天津春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对空气质量的影响
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摘要
为明晰春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对大气环境的影响,利用天津地区2016年和2017年春节期间(除夕至农历十五,公历2016年2月7—22日、2017年1月27日—2月11日)大气污染物质量浓度的监测数据和气象观测资料,对这一时期大气污染物质量浓度的变化规律进行分析.结果表明:天津春节期间大气颗粒物质量浓度峰值均出现在初一的00:00—01:00.烟花爆竹燃放对ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(SO_2)影响较大,尤其是对地面污染物质量浓度影响最大,并且对ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(PM_(10))的影响高度相对增高,但对ρ(NO2)的实时影响最小.初一00:00—00:01,ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(SO_2)和ρ(NO2)分别增加了305、178、80和7μg/m3.烟花爆竹燃放使ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(PM_(10))的日变化曲线较非春节期间波动性增强,主峰值区(20:00—翌日01:00)污染物质量浓度升高和出现的时间延后;ρ(SO_2)主峰值出现时段由09:00—10:00变为00:00左右,并且其峰值剧增.烟花爆竹燃放使夜间空气中ρ(PM_(2.5))上升,导致ρ(PM_(2.5))在ρ(PM_(10))的占比显著升高. 2016年和2017年春节期间,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和SO_2的最大小时质量浓度及其变化率均高于春节前后(除夕前15 d和农历十五后15 d),而NO2和CO的最大小时质量浓度及其变化率则低于春节前后. 2016年和2017年除夕ρ(PM_(2.5))的半衰期分别为4. 7和3. 6 h.研究显示,即使在有利于扩散的气象条件下,烟花爆竹燃放仍可使天津地区ρ(PM_(10))、ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(SO_2)短时迅速增大,污染物质量浓度主峰值均出现在夜间,ρ(PM_(2.5))的半衰期介于3～5 h.
With the pollutants monitoring data and meteorological data during the Spring Festival in Tianjin City in 2016 and 2017,the variation characteristics of atmospheric pollutant concentration and the influence of fireworks on atmospheric pollution were investigated.The results indicated that the peak concentration of atmospheric particulate matter during the Spring Festival appeared from 00: 00 to01: 00 on the first day of New Year. Fireworks had a greater impact on the concentration of particulate matter and SO_2 than the other pollutants,especially for the ground concentration. The influence on particulate concentration was relatively high. The concentrations of PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_2 and NO2 increased by 305,178,80 and 7 μg/m3 from 00: 00 to 01: 00. The daily variations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations were greater during the Spring Festival than during non-festival because of fireworks. The peak concentration of pollutants in the main peak period( 20: 00 to 01: 00 of next day) was increased and delayed. The main peak period of SO_2 changed from morning( 09: 00-10: 00) to about 00: 00,and the peak concentration increased dramatically. The discharge of fireworks resulted in an increase in the concentration of fine particles in the air. The proportion of PM_(2.5) in PM_(10) increased significantly,and the main influencing period was at night. The maximum hourly concentration and its change rate of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and SO_2 during the Spring Festival were higher than that before and after the Spring Festival,while the maximum hourly concentration and the variability of NO2 and CO concentrations were lower than that before and after the Spring Festival. The half-lives of PM_(2.5) on Chinese New Year's Eve in 2016 and 2017 were 4. 7 and 3. 6 h.The results show that fireworks and firecrackers can make the concentrations of PM_(10),PM_(2.5) and SO_2 increase rapidly for a short time even in the meteorological conditions conducive to diffusion. The main peak value of mass concentration appeared at night,and the half-life of PM_(2.5) concentration is between 3 and 5 h.
With the pollutants monitoring data and meteorological data during the Spring Festival in Tianjin City in 2016 and 2017,the variation characteristics of atmospheric pollutant concentration and the influence of fireworks on atmospheric pollution were investigated.The results indicated that the peak concentration of atmospheric particulate matter during the Spring Festival appeared from 00: 00 to01: 00 on the first day of New Year. Fireworks had a greater impact on the concentration of particulate matter and SO_2 than the other pollutants,especially for the ground concentration. The influence on particulate concentration was relatively high. The concentrations of PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_2 and NO2 increased by 305,178,80 and 7 μg/m3 from 00: 00 to 01: 00. The daily variations of PM_(2.5) and PM_(10) concentrations were greater during the Spring Festival than during non-festival because of fireworks. The peak concentration of pollutants in the main peak period( 20: 00 to 01: 00 of next day) was increased and delayed. The main peak period of SO_2 changed from morning( 09: 00-10: 00) to about 00: 00,and the peak concentration increased dramatically. The discharge of fireworks resulted in an increase in the concentration of fine particles in the air. The proportion of PM_(2.5) in PM_(10) increased significantly,and the main influencing period was at night. The maximum hourly concentration and its change rate of PM_(2.5),PM_(10) and SO_2 during the Spring Festival were higher than that before and after the Spring Festival,while the maximum hourly concentration and the variability of NO2 and CO concentrations were lower than that before and after the Spring Festival. The half-lives of PM_(2.5) on Chinese New Year's Eve in 2016 and 2017 were 4. 7 and 3. 6 h.The results show that fireworks and firecrackers can make the concentrations of PM_(10),PM_(2.5) and SO_2 increase rapidly for a short time even in the meteorological conditions conducive to diffusion. The main peak value of mass concentration appeared at night,and the half-life of PM_(2.5) concentration is between 3 and 5 h.
引文
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[21]王雯燕,唐文哲,邓小丽,等.烟花爆竹燃放对西安环境空气质量影响的个例分析[J].成都信息工程学院学报,2015,30(2):209-213.WANG Wenyan,TANG Wenzhe,DENG Xiaoli,et al. A case analysis of effect of environment air quality of Xi'an by fireworks display[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Information Technology,2015,30(2):209-213.
[22]赵伟,范绍佳,谢文彰,等.烟花燃放对珠三角地区春节期间空气质量的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4358-4365.ZHAO Wei,FAN Shaojia,XIE Wenzhang,et al. Influence of burning fireworks on air quality during the Spring Festival in the Pearl River Delta[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4358-4365.
[23]赵金平,徐亚,张福旺,等.泉州郊区春节燃放烟花时段大气污染特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(5):1224-1230.ZHAO Jinping,XU Ya,ZHANG Fuwang,et al. Atmospheric pollution characteristic during fireworks burning time in Spring Festival in Quanzhou suburb[J]. Environmental Science,2011,32(5):1224-1230.
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[26] TIAN Y Z,WANG J,PENG X,et al.Estimation of the direct and indirect impacts of fireworks on the physicochemical characteristics of atmospheric PM10and PM2. 5[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(18):9469-9479.
[27]姚青,刘敬乐,韩素芹,等.天津城区春节期间大气气溶胶污染特征和数浓度分布[J].气象,2016,42(4):443-449.YAO Qing,LIU Jingle,HAN Suqin,et al. Pollution characteristics and number concentration of atmospheric aerosol during Spring Festival in Tianjin[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2016,42(4):443-449.
[28]马小会,孙兆彬,丁海燕,等.烟花爆竹燃放和气象条件对北京空气质量的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2015(3):50-55.MA Xiaohui,SUN Zhaobin,DING Haiyan,et al.Effect of fireworks and meteorological conditions on air quality during Spring Festival in Beijing[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2015(3):50-55.
[29]刘慧萍,张凯,柴发合,等.烟花爆竹燃放对北京大气污染物和水溶性无机离子的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(6):844-853.LIU Huiping,ZHANG Kai,CHAI Fahe,et al.Effects of fireworks on gaseous pollutants and water-soluble inorganic ions in the atmosphere[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(6):844-853.
[30]韩素芹,李培彦,李向津,等.天津近地层PM2. 5的垂直分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2008,17(3):975-979.HAN Suqin,LI Peiyan,LI Xiangjin,et al. Vertical distribution of the PM2. 5at the ground layer in Tianjin[J]. Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):975-979.
[31]徐敬,丁国安,颜鹏,等.燃放烟花爆竹对北京城区气溶胶细粒子的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(5):79-82.XU Jing,DING Guoan,YAN Peng,et al. Effect of firecracker setting-off on the fine particle pollution in Beijing downtown areas[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(5):79-82.
[32]金军,王英,李令军,等.北京春节期间大气颗粒物污染及影响[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(3):229-232.JIN Jun,WANG Ying,LI Lingjun,et al. Particles pollution and impact caused by fireworks in Beijing during Spring Festival[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2007,29(3):229-232.
[33]王哲,王自发,郑海涛.一种评估烟花爆竹燃放对大气PM2. 5影响的新方法[J].中国环境监测,2014(3):31-36.WANG Zhe,WANG Zifa,ZHENG Haitao.A new method to estimate the impacts of fireworks on airborne PM2. 5[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2014(3):31-36.
[2] ZHAO P S,DONG F,HE D,et al.Characteristics of concentrations and chemical compositions for PM2. 5in the region of Beijing,Tianjin,and Hebei,China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13:4631-4644.
[3] FENG J,SUN P,HU X,et al.The chemical composition and sources of PM2. 5during the 2009 Chinese New Year's holiday in Shanghai[J].Atmospheric Research,2012,118:435-444.
[4] SINGH D,GADI R,MANDAL T,et al.Study of temporal variation in ambient air quality during Diwali Festival in India[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2010,169(1/2/3/4):1-13.
[5] SAHA U,TALUKDAR S,JANA S,et al.Effects of air pollution on meteorological parameters during Deepawali Festival over an Indian urban metropolis[J].Atmospheric Environment,2014,98:530-539.
[6] SAXENA A,VVAS B M. Studies of atmospheric aerosol's parameters during pre-Diwali to post-Diwali festival period over Indian Semi Arid Station i. e. Udaipur[J]. Applied Physics Research,2012,4(2):40-55.
[7] POPE C A,DOCKERY D W.Health effects of fine particulate air pollution:lines that connect[J]. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,2006,56(6):707-708.
[8] NASTOS P T,PALIATSOS A G,ANTHRACOPOULOS M B,et al.Outdoor particulate matter and childhood asthma admissions in Athens,Greece:a time-series study[J]. Environmental Health,2010,9(1):45.
[9] CHENG Y,ENGLING G,HE K B,et al. The characteristics of Beijing aerosol during two distinct episodes:impacts of biomass burning and fireworks[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,185(4):149-157.
[10] KONG S,LI L,LI X,et al. The impacts of fireworks burning at Chinese Spring Festival on air quality and human health:insights of tracers,source evolution and aging processes[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions,2015,14(21):2167-2184.
[11]程念亮,陈添,张大伟,等. 2015年春节北京空气质量分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3150-3158.CHENG Nianliang,CHEN Tian,ZHANG Dawei,et al. Air quality characteristics in Beijing during Spring Festival in 2015[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3150-3158.
[12] SAMOLI E,NASTOS P T,PALIATSOS A G,et al.Acute effects of air pollution on pediatric asthma exacerbation:evidence of association and effect modification[J]. Environmental Research,2011,111(3):418-424.
[13] BAPNA M,SUNDER R R,RAMACHANDRAN S,et al. Airborne black carbon concentrations over an urban region in western Indiatemporal variability,effects of meteorology,and source regions[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2013,20(3):1617-1631.
[14] BHUYAN P K,BHARALI C,PATHAK B,et al. The role of precursor gases and meteorology on temporal evolution of O3at a tropical location in northeast India[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2014,21(10):6696-6713.
[15] JEONG J H,SHON Z H,KIM Y K,et al. Characteristics of atmospheric metalliferous particles during large-scale fireworks in Korea[J]. Advances in Meteorology,2015. doi:10. 1155/2015/423275.
[16] VECCHI R,BERNARDONI V,CRICCHIO D,et al.The impact of fireworks on airborne particles[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(6):1121-1132.
[17] ZAUSCHER M D,WANG Y,MOORE M J K,et al. Air quality impact and physicochemical aging of biomass burning aerosols during the 2007 San Diego wildfires[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(14):7633-7643.
[18] KHAPARDE V V,PIPALATKAR P P,PUSTODE T,et al.Influence of burning of fireworks on particle size distribution of PM10and associated barium at Nagpur[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2012,184(2):903-911.
[19] HUANG K,ZHUANG G,LIN Y,et al. Impact of anthropogenic emission on air quality over a megacity-revealed from an intensive atmospheric campaign during the Chinese Spring Festival[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(7):17151-17185.
[20] LI W,SHI Z,CHAO Y,et al.Individual metal-bearing particles in a regional haze caused by firecracker and firework emissions[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,443(3):464-469.
[21]王雯燕,唐文哲,邓小丽,等.烟花爆竹燃放对西安环境空气质量影响的个例分析[J].成都信息工程学院学报,2015,30(2):209-213.WANG Wenyan,TANG Wenzhe,DENG Xiaoli,et al. A case analysis of effect of environment air quality of Xi'an by fireworks display[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Information Technology,2015,30(2):209-213.
[22]赵伟,范绍佳,谢文彰,等.烟花燃放对珠三角地区春节期间空气质量的影响[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4358-4365.ZHAO Wei,FAN Shaojia,XIE Wenzhang,et al. Influence of burning fireworks on air quality during the Spring Festival in the Pearl River Delta[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4358-4365.
[23]赵金平,徐亚,张福旺,等.泉州郊区春节燃放烟花时段大气污染特征[J].环境科学,2011,32(5):1224-1230.ZHAO Jinping,XU Ya,ZHANG Fuwang,et al. Atmospheric pollution characteristic during fireworks burning time in Spring Festival in Quanzhou suburb[J]. Environmental Science,2011,32(5):1224-1230.
[24] WANG Y,ZHUANG G,XU C,et al.The air pollution caused by the burning of fireworks during the Lantern Festival in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(2):417-431.
[25]李令军,李金香,辛连忠,等.北京春节期间大气污染分析[J].中国环境科学,2006,26(5):537-541.LI Lingjun,LI Jinxiang,XIN Lianzhong,et al. Analysis of atmospheric air pollution of Beijing City in Spring Festival period[J].China Environmental Science,2006,26(5):537-541.
[26] TIAN Y Z,WANG J,PENG X,et al.Estimation of the direct and indirect impacts of fireworks on the physicochemical characteristics of atmospheric PM10and PM2. 5[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2014,14(18):9469-9479.
[27]姚青,刘敬乐,韩素芹,等.天津城区春节期间大气气溶胶污染特征和数浓度分布[J].气象,2016,42(4):443-449.YAO Qing,LIU Jingle,HAN Suqin,et al. Pollution characteristics and number concentration of atmospheric aerosol during Spring Festival in Tianjin[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2016,42(4):443-449.
[28]马小会,孙兆彬,丁海燕,等.烟花爆竹燃放和气象条件对北京空气质量的影响[J].气象与环境学报,2015(3):50-55.MA Xiaohui,SUN Zhaobin,DING Haiyan,et al.Effect of fireworks and meteorological conditions on air quality during Spring Festival in Beijing[J].Journal of Meteorology and Environment,2015(3):50-55.
[29]刘慧萍,张凯,柴发合,等.烟花爆竹燃放对北京大气污染物和水溶性无机离子的影响[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(6):844-853.LIU Huiping,ZHANG Kai,CHAI Fahe,et al.Effects of fireworks on gaseous pollutants and water-soluble inorganic ions in the atmosphere[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(6):844-853.
[30]韩素芹,李培彦,李向津,等.天津近地层PM2. 5的垂直分布特征[J].生态环境学报,2008,17(3):975-979.HAN Suqin,LI Peiyan,LI Xiangjin,et al. Vertical distribution of the PM2. 5at the ground layer in Tianjin[J]. Ecology and Environment,2008,17(3):975-979.
[31]徐敬,丁国安,颜鹏,等.燃放烟花爆竹对北京城区气溶胶细粒子的影响[J].安全与环境学报,2006,6(5):79-82.XU Jing,DING Guoan,YAN Peng,et al. Effect of firecracker setting-off on the fine particle pollution in Beijing downtown areas[J].Journal of Safety and Environment,2006,6(5):79-82.
[32]金军,王英,李令军,等.北京春节期间大气颗粒物污染及影响[J].环境污染与防治,2007,29(3):229-232.JIN Jun,WANG Ying,LI Lingjun,et al. Particles pollution and impact caused by fireworks in Beijing during Spring Festival[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2007,29(3):229-232.
[33]王哲,王自发,郑海涛.一种评估烟花爆竹燃放对大气PM2. 5影响的新方法[J].中国环境监测,2014(3):31-36.WANG Zhe,WANG Zifa,ZHENG Haitao.A new method to estimate the impacts of fireworks on airborne PM2. 5[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2014(3):31-36.
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