研发国际化与企业创新绩效——基于制度距离的调节作用
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摘要
研发国际化是以中国为代表的新兴经济体企业寻求海外优势技术知识、参与全球竞争的重要战略抉择。本文将研发国际化分为研发国际化广度和研发国际化深度两个维度,以2009—2015年我国开展研发国际化的沪深信息技术业上市企业为样本,研究了研发国际化广度和深度对企业创新的不同作用机制。研究结果表明,研发国际化广度的增加带来组织学习收益的提高并最终对企业创新绩效产生积极的正向效应,但是研发国际化深度却因外来者劣势等原因提高了学习成本并对企业创新绩效产生了负向影响。制度距离对研发国际化与企业创新的关系起到了调节作用,随着母国与东道国的制度距离增加,企业研发国际化广度对创新的正向效应增强,但同时研发国际化深度对创新的负向效应也随着双方制度距离的增加而更加显著。将制度距离划分为管制距离、规范距离和认知距离,也得到了同样的结论。企业在开展研发国际化活动时应当审慎把握研发国际化广度和研发国际化深度对企业创新的不同作用机制,以及制度距离带来的优势和风险,合理布局全球研发网络,这对于中国企业成功实施海外研发具有实践指导意义。
In the context of economic globalization and competition globalization,innovation has extremely important strategic value for the survival of enterprises as well as the maintenance of competitive advantages.For enterprises from emerging economies such as China,R&D internationalization is an important strategic choice for them to seek advanced overseas technology,enhance their own innovation capabilities and maintain competitive advantages.Through the layout of R&D units on a global scale,multinational enterprises can optimize the allocation of global R&D resources to maximize the use of their own knowledge and effectively acquire the unique knowledge assets of host countries.What's more,R&D internationalization can also help enterprises to transfer and share knowledge among R&D units of their global R&D networks.However,conducting R&D activities in a totally unfamiliar host country,enterprises are also likely to suffer from discrimination for the identify of foreigner and newcomer from outside of the company,as well as the disorder of exchanges and communication of different R&D units for the reason of national boundaries from inside of the company.To explore whether R&D internationalization can truly improve the innovation performance of enterprises,this paper divides R&D internationalization into two dimensions,which are the diversity of R&D internationalization and the intensity of R&D internationalization,so that we could have a clearer understanding of the diverse mechanisms of different aspects of R&D internationalization on innovation performance.Basing on Chinese listed enterprises of information and technology from 2009 to 2015,we discuss the two different influence mechanisms of the diversity and intensity of R&D internationalization on innovation performance.The results are mixed.On one side,with the increase of the diversity of R&D internationalization,the enterprises conducting R&D activities in more different host countries could develop more organizational learning opportunities to gain specific location advantages of each host country,including resource endowment,technology,human capital and management.Moreover,locating in a wide range of host countries to conduct R&D activities,each R&D unit has more probabilities to conduct effective learning to gain advantages of other host countries and create new knowledge by effective communication of R&D units in the global R&D network.That is,the diversity of R&D internationalization of an enterprise has a significantly positive effect on its innovation performance.One the other side,due to the liability of foreignness and the barriers of communicating and negotiating with external stakeholders,which bring about the increasing of cost of internal consultation and organizational learning,so that the enterprises can't benefit from the increase of the intensity of R&D internationalization.We also further investigate the institutional factor that maybe moderate the relationship between R&D internationalization and innovation performance.Institution is an important influence factor which maybe affect the relationship between R&D internationalization and innovation performance.However,existing researches pay little attention to it.From the Institutional perspective,we analyze the moderating impact of institutional distance on the relationship between R&D internationalization and innovation performance.At the same time,to explore whether the influences of different dimensions of institutional distance have identical effects,we divide the institutional distance into three aspects according to previous study,which includes regulative distance,normative distance and cognitive distance.Taking institutional distance as moderating variable,we find that institutional distance and its three sub-dimensions will all increase the positive effects of the diversity of R&D internationalization on the innovation performance of enterprises,but at the same time exacerbate the negative effects of the intensity of R&D internationalization on the innovation performance.Our research offers some useful implications for the enterprises.When implementing R&D internationalization strategy,enterprises should fully consider the different influence mechanisms of the diversity and intensity of R&D internationalization on innovation performance,as well as the advantages and risks which are brought by institutional distance to construct global R&D network rationally.Our results are meaningful for both theoretical study and practice for Chinese enterprises to implement overseas R&D activities successfully.
In the context of economic globalization and competition globalization,innovation has extremely important strategic value for the survival of enterprises as well as the maintenance of competitive advantages.For enterprises from emerging economies such as China,R&D internationalization is an important strategic choice for them to seek advanced overseas technology,enhance their own innovation capabilities and maintain competitive advantages.Through the layout of R&D units on a global scale,multinational enterprises can optimize the allocation of global R&D resources to maximize the use of their own knowledge and effectively acquire the unique knowledge assets of host countries.What's more,R&D internationalization can also help enterprises to transfer and share knowledge among R&D units of their global R&D networks.However,conducting R&D activities in a totally unfamiliar host country,enterprises are also likely to suffer from discrimination for the identify of foreigner and newcomer from outside of the company,as well as the disorder of exchanges and communication of different R&D units for the reason of national boundaries from inside of the company.To explore whether R&D internationalization can truly improve the innovation performance of enterprises,this paper divides R&D internationalization into two dimensions,which are the diversity of R&D internationalization and the intensity of R&D internationalization,so that we could have a clearer understanding of the diverse mechanisms of different aspects of R&D internationalization on innovation performance.Basing on Chinese listed enterprises of information and technology from 2009 to 2015,we discuss the two different influence mechanisms of the diversity and intensity of R&D internationalization on innovation performance.The results are mixed.On one side,with the increase of the diversity of R&D internationalization,the enterprises conducting R&D activities in more different host countries could develop more organizational learning opportunities to gain specific location advantages of each host country,including resource endowment,technology,human capital and management.Moreover,locating in a wide range of host countries to conduct R&D activities,each R&D unit has more probabilities to conduct effective learning to gain advantages of other host countries and create new knowledge by effective communication of R&D units in the global R&D network.That is,the diversity of R&D internationalization of an enterprise has a significantly positive effect on its innovation performance.One the other side,due to the liability of foreignness and the barriers of communicating and negotiating with external stakeholders,which bring about the increasing of cost of internal consultation and organizational learning,so that the enterprises can't benefit from the increase of the intensity of R&D internationalization.We also further investigate the institutional factor that maybe moderate the relationship between R&D internationalization and innovation performance.Institution is an important influence factor which maybe affect the relationship between R&D internationalization and innovation performance.However,existing researches pay little attention to it.From the Institutional perspective,we analyze the moderating impact of institutional distance on the relationship between R&D internationalization and innovation performance.At the same time,to explore whether the influences of different dimensions of institutional distance have identical effects,we divide the institutional distance into three aspects according to previous study,which includes regulative distance,normative distance and cognitive distance.Taking institutional distance as moderating variable,we find that institutional distance and its three sub-dimensions will all increase the positive effects of the diversity of R&D internationalization on the innovation performance of enterprises,but at the same time exacerbate the negative effects of the intensity of R&D internationalization on the innovation performance.Our research offers some useful implications for the enterprises.When implementing R&D internationalization strategy,enterprises should fully consider the different influence mechanisms of the diversity and intensity of R&D internationalization on innovation performance,as well as the advantages and risks which are brought by institutional distance to construct global R&D network rationally.Our results are meaningful for both theoretical study and practice for Chinese enterprises to implement overseas R&D activities successfully.
引文
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[2]Frost,T.S.The Geographic Sources of Foreign Subsidiaries' Innovations[J].Strategic Management Journal,2001,22,(2):101-123.
[3]Gassmann,O.,and M.Von Zedtwitz.Organization of Industrial R&D on A Global Scale[J].R&D Management,1998,28,(3):147-161.
[4]Kuemmerle,W.Building Effective R&D Capabilities Abroad[J].Harvard Business Review,1997,75,(2):61-72.
[5]Luo,Y.,and R.L.Tung.International Expansion of Emerging Market Enterprises:A Springboard Perspective[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2007,38,(4):481-498.
[6]Arvanitis,S.,and H.Hollenstein.How Do Different Drivers of R&D Investment in Foreign Locations Affect Domestic Firm Performance? An Analysis Based on Swiss Panel Micro Data[J].Industrial and Corporate Change,2011,20,(2):605-640.
[7]Nieto,M.J.,and A.Rodríguez.Offshoring of R&D:Looking Abroad to Improve Innovation Performance[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2011,42,(3):345-361.
[8]L??f,H.Multinational Enterprises and Innovation:Firm Level Evidence on Spillover Via R&D Collaboration[J].Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2009,19,(1):41-71.
[9]Iwasa,T.,and H.Odagiri.Overseas R&D,Knowledge Sourcing,and Patenting:An Empirical Study of Japanese R&D Investment in The US[J].Research Policy,2004,33,(5):807-828.
[10]Singh,J.Distributed R&D,Cross-Regional Knowledge Integration and Quality of Innovative Output[J].Research Policy,2008,37,(1):77-96.
[11]Argyres,N.S.,and B.S.Silverman.R&D,Organization Structure,and The Development of Corporate Technological Knowledge[J].Strategic Management Journal,2004,25,(8-9):929-958.
[12]Hurtado-Torres,N.E.,J.A.Aragón-Correa,and N.Ortiz-de-Mandojana.How Does R&D Internationalization in Multinational Firms Affect Their Innovative Performance? The Moderating Role of international Collaboration in The Energy Industry[J].International Business Review,2018,27,(3):514-527.
[13]Hsu,C.W.,Y.C.Lien,and H.Chen.R&D Internationalization and Innovation Performance[J].International Business Review,2015,24,(2):187-195.
[14]Chen,C.J.,Y.F.Huang,and B.W.Lin.How Firms Innovate Through R&D Internationalization? An S-Curve Hypothesis[J].Research Policy,2012,41,(9):1544-1554.
[15]Lahiri,N.Geographic Distribution of R&D Activity:How Does It Affect Innovation Quality?[J].Academy of Management Journal,2010,53,(5):1194-1209.
[16]何爱,钟景雯.研发国际化与企业创新绩效——吸收能力和地理多样性的调节作用[J].广州:南方经济,2018,(10):92-112.
[17]王晓燕,俞峰,钟昌标.研发国际化对中国企业创新绩效的影响——基于“政治关联”视角[J].上海:世界经济研究,2017,(3):78-86.
[18]李梅,余天骄.研发国际化是否促进了企业创新——基于中国信息技术企业的经验研究[J].北京:管理世界,2016,(11):125-140.
[19]曾德明,刘珊珊,李健.企业研发国际化及网络位置对创新绩效影响研究——基于中国汽车产业上市公司的分析[J].成都:软科学,2014,(12):1-5.
[20]Belderbos,R.,B.Lokshin,and B.Sadowski.The Returns to Foreign R&D[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2015,46,(4):491-504.
[21]Fisman,R.,L.G.Branstetter,and C.F.Foley.Do Stronger Intellectual Property Rights Increase International Technology Transfer? Empirical Evidence from US Firm-Level Panel Data[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,2006,121,(1):321-349.
[22]Peng,M.W.,D.Y.L.Wang,and Y.Jiang.An Institution-Based View of International Business Strategy:A Focus on Emerging Economies[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2008,39,(5):920-936.
[23]Cohen,W.M.,and D.A.Levinthal.Absorptive Capacity:A New Perspective on Learning And Innovation[M].Strategic Learning in a Knowledge Economy,2000.
[24]March,J.G.Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning[J].Organization science,1991,2,(1):71-87.
[25]Szulanski,G.Exploring Internal Stickiness:Impediments to The Transfer of Best Practice within The Firm[J].Strategic Management Journal,1996,17,(S2):27-43.
[26]Miller,D.A Preliminary Typology of Organizational Learning:Synthesizing The Literature[J].Journal of Management,1996,22,(3):485-505.
[27]Makino,S.,and A.Delios.Local knowledge Transfer and Performance:Implications for Alliance Formation in Asia[J].Journal of International Business Studies,1996,27,(5):905-927.
[28]Barkema,H.G.,and F.Vermeulen.International Expansion through Start-Up or Acquisition:A Learning Perspective[J].Academy of Management Journal,1998,41,(1):7-26.
[29]Levinthal,D.A.,and J.G.March.The Myopia of Learning[J].Strategic Management Journal,1993,14,(S2):95-112.
[30]Venaik,S.,D.F.Midgley,and T.M.Devinney.Dual Paths to Performance:The Impact of Global Pressures on MCN Subsidiary Conduct and Performance[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2005,36,(6):655- 675.
[31]Leiponen,A.,and C.E.Helfat.Location,Decentralization,and Knowledge Sources for Innovation[J].Organization Science,2011,22,(3):641-658.
[32]Kotabe,M.,D.Dunlap-Hinkler,R.Parente,and H.A Mishra.Determinants of Cross-National Knowledge Transfer and Its Effect on Firm Innovation[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2007,38,(2):259-282.
[33]Phene,A.,and P.Almeida.Innovation in Multinational Subsidiaries:The Role of Knowledge Assimilation and Subsidiary Capabilities[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2008,39,(5):901-919.
[34]Penner-Hahn,J.,and J.M.Shaver.Does International Research and Development Increase Patent Output? An Analysis of Japanese Pharmaceutical Firms[J].Strategic Management Journal,2005,26,(2):121-140.
[35]Zaheer,S.Overcoming The Liability of Foreignness[J].Academy of Management Journal,1995,38,(2):341-363.
[36]Sanna-Randaccio,F.,and R.Veugelers.Multinational Knowledge Spillovers with Decentralized R&D:A Game-Theoretic Approach[J].Journal of International Business Studies,2007,38,(1):47-63.
[37]Gassmann,O.,and M.Von Zedtwitz.New Concepts and Trends in International R&D Organization[J].Research Policy,1999,28,(2-3):231-250.
[38]Lien,Y.C.,J.Piesse,R.Strange,and I.Filatotchev.The Role of Corporate Governance In FDI Decisions:Evidence From Taiwan[J].International Business Review,2005,14,(6):739-763.
[39]North,D.C.Institutions,Institutional Change and Economic Performance[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
[40]Kostova,T.Success of The Transnational Transfer of Organizational Practices within Multinational Companies[D].Doctoral Dissertation of University of Minnesota,1996.
[41]Al-Laham,A.,and T.L.Amburgey.Knowledge Sourcing in Foreign Direct Investments:An Empirical Examination of Target Profiles[J].Management International Review,2005,45,(3):247-275.
[42]Scott,W.R.Institutions and Organizations[M].Thousand Oaks:Sage,1995.
[43]Xu,D.,and O.Shenkar.Institutional Distance and The Multinational Enterprise[J].Academy of Management Review,2002,27,(4):608-618.
[44]Deephouse,D.L.Does Isomorphism Legitimate?[J].Academy of Management Journal,1996,39,(4):1024-1039.
[45]蔡灵莎,杜晓君,史艳华,齐朝顺.外来者劣势,组织学习与对外直接投资绩效研究[J].哈尔滨:管理科学,2015,(4):36-45.
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