles but thicker vesicle wall than the Chifeng pumices. The vesicularity is the lowest and the vesicle walls are the thickest in the black pumices in Yuanchi stage,indicating the eruption strength become weaker from Chifeng stage to Yuanchi stage.The Chifeng pumices with SiO2 content of 69. 12 ～ 72. 71 wt%,K2 O content of 4. 33 ～ 4. 52 wt%,Na2 O content of 5. 26 ～ 5. 39 wt%,Al2 O3 content of 10. 32 ～ 11. 99 wt%,CaO content of 0. 29 ～0. 95 wt%,Mg O content of 0. 11 ～ 0. 51 wt%,Ti O2 content of 0. 23 ～ 0. 43 wt% are comendite in composition. The pumices from 50 000 a BP eruption are comendite in composition,and their SiO2 content( 65. 56 ～ 68. 28 wt%) is slightly lower than Chifeng pumices. The Yuanchi khaki pumices with SiO2 content of 62. 14 ～ 63. 29 wt%,K2 O content of 5. 35 ～ 5. 7 wt%,Na2 O content of 5. 35 ～5. 62 wt%,Al2 O3 content of 15. 00 ～ 15. 59 wt%,CaO content of 1. 06 ～ 1. 61 wt%,MgO content of0. 25 ～ 0. 57 wt%,Ti O2 content of 0. 4 ～ 0. 64 wt% belong to trachyte in composition,and are close to the composition of the black pumices on the Tianwen Peak. The Yuanchi black pumices are also trachyte in composition, but have obviously lower SiO2( 59. 51 ～ 60. 59 wt%), K2 O( 4. 39 ～4. 84 wt%),and Na2 O( 4. 94 ～ 5. 08 wt%) content,and higher Al2 O3( 15. 81 ～ 16. 42 wt%),CaO( 2. 78～3. 66 wt%),MgO( 1. 43～1. 9 wt%),Ti O2( 1. 04～1. 4 wt%) content than the khaki pumices.The above results show that the eruptive intensity of the Yuanchi stage is weaker than that of the Chifeng stage and the several magmatic compositions of pumices from the Millennium eruption reveal a complex magma system under the Tianchi volcano. The magma layers with different compositions may exist in the magma chamber contemporaneously. At Chifeng stage,only the upper comendite magma erupted,but the magma below erupted in the pulsing pattern at the Yuanchi stage.
Tianchi volcano in Changbaishan area is located at the border between China and Democratic People's Republic of Korea,and is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in China. It has experienced several explosive eruptions in late Pleistocene and Holocene,i. e. 50 000 a BP eruption,946 AD eruption,1668 AD eruption,1702 AD eruption,1903 AD eruption. Especially,the 946 AD eruption( also known as"Millennium eruption") of this volcano is considered to be one of the largest volcanic eruptions in the world in the past 2 000 a. The eruption history and strata sequence of Tianchi volcano have long been the focus of attention. The stratigraphic unit division of fallout deposits in the past millennium is controversial,especially for the heterogeneous trachytic pumices( erupted from the Yuanchi stage) above the off-white pumices( erupted from the Chifeng stage).In this paper,through the detailed field exploration and strata comparation,it was found that there was no depositional interval between the two stage eruptions,or the interval was not long,and thus,it is believed that two stages of fallout pumice should be classified into the Millennium eruption.The off-white fallout pumices in Chifeng stage are relatively homogeneous,with angular shape,normal grading and good sorting. The median size( MdΦ) and the sorting coefficient( σΦ) of Chifeng pumice are in the range of-4. 25 ～-1. 3 and 0. 93 ～ 1. 53,respectively. The eruption of Yuanchi stage is in pulsing pattern,and the strata show interbedding of rich khaki pumice layer and rich black pumice layer. The pumices with angular shape show inconspicuous grain grading and good sorting. The median size( MdΦ) and the sorting coefficient( σΦ) of Yuanchi pumice are in the range of-2. 55 ～-0. 6 and 1 ～ 1. 68,respectively. Both the granularities of the pumice particles from two stages are normally distributed and fall into the air-fall field in the median diameter versus sorting diagram. The pumices from 50 000 a BP and pyroclastic flow of Millennium eruption were also shown in the diagram.Phenocrysts in pumices are mainly feldspar and pyroxene,but the phenocrysts with obvious resorbed characteristic in Yuanchi black pumice are bigger,and the phenocryst contents are a little higher than those in others. Feldspar content in off-white pumice in Chifeng stage was 0. 24% ～1. 77%,that in khaki pumice in Yuanchi stage was 0. 2% ～ 7. 5%,and that in black pumice in Yuanchi stage was 3. 02% ～ 8. 0%. The phenocrysts in Chifeng pumice are broken,which represents more violent explosion. The vesicles inside the pumice also reflect the intensity of the eruption. The Chifeng pumices have large,continuous vesicles and thin vesicle walls. The Yuanchi khaki pumices have continuous vesicles but thicker vesicle wall than the Chifeng pumices. The vesicularity is the lowest and the vesicle walls are the thickest in the black pumices in Yuanchi stage,indicating the eruption strength become weaker from Chifeng stage to Yuanchi stage.The Chifeng pumices with SiO2 content of 69. 12 ～ 72. 71 wt%,K2 O content of 4. 33 ～ 4. 52 wt%,Na2 O content of 5. 26 ～ 5. 39 wt%,Al2 O3 content of 10. 32 ～ 11. 99 wt%,CaO content of 0. 29 ～0. 95 wt%,Mg O content of 0. 11 ～ 0. 51 wt%,Ti O2 content of 0. 23 ～ 0. 43 wt% are comendite in composition. The pumices from 50 000 a BP eruption are comendite in composition,and their SiO2 content( 65. 56 ～ 68. 28 wt%) is slightly lower than Chifeng pumices. The Yuanchi khaki pumices with SiO2 content of 62. 14 ～ 63. 29 wt%,K2 O content of 5. 35 ～ 5. 7 wt%,Na2 O content of 5. 35 ～5. 62 wt%,Al2 O3 content of 15. 00 ～ 15. 59 wt%,CaO content of 1. 06 ～ 1. 61 wt%,MgO content of0. 25 ～ 0. 57 wt%,Ti O2 content of 0. 4 ～ 0. 64 wt% belong to trachyte in composition,and are close to the composition of the black pumices on the Tianwen Peak. The Yuanchi black pumices are also trachyte in composition, but have obviously lower SiO2( 59. 51 ～ 60. 59 wt%), K2 O( 4. 39 ～4. 84 wt%),and Na2 O( 4. 94 ～ 5. 08 wt%) content,and higher Al2 O3( 15. 81 ～ 16. 42 wt%),CaO( 2. 78～3. 66 wt%),MgO( 1. 43～1. 9 wt%),Ti O2( 1. 04～1. 4 wt%) content than the khaki pumices.The above results show that the eruptive intensity of the Yuanchi stage is weaker than that of the Chifeng stage and the several magmatic compositions of pumices from the Millennium eruption reveal a complex magma system under the Tianchi volcano. The magma layers with different compositions may exist in the magma chamber contemporaneously. At Chifeng stage,only the upper comendite magma erupted,but the magma below erupted in the pulsing pattern at the Yuanchi stage.
引文
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郭正府,刘嘉麒,汉景泰,等.2005.长白山天池火山气体对环境的影响及潜在火山灾害研究[J].中国科学(D辑),35(8):781-789.GUO Zheng-fu,LIU Jia-qi,HAN Jing-tai,et al.2006.Effect of gas emissions from Tianchi volcano(NE China)on environment and its potential volcanic hazards[J].Science in China(Ser D),46(3):304-310.
金伯禄,张希友.1994.吉林省长白山全新世火山喷发期及火山活动特征[J].吉林地质,13(2):1-12.JIN Bo-lu,ZHANG Xi-you.1994.The Changbai Mountain Holocene epoch eruptive stages and its active features[J].Jilin Geology,13(2):1-12(in Chinese).
靳克,彭玉鲸,王彦生,等.2000.中国-朝鲜长白山区新生代火山事件的划分及对比[J].长春科技大学学报,30(2):125-130.JIN Ke,PENG Yu-jing,WANG Yan-sheng,et al.2000.The divide and contrast of volcanic events of Cenozoic Era of Changbaishan area between China and Korea[J].Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology,30(2):125-130(in Chinese).
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