秸秆生物质炭对淹水砖红壤中Cu~(2+)钝化效果的影响
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摘要
秸秆生物质炭在旱作条件下可通过络合重金属阳离子、提高土壤pH值等途径降低重金属活性和有效性,但是淹水条件下生物质炭对重金属形态的影响研究较少。以30 g·kg~(-1)施用量将不同温度条件下制备的油菜和花生秸秆生物质炭及商品活性炭添加到广东徐闻砖红壤中,并添加5 mmol·kg~(-1)Cu(NO_3)_2和20 g·kg~(-1)葡萄糖,淹水培养49 d,采用连续提取法分级提取不同形态Cu~(2+)并研究其动态变化。结果表明,添加活性炭、400℃条件下制备的油菜秸秆炭和300、400、500℃条件下制备的花生秸秆炭后,淹水培养初期土壤溶液pH值比对照组明显增加,酸溶态Cu~(2+)含量显著降低,还原态和氧化态Cu~(2+)含量有所升高。随淹水时间增加,土壤pH值逐渐降低,导致生物质炭处理土壤中酸溶态Cu~(2+)含量显著升高,生物质炭对Cu~(2+)的钝化效果逐渐减弱并消失,还原态和氧化态Cu~(2+)含量降低。在49 d培养时间内残渣态Cu~(2+)含量变化不大。淹水条件下生物质炭对砖红壤中Cu~(2+)的钝化效果并不持久,甚至由于生物质炭中有机物质分解而产生更多有机酸,导致淹水后期生物质炭处理砖红壤pH值较对照低,反而提高了Cu~(2+)的活性和生物有效性。
Crop-straw derived biochars inhibited the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in the upland cropping land due to complexation,precipitation,as well as increasing soil pH. However,information regarding the influence of biochar on heavy metal speciation in soils under submerged condition is limited. In the present study,the effect of the biochars on Cu speciation in an Oxisol was conducted under submerged condition. The biochars were derived from canola straw pyrolyzed at 400 ℃ and peanut straw at 300,400 and 500 ℃,respectively. Soil was spiked with Cu(NO_3)_2(5 mmol·kg~(-1)) and glucose(20 g·kg~(-1)),respectively,and the loading quantity of biochar is about 30 g·kg~(-1). The homogenized soil samples were incubated under inundation condition for 49 days. BCR sequential extraction method was used to investigate the dynamic changes of Cu~(2+)species during the incubation. Results show that addition of activated carbon and crop straw derived biochars significantly increased soil pH,decreased acid-soluble fraction of Cu~(2+)evidently,and the reducible and oxidizable fraction of Cu~(2+)showed reverse trends in the early stage of flooding. Whilst,the acid-soluble fraction of Cu~(2+)increased with the incubation time,mainly due to the decreasing soil pH,which suggested the inhibition function of biochars on Cu~(2+)mobility faded progressively. Moreover,organic acids produced by decomposition of organic matter in the biochar,lead to a decreasing soil pH,and consequently increased the mobility of Cu~(2+).
Crop-straw derived biochars inhibited the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in the upland cropping land due to complexation,precipitation,as well as increasing soil pH. However,information regarding the influence of biochar on heavy metal speciation in soils under submerged condition is limited. In the present study,the effect of the biochars on Cu speciation in an Oxisol was conducted under submerged condition. The biochars were derived from canola straw pyrolyzed at 400 ℃ and peanut straw at 300,400 and 500 ℃,respectively. Soil was spiked with Cu(NO_3)_2(5 mmol·kg~(-1)) and glucose(20 g·kg~(-1)),respectively,and the loading quantity of biochar is about 30 g·kg~(-1). The homogenized soil samples were incubated under inundation condition for 49 days. BCR sequential extraction method was used to investigate the dynamic changes of Cu~(2+)species during the incubation. Results show that addition of activated carbon and crop straw derived biochars significantly increased soil pH,decreased acid-soluble fraction of Cu~(2+)evidently,and the reducible and oxidizable fraction of Cu~(2+)showed reverse trends in the early stage of flooding. Whilst,the acid-soluble fraction of Cu~(2+)increased with the incubation time,mainly due to the decreasing soil pH,which suggested the inhibition function of biochars on Cu~(2+)mobility faded progressively. Moreover,organic acids produced by decomposition of organic matter in the biochar,lead to a decreasing soil pH,and consequently increased the mobility of Cu~(2+).
引文
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[4]赵江宁,王云霞,沈春晓,等.土壤外源铜形态的动态变化:5年定位试验[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(5):926-933.[ZHAO Jiang-ning,WANG Yun-xia,SHEN Chun-xiao,et al.Dynamic Variations of Distribution Forms of Exogenous Copper in Soil:A 5-Years Located Experiment[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2012,31(5):926-933.]
[5]SOHI S P,KRULL E,LOPEZ-CAPEL E,et al.A Review of Biochar and Its Use and Function in Soil[J].Advances in Agronomy,2010,105:47-82.
[6]CAO X D,MA L N,GAO B,et al.Dairy-Manure Derived Biochar Effectively Sorbs Lead and Atrazine[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(9):3285-3291.
[7]UCHIMIYA M,CHANG S C,KLASSON K T.Screening Biochars for Heavy Metal Retention in Soil:Role of Oxygen Functional Groups[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,190(1/2/3):432-441.
[8]JIANG J,XU R K.Application of Crop Straw Derived Biochars to Cu(Ⅱ)Contaminated Ultisol:Evaluating Role of Alkali and Organic Functional Groups in Cu(Ⅱ)Immobilization[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,133:537-545.
[9]MCBRIDE M B.Environmental Chemistry of Soils[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1994:240-272.
[10]ZENG F R,ALI S,ZHANG H T,et al.The Influence of p H and Organic Matter Content in Paddy Soil on Heavy Metal Availability and Their Uptake by Rice Plants[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(1):84-91.
[11]刘晶晶,杨兴,陆扣萍,等.生物质炭对土壤重金属形态转化及其有效性的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3679-3687.[LIU Jing-jing,YANG Xing,LU Kou-ping,et al.Effect of Bamboo and Rice Straw Biochars on the Transformation and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(11):3679-3687.]
[12]许超,林晓滨,吴启堂,等.淹水条件下生物炭对污染土壤重金属有效性及养分含量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):194-198.[XU Chao,LIN Xiao-bin,WU Qi-tang,et al.Impacts of Biochar on Availability of Heavy Metals and Nutrient Content of Contaminated Soil Under Waterlogged Conditions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(6):194-198.]
[13]CAYUELA M L,SNCHEZMONEDERO M A,ROIG A,et al.Biochar and Denitrification in Soils:When,How Much and Why Does Biochar Reduce N2O Emissions?[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:1732.
[14]AMELOOT N,GRABER E R,FGA V,et al.Interactions Between Biochar Stability and Soil Organisms:Review and Research Needs[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2013,64(4):379-390.
[15]YADUVANSHI N P S,SETTER T L,SHARMA S K,et al.Influence of Waterlogging on Yield of Wheat(Triticum aestivum),Redox Potentials,and Concentrations of Microelements in Different Soils in India and Australia[J].Soil Research,2012,50(6):489-499.
[16]BOEHM H P.Some Aspects of the Surface Chemistry of Carbon Blacks and Other Carbons[J].Carbon,1994,32(5):759-769.
[17]JIANG J,XU R K,JIANG T Y,et al.Immobilization of Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)by the Addition of Rice Straw Derived Biochar to a Simulated Polluted Ultisol[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,229/230(5):145-150.
[18]LIN Y,MUNROE P,JOSEPH S,et al.Chemical and Structural A-nalysis of Enhanced Biochars:Thermally Treated Mixtures of Biochar,Chicken Litter,Clay and Minerals[J].Chemosphere,2013,91(1):35-40.
[19]KRISTIN L,GEORGIA A K,JOHN D.FT-IR Study of the Changes in Carbohydrate Chemistry of Three New Jersey Pine Barrens Leaf Litters During Simulated Control Burning[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(2):340-347.
[20]YUAN J H,XU R K,ZHANG H.The Forms of Alkalis in the Biochar Produced From Crop Residues at Different Temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):3488-3497.
[21]QIU Y P,CHENG H Y,XU C,et al.Surface Characteristics of Crop-Residue-Derived Black Carbon and Lead(Ⅱ)Adsorption[J].Water Research,2008,42(3):567-574.
[22]YUAN J H,XU R K.The Amelioration Effects of Low Temperature Biochar Generated From Nine Crop Residues on an Acidic Ultisol[J].Soil Use and Management,2011,27(1):110-115.
[23]ZWIETEN L V,KIMBER S,MORRIS S,et al.Effects of Biochar From Slow Pyrolysis of Papermill Waste on Agronomic Performance and Soil Fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1/2):235-246.
[24]于跃跃,赵炳梓.无机氮和葡萄糖添加对土壤微生物生物量和活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2012,49(1):139-146.[YU Yueyue,ZHAO Bing-zi.Effect of Amendment of Inorganic Nitrogen and Glucose on Soil Microbial Biomass and Activity[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(1):139-146.]
[25]PEI Z G,SHAN X Q,KONG J J,et al.Coadsorption of Ciprofloxacin and Cu(Ⅱ)on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite as Affected by Solution p H[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(3):915-920.
[26]蒋田雨,姜军,徐仁扣,等.不同温度下烧制的秸秆炭对可变电荷土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1598-1604.[JIANG Tian-yu,JIANG Jun,XU Ren-kou,et al.Effects of Different Temperatures Biochar on Adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ)on Variable Charge Soils[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1598-1604.]
[27]WALKER D J,CLEMENTE R,BERNAL M P.Contrasting Effects of Manure and Compost on Soil p H,Heavy Metal Availability and Growth of Chenopodium album L.in a Soil Contaminated by Pyritic Mine Waste[J].Chemosphere,2004,57(3):215-224.
[28]WAHID P A,KAMALAM N V.Reductive Dissolution of Crystalline and Amorphous Fe(Ⅲ)Oxides by Microorganisms in Submerged Soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1993,15(2):144-148.
[2]朱永官,陈保冬,林爱军,等.珠江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染控制与修复研究的若干思考[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(12):1575-1579.[ZHU Yong-guan,CHEN Bao-dong,LIN Aijun,et al.Heavy Metal Contamination in Pearl River Delta-Status and Research Priorities[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2005,25(12):1575-1579.]
[3]BOULARBAH A,SCHWARTZ C,BITTON G,et al.Heavy Metal Contamination From Mining Sites in South Morocco:2.Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Toxicity in Plants[J].Chemosphere,2006,63(5):811-817.
[4]赵江宁,王云霞,沈春晓,等.土壤外源铜形态的动态变化:5年定位试验[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(5):926-933.[ZHAO Jiang-ning,WANG Yun-xia,SHEN Chun-xiao,et al.Dynamic Variations of Distribution Forms of Exogenous Copper in Soil:A 5-Years Located Experiment[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2012,31(5):926-933.]
[5]SOHI S P,KRULL E,LOPEZ-CAPEL E,et al.A Review of Biochar and Its Use and Function in Soil[J].Advances in Agronomy,2010,105:47-82.
[6]CAO X D,MA L N,GAO B,et al.Dairy-Manure Derived Biochar Effectively Sorbs Lead and Atrazine[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(9):3285-3291.
[7]UCHIMIYA M,CHANG S C,KLASSON K T.Screening Biochars for Heavy Metal Retention in Soil:Role of Oxygen Functional Groups[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,190(1/2/3):432-441.
[8]JIANG J,XU R K.Application of Crop Straw Derived Biochars to Cu(Ⅱ)Contaminated Ultisol:Evaluating Role of Alkali and Organic Functional Groups in Cu(Ⅱ)Immobilization[J].Bioresource Technology,2013,133:537-545.
[9]MCBRIDE M B.Environmental Chemistry of Soils[M].Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1994:240-272.
[10]ZENG F R,ALI S,ZHANG H T,et al.The Influence of p H and Organic Matter Content in Paddy Soil on Heavy Metal Availability and Their Uptake by Rice Plants[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(1):84-91.
[11]刘晶晶,杨兴,陆扣萍,等.生物质炭对土壤重金属形态转化及其有效性的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3679-3687.[LIU Jing-jing,YANG Xing,LU Kou-ping,et al.Effect of Bamboo and Rice Straw Biochars on the Transformation and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Soil[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(11):3679-3687.]
[12]许超,林晓滨,吴启堂,等.淹水条件下生物炭对污染土壤重金属有效性及养分含量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(6):194-198.[XU Chao,LIN Xiao-bin,WU Qi-tang,et al.Impacts of Biochar on Availability of Heavy Metals and Nutrient Content of Contaminated Soil Under Waterlogged Conditions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(6):194-198.]
[13]CAYUELA M L,SNCHEZMONEDERO M A,ROIG A,et al.Biochar and Denitrification in Soils:When,How Much and Why Does Biochar Reduce N2O Emissions?[J].Scientific Reports,2013,3:1732.
[14]AMELOOT N,GRABER E R,FGA V,et al.Interactions Between Biochar Stability and Soil Organisms:Review and Research Needs[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2013,64(4):379-390.
[15]YADUVANSHI N P S,SETTER T L,SHARMA S K,et al.Influence of Waterlogging on Yield of Wheat(Triticum aestivum),Redox Potentials,and Concentrations of Microelements in Different Soils in India and Australia[J].Soil Research,2012,50(6):489-499.
[16]BOEHM H P.Some Aspects of the Surface Chemistry of Carbon Blacks and Other Carbons[J].Carbon,1994,32(5):759-769.
[17]JIANG J,XU R K,JIANG T Y,et al.Immobilization of Cu(Ⅱ),Pb(Ⅱ)and Cd(Ⅱ)by the Addition of Rice Straw Derived Biochar to a Simulated Polluted Ultisol[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,229/230(5):145-150.
[18]LIN Y,MUNROE P,JOSEPH S,et al.Chemical and Structural A-nalysis of Enhanced Biochars:Thermally Treated Mixtures of Biochar,Chicken Litter,Clay and Minerals[J].Chemosphere,2013,91(1):35-40.
[19]KRISTIN L,GEORGIA A K,JOHN D.FT-IR Study of the Changes in Carbohydrate Chemistry of Three New Jersey Pine Barrens Leaf Litters During Simulated Control Burning[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(2):340-347.
[20]YUAN J H,XU R K,ZHANG H.The Forms of Alkalis in the Biochar Produced From Crop Residues at Different Temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):3488-3497.
[21]QIU Y P,CHENG H Y,XU C,et al.Surface Characteristics of Crop-Residue-Derived Black Carbon and Lead(Ⅱ)Adsorption[J].Water Research,2008,42(3):567-574.
[22]YUAN J H,XU R K.The Amelioration Effects of Low Temperature Biochar Generated From Nine Crop Residues on an Acidic Ultisol[J].Soil Use and Management,2011,27(1):110-115.
[23]ZWIETEN L V,KIMBER S,MORRIS S,et al.Effects of Biochar From Slow Pyrolysis of Papermill Waste on Agronomic Performance and Soil Fertility[J].Plant and Soil,2010,327(1/2):235-246.
[24]于跃跃,赵炳梓.无机氮和葡萄糖添加对土壤微生物生物量和活性的影响[J].土壤学报,2012,49(1):139-146.[YU Yueyue,ZHAO Bing-zi.Effect of Amendment of Inorganic Nitrogen and Glucose on Soil Microbial Biomass and Activity[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(1):139-146.]
[25]PEI Z G,SHAN X Q,KONG J J,et al.Coadsorption of Ciprofloxacin and Cu(Ⅱ)on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite as Affected by Solution p H[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(3):915-920.
[26]蒋田雨,姜军,徐仁扣,等.不同温度下烧制的秸秆炭对可变电荷土壤吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1598-1604.[JIANG Tian-yu,JIANG Jun,XU Ren-kou,et al.Effects of Different Temperatures Biochar on Adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ)on Variable Charge Soils[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1598-1604.]
[27]WALKER D J,CLEMENTE R,BERNAL M P.Contrasting Effects of Manure and Compost on Soil p H,Heavy Metal Availability and Growth of Chenopodium album L.in a Soil Contaminated by Pyritic Mine Waste[J].Chemosphere,2004,57(3):215-224.
[28]WAHID P A,KAMALAM N V.Reductive Dissolution of Crystalline and Amorphous Fe(Ⅲ)Oxides by Microorganisms in Submerged Soil[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,1993,15(2):144-148.
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