陆生蜗牛文石方解石化过程及其碳同位素组成变化高温实验
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摘要
在过去全球气候变化研究中,生物CaCO3壳体的稳定同位素组成是常见的古气候替代性指标,被用来重建古气候变化历史,而生物成因文石质矿物的方解石化则是自然界较为常见的现象,该过程会导致生物壳体稳定同位素组成发生改变,从而影响古气候重建的准确性。利用陆生蜗牛Achatina fulica的文石壳体在空气背景下进行高温加热实验,来揭示加热前后样品中方解石含量和碳同位素组成的变化。结果表明:随着温度的升高,方解石含量增高;文石方解石化过程受壳体有机质含量的影响,相同加热温度和时间条件下,未采用双氧水处理的方解石含量比采用双氧水处理的方解石含量低;高温加热的壳体样品比原始样品碳同位素组成偏负;较短时间实验条件下,温度对文石方解石化过程起主导作用,并且双氧水处理也会对文石方解石化有所影响;造成样品碳同位素组成偏负可能是因为加热过程中样品与空气CO2发生了碳同位素交换反应,而不是因为矿物相变。因此,在利用蜗牛壳体碳同位素组成进行古环境重建时,需考虑文石方解石化过程对壳体碳同位素组成变化的影响。
The stable isotope compositions of biogenic calcium carbonate are often used as an important proxy for the studies of past global climate change;however,a significant isotope bias during the transformation from aragonite to calcite would affect the quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate.The experiments were conducted under the air conditions by high-temperatureheating the aragonite shells of land snail Achatina fulica,and the various of contents of calcite and carbon isotope compositions before and after heating were revealed.The results show that the contents of calcite increase with the temperature increasing;the transformation from aragonite to calcite is affected by the content of organic matter of the shells;the contents of calcite are lower in the samples without H_2O_2 treatment than those in the samples with H_2O_2 treatment under the condition of the same heating temperature and time;the heating process can cause the samples with lower carbon isotope compositions than the original samples;the temperature in the short-time heating plays an important role in the transformation from aragonite to calcite,and the H_2O_2 could play a role in the transformation;the lower carbon isotope compositions in the heated samples could be due to the carbon isotope exchange reaction between the samples and CO2 in the air,not due to the phase transformation.Hence,the isotope bias induced by phase transformation and isotope exchange should be taken into consideration when the carbon isotope compositions of land snail shells are used to reconstruct paleoclimatic history.
The stable isotope compositions of biogenic calcium carbonate are often used as an important proxy for the studies of past global climate change;however,a significant isotope bias during the transformation from aragonite to calcite would affect the quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate.The experiments were conducted under the air conditions by high-temperatureheating the aragonite shells of land snail Achatina fulica,and the various of contents of calcite and carbon isotope compositions before and after heating were revealed.The results show that the contents of calcite increase with the temperature increasing;the transformation from aragonite to calcite is affected by the content of organic matter of the shells;the contents of calcite are lower in the samples without H_2O_2 treatment than those in the samples with H_2O_2 treatment under the condition of the same heating temperature and time;the heating process can cause the samples with lower carbon isotope compositions than the original samples;the temperature in the short-time heating plays an important role in the transformation from aragonite to calcite,and the H_2O_2 could play a role in the transformation;the lower carbon isotope compositions in the heated samples could be due to the carbon isotope exchange reaction between the samples and CO2 in the air,not due to the phase transformation.Hence,the isotope bias induced by phase transformation and isotope exchange should be taken into consideration when the carbon isotope compositions of land snail shells are used to reconstruct paleoclimatic history.
引文
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[9]WU N Q,ROUSSEAU D D,LIU T S,et al.Orbital Forcing of Terrestrial Mollusks and Climatic Changes from the Loess Plateau of China During the Past 350ka[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2001,106(D17):20045-20054.
[10]MARCOLINI F,BIGAZZI G,BONADONNA F P,et al.Tephrochronology and Tephrostratigraphy of Two Pleistocene Continental Fossiliferous Successions from Central Italy[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2003,18(6):545-556.
[11]LI F J,WU N Q,PEI Y P,et al.Wind-blown Origin of Dongwan Late Miocene-Pliocene Dust Sequence Documented by Land Snail Record in Western Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geology,2006,34(5):405-408.
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[13]LI F J,ROUSSEAU D D,WU N Q,et al.Late Neogene Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon Revealed by Terrestrial Mollusk Record in Western Chinese Loess Plateau:From Winter to Summer Dominated Sub-regime[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,274(3/4):439-447.
[14]PREECE R C,DAY S P.Special Paper:Comparison of Post-glacial Molluscan and Vegetational Successions from a Radiocarbon-dated Tufa Sequence in Oxfordshire[J].Journal of Biogeography,1994,21(5):463-478.
[15]EVANS J G.Land Snails in Archaeology[M].Seminar Press,1972.
[16]刘宗秀,顾兆炎,吴乃琴,等.食物控制的陆生蜗牛碳同位素组成[J].科学通报,2006,51(20):2410-2416.LIU Zong-xiu,GU Zhao-yan,WU Nai-qin,et al.Diet Control on Carbon Isotopic Composition of Land Snail Shell Carbonate[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(20):2410-2416.
[17]朱莉莉,鲍睿,盛雪芬.环境因素对蜗牛Achatina fulica壳体碳酸盐δ13 C组成影响的实验研究[J].高校地质学报,2015,21(2):357-364.ZHU Li-li,BAO Rui,SHENG Xue-fen.Experimental Study on the Effect of Environmental Factors on the Carbon Stable Isotope Composition of the Snail Achatina Fulica Shell Carbonate[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2015,21(2):357-364.
[18]GOODFRIEND G A,MAGARITZ M.Palaeosols and Late Pleistocene Rainfall Fluctuations in the Negev Desert[J].Nature,1988,332:144-146.
[19]GOODFRIEND G A.Rainfall in the Negev Desert During the Middle Holocene,Based on 13 C of Organic Matter in Land Snail Shells[J].Quaternary Research,1990,34(2):186-197.
[20]盛雪芬,陈骏,蔡元峰,等.黄土沉积中蜗牛壳体矿物相转变现象[J].科学通报,2005,50(7):698-702.SHENG Xue-fen,CHEN Jun,CAI Yuan-feng,et al.Aragonite-calcite Transformation in Fossil Snail Shells of Loess Sequences in Loess Plateau,Central China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(7):698-702.
[21]STAUDIGEL P T,SWART P K.Isotopic Behavior During the Aragonite-calcite Transition:Implications for Sample Preparation and Proxy Interpretation[J].Chemical Geology,2016,442:130-138.
[22]周根陶,郑永飞.碳酸钙同质多象转变过程中氧同位素分馏的实验研究[J].地质学报,2001,75(2):267-276.ZHOU Gen-tao,ZHENG Yong-fei.Experimental Studies of Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Polymorphic Transformation of CaCO3 Minerals[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2001,75(2):267-276.
[23]HUANG W L.Synthetic Polycrystalline Aragonite to Calcite Transformation Kinetics:Experiments at Pressures Close to the Equilibrium Boundary[J].Mineralogy and Petrology,2003,79(3/4):243-258.
[24]ZHOU G T,ZHENG Y F.An Experimental Study of Oxygen Isotope Fractionation Between Inorganically Precipitated Aragonite and Water at Low Temperatures[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2003,67(3):387-399.
[25]付培歌,郑海飞.高温高压下文石和方解石的拉曼光谱研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(6):1557-1561.FU Pei-ge,ZHENG Hai-fei.Raman Spectra of Aragonite and Calcite at High Temperature and High Pressure[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33(6):1557-1561.
[26]LI T T,SUN F F,LI F C,et al.Effects of Dry Grinding on the Structure and Granularity of Calcite and Its Polymorphic Transformation into Aragonite[J].Powder Technology,2014,254:338-343.
[27]万国坤,张刚生.机械力研磨引起的生物成因文石和方解石的低温可逆相变[J].矿物岩石,2014,34(2):8-12.WAN Guo-kun,ZHANG Gang-sheng.Reversible Transformation Between Aragonite and Calcite Induced by Mechanical Milling at Low Temperature[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2014,34(2):8-12.
[28]HACKER B R,RUBIE D C,KIRBY S H,et al.The Calcite→Aragonite Transformation in Low-Mg Marble:Equilibrium Relations,Transformation Mechanisms,and Rates[J].Journal of Geophysical Research B:Solid Earth,2005,DOI:10.1029/2004JB003302.
[29]LIN S J,HUANG W L.Polycrystalline Calcite to Aragonite Transformation Kinetics:Experiments in Synthetic Systems[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,2004,147(5):604-614.
[30]SWART P K,JAMES N P,MALLINSON D,et al.10.Data Report:Carbonate Mineralogy of Sites Drilled During Leg 182[C]∥HINE A C,FEARY D A,MALONE M J.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program:Scientific Results.College Station:Ocean Drilling Program,1998:1-14.
[31]SMITH A M,KEY J M M,HENDERSON Z E,et al.Pretreatment for Removal of Organic Material Is Not Necessary for X-ray-diffraction Determination of Mineralogy in Temperate Skeletal Carbonate[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2016,86(12):1425-1433.
[32]WARDECKI D,PRZENIOSLO R,BRUNELLI M.Internal Pressure in Annealed Biogenic Aragonite[J].CrystEngComm,2008,10(10):1450-1453.
[33]REN F Z,WAN X D,MA Z H,et al.Study on Microstructure and Thermodynamics of Nacre in Mussel Shell[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2009,114(1):367-370.
[34]张刚生,贾太轩,丁世磊,等.合浦珠母贝珍珠层的差示扫描量热分析[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(3):20-22.ZHANG Gang-sheng,JIA Tai-xuan,DING Shi-lei,et al.Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis of Nacreous Layer from Bivalve Shells of Pinctada Martensii[J].Journal of Gems and Gemology,2005,7(3):20-22.
[35]ANDRUS C F T,CROWE D E.Alteration of Otolith Aragonite:Effects of Prehistoric Cooking Methods on Otolith Chemistry[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29(3):291-299.
[36]LIU M,YUND R A.Transformation Kinetics of Polycrystalline Aragonite to Calcite:New Experimental Data,Modelling,and Implications[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1993,114(4):465-478.
[37]XU J P,LEE X H,XIAO W,et al.Interpreting the13 C/12 C Ratio of Carbon Dioxide in an Urban Airshed in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(5):
[2]METREF S,ROUSSEAU D D,BENTALEB I,et al.Study of the Diet Effect onδ13 C of Shell Carbonate of the Land Snail Helix Aspersain Experimental Conditions[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,211(3/4):381-393.
[3]BALAKRISHNAN M,YAPP C J,THELER J L,et al.Environmental Significance of 13 C/12 C and 18 O/16 O Ratios of Modern Land-snail Shells from the Southern Great Plains of North America[J].Quaternary Research,2005,63(1):15-30.
[4]YANES Y,ROMANEK C S,DELGADO A,et al.Oxygen and Carbon Stable Isotopes of Modern Land Snail Shells as Environmental Indicators from a Lowlatitude Oceanic Island[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2009,73(14):4077-4099.
[5]PRENDERGAST A L,STEVENS R E,HILL E A,et al.Carbon Isotope Signatures from Land Snail Shells:Implications for Palaeovegetation Reconstruction in the Eastern Mediterranean[J].Quaternary International,2017,432:48-57.
[6]BAO R,SHENG X F,TENG H H,et al.Reliability of Shell Carbon Isotope Composition of Different Land Snail Species as a Climate Proxy:A Case Study in the Monsoon Region of China[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2018,228:42-61.
[7]刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.LIU Dong-sheng.Loess and Environment[M].Beijing:Sceince Press,1985.
[8]ROUSSEAU D D.Statistical Analyses of Loess Molluscs for Paleoecological Reconstructions[J].Quaternary International,1990,7/8:81-89.
[9]WU N Q,ROUSSEAU D D,LIU T S,et al.Orbital Forcing of Terrestrial Mollusks and Climatic Changes from the Loess Plateau of China During the Past 350ka[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2001,106(D17):20045-20054.
[10]MARCOLINI F,BIGAZZI G,BONADONNA F P,et al.Tephrochronology and Tephrostratigraphy of Two Pleistocene Continental Fossiliferous Successions from Central Italy[J].Journal of Quaternary Science,2003,18(6):545-556.
[11]LI F J,WU N Q,PEI Y P,et al.Wind-blown Origin of Dongwan Late Miocene-Pliocene Dust Sequence Documented by Land Snail Record in Western Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Geology,2006,34(5):405-408.
[12]WU N Q,CHEN X Y,ROUSSEAU D D,et al.Climatic Conditions Recorded by Terrestrial Mollusc Assemblages in the Chinese Loess Plateau During Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages 12-10[J].Quaternary Science Reviews,2007,26(13/14):1884-1896.
[13]LI F J,ROUSSEAU D D,WU N Q,et al.Late Neogene Evolution of the East Asian Monsoon Revealed by Terrestrial Mollusk Record in Western Chinese Loess Plateau:From Winter to Summer Dominated Sub-regime[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,274(3/4):439-447.
[14]PREECE R C,DAY S P.Special Paper:Comparison of Post-glacial Molluscan and Vegetational Successions from a Radiocarbon-dated Tufa Sequence in Oxfordshire[J].Journal of Biogeography,1994,21(5):463-478.
[15]EVANS J G.Land Snails in Archaeology[M].Seminar Press,1972.
[16]刘宗秀,顾兆炎,吴乃琴,等.食物控制的陆生蜗牛碳同位素组成[J].科学通报,2006,51(20):2410-2416.LIU Zong-xiu,GU Zhao-yan,WU Nai-qin,et al.Diet Control on Carbon Isotopic Composition of Land Snail Shell Carbonate[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2006,51(20):2410-2416.
[17]朱莉莉,鲍睿,盛雪芬.环境因素对蜗牛Achatina fulica壳体碳酸盐δ13 C组成影响的实验研究[J].高校地质学报,2015,21(2):357-364.ZHU Li-li,BAO Rui,SHENG Xue-fen.Experimental Study on the Effect of Environmental Factors on the Carbon Stable Isotope Composition of the Snail Achatina Fulica Shell Carbonate[J].Geological Journal of China Universities,2015,21(2):357-364.
[18]GOODFRIEND G A,MAGARITZ M.Palaeosols and Late Pleistocene Rainfall Fluctuations in the Negev Desert[J].Nature,1988,332:144-146.
[19]GOODFRIEND G A.Rainfall in the Negev Desert During the Middle Holocene,Based on 13 C of Organic Matter in Land Snail Shells[J].Quaternary Research,1990,34(2):186-197.
[20]盛雪芬,陈骏,蔡元峰,等.黄土沉积中蜗牛壳体矿物相转变现象[J].科学通报,2005,50(7):698-702.SHENG Xue-fen,CHEN Jun,CAI Yuan-feng,et al.Aragonite-calcite Transformation in Fossil Snail Shells of Loess Sequences in Loess Plateau,Central China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2005,50(7):698-702.
[21]STAUDIGEL P T,SWART P K.Isotopic Behavior During the Aragonite-calcite Transition:Implications for Sample Preparation and Proxy Interpretation[J].Chemical Geology,2016,442:130-138.
[22]周根陶,郑永飞.碳酸钙同质多象转变过程中氧同位素分馏的实验研究[J].地质学报,2001,75(2):267-276.ZHOU Gen-tao,ZHENG Yong-fei.Experimental Studies of Oxygen Isotope Fractionation in the Polymorphic Transformation of CaCO3 Minerals[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2001,75(2):267-276.
[23]HUANG W L.Synthetic Polycrystalline Aragonite to Calcite Transformation Kinetics:Experiments at Pressures Close to the Equilibrium Boundary[J].Mineralogy and Petrology,2003,79(3/4):243-258.
[24]ZHOU G T,ZHENG Y F.An Experimental Study of Oxygen Isotope Fractionation Between Inorganically Precipitated Aragonite and Water at Low Temperatures[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2003,67(3):387-399.
[25]付培歌,郑海飞.高温高压下文石和方解石的拉曼光谱研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2013,33(6):1557-1561.FU Pei-ge,ZHENG Hai-fei.Raman Spectra of Aragonite and Calcite at High Temperature and High Pressure[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2013,33(6):1557-1561.
[26]LI T T,SUN F F,LI F C,et al.Effects of Dry Grinding on the Structure and Granularity of Calcite and Its Polymorphic Transformation into Aragonite[J].Powder Technology,2014,254:338-343.
[27]万国坤,张刚生.机械力研磨引起的生物成因文石和方解石的低温可逆相变[J].矿物岩石,2014,34(2):8-12.WAN Guo-kun,ZHANG Gang-sheng.Reversible Transformation Between Aragonite and Calcite Induced by Mechanical Milling at Low Temperature[J].Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2014,34(2):8-12.
[28]HACKER B R,RUBIE D C,KIRBY S H,et al.The Calcite→Aragonite Transformation in Low-Mg Marble:Equilibrium Relations,Transformation Mechanisms,and Rates[J].Journal of Geophysical Research B:Solid Earth,2005,DOI:10.1029/2004JB003302.
[29]LIN S J,HUANG W L.Polycrystalline Calcite to Aragonite Transformation Kinetics:Experiments in Synthetic Systems[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,2004,147(5):604-614.
[30]SWART P K,JAMES N P,MALLINSON D,et al.10.Data Report:Carbonate Mineralogy of Sites Drilled During Leg 182[C]∥HINE A C,FEARY D A,MALONE M J.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program:Scientific Results.College Station:Ocean Drilling Program,1998:1-14.
[31]SMITH A M,KEY J M M,HENDERSON Z E,et al.Pretreatment for Removal of Organic Material Is Not Necessary for X-ray-diffraction Determination of Mineralogy in Temperate Skeletal Carbonate[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2016,86(12):1425-1433.
[32]WARDECKI D,PRZENIOSLO R,BRUNELLI M.Internal Pressure in Annealed Biogenic Aragonite[J].CrystEngComm,2008,10(10):1450-1453.
[33]REN F Z,WAN X D,MA Z H,et al.Study on Microstructure and Thermodynamics of Nacre in Mussel Shell[J].Materials Chemistry and Physics,2009,114(1):367-370.
[34]张刚生,贾太轩,丁世磊,等.合浦珠母贝珍珠层的差示扫描量热分析[J].宝石和宝石学杂志,2005,7(3):20-22.ZHANG Gang-sheng,JIA Tai-xuan,DING Shi-lei,et al.Differential Scanning Calorimetry Analysis of Nacreous Layer from Bivalve Shells of Pinctada Martensii[J].Journal of Gems and Gemology,2005,7(3):20-22.
[35]ANDRUS C F T,CROWE D E.Alteration of Otolith Aragonite:Effects of Prehistoric Cooking Methods on Otolith Chemistry[J].Journal of Archaeological Science,2002,29(3):291-299.
[36]LIU M,YUND R A.Transformation Kinetics of Polycrystalline Aragonite to Calcite:New Experimental Data,Modelling,and Implications[J].Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology,1993,114(4):465-478.
[37]XU J P,LEE X H,XIAO W,et al.Interpreting the13 C/12 C Ratio of Carbon Dioxide in an Urban Airshed in the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2017,17(5):
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