北京市夏季臭氧特征及臭氧污染日成因分析
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摘要
为研究北京市夏季臭氧特征及污染成因,于2017年7月15日至2017年8月10日期间,在北京市城区进行气象要素、臭氧(O_3)、氮氧化物(NO_x)和一氧化碳(CO)的连续观测,并选取7 d(2017年7月20日、30日和8月1日、4～7日)密集采集大气样品进行挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)和含氧挥发性有机化合物(OVOCs)的分析。结果表明,观测期间北京市夏季O_3污染严重,臭氧污染日以东南风为主,一般伴随着高温、低湿、低压和高前体物(VOCs、CO和NO_x)浓度,占总观测天数的51.8%。密集采样日中臭氧污染日的成因与副热带高压或均压场下的弱高压系统有关。此外,来自河北、内蒙古中部和蒙古国东部途经保定和张家口等地的气流为北京夏季臭氧污染日的形成提供了部分外源,日平均贡献量为16%～37%,最大贡献量为53%,显示区域传输对臭氧污染日形成有重要影响。敏感性试验发现O_3的生成主要受VOCs控制,特别是人为源VOCs。以上结果表明,控制北京本地VOCs的人为排放和周边空气质量将有助于降低北京城区的O_3浓度。
To investigate the characteristics and causes of ozone(O_3)pollution in Beijing,continuous measurements of meteorological parameters,O_3,nitrogen oxide(NO_x)and carbon monoxide(CO)were conducted at an urban site in Beijing from July 15 to August 10,2017.In addition,offline one-hour whole air samples were collected on 7 selected days(i.e.20 and 30 July,and 1 and 4–7 August 2017)to analysis volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs).The results indicated that Beijing suffered from severe O_3pollution,with the O_3 episodes accounting for 51.8%of the whole sampling period.In general,high O_3 days were associated with high temperature,low relative humidity,low pressure,and high levels of precursors(i.e.VOCs,CO and NO_x).On the VOCs sampling days,high O_3 episodes were predominantly controlled by the Western Pacific Subtropical High or uniform pressure field(weak high pressure).Furthermore,air masses from Hebei,middle Inner Mongolia and eastern Mongolia,passing by Baoding and Zhangjiakou,partially contributed to the observed O_3 in Beijing.The average regional contribution to O_3 accounted for 16%–37%,with a maximum of 53%The sensitivity analysis revealed that O_3 formation in Beijing was mainly sensitive to VOCs,especially anthropogenic VOCs(AVOCs).This study indicated that effective control of AVOCs emissions in Beijing and the surrounding cities may help to reduce O_3 levels in Beijing.
To investigate the characteristics and causes of ozone(O_3)pollution in Beijing,continuous measurements of meteorological parameters,O_3,nitrogen oxide(NO_x)and carbon monoxide(CO)were conducted at an urban site in Beijing from July 15 to August 10,2017.In addition,offline one-hour whole air samples were collected on 7 selected days(i.e.20 and 30 July,and 1 and 4–7 August 2017)to analysis volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and oxygenated VOCs(OVOCs).The results indicated that Beijing suffered from severe O_3pollution,with the O_3 episodes accounting for 51.8%of the whole sampling period.In general,high O_3 days were associated with high temperature,low relative humidity,low pressure,and high levels of precursors(i.e.VOCs,CO and NO_x).On the VOCs sampling days,high O_3 episodes were predominantly controlled by the Western Pacific Subtropical High or uniform pressure field(weak high pressure).Furthermore,air masses from Hebei,middle Inner Mongolia and eastern Mongolia,passing by Baoding and Zhangjiakou,partially contributed to the observed O_3 in Beijing.The average regional contribution to O_3 accounted for 16%–37%,with a maximum of 53%The sensitivity analysis revealed that O_3 formation in Beijing was mainly sensitive to VOCs,especially anthropogenic VOCs(AVOCs).This study indicated that effective control of AVOCs emissions in Beijing and the surrounding cities may help to reduce O_3 levels in Beijing.
引文
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[2]Avnery S,Mauzerall D L,Liu J,Horowitz L W.Global crop yield reductions due to surface ozone exposure:1.Year 2000crop production losses and economic damage[J].Atmos Environ,2011,45(13):2284-2296.
[3]Stocker T F,Qin D,Plattner G-K,Tignor M M B,Allen S K,Boschung J,Nauels A,Xia Y,Bex V,Midgley P M.Climate Change 2013:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2013:1-1552.
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[5]Wang T,Xue L,Brimblecombe P,Lam Y F,Li L,Zhang L.Ozone pollution in China:A review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects[J].Sci Total Environ,2017,575:1582-1596.
[6]Wang T,Nie W,Gao J,Xue L K,Gao X M,Wang X F,Qiu J,Poon C N,Meinardi S,Blake D,Wang S L,Ding A J,Chai FH,Zhang Q Z,Wang W X.Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics:Secondary pollutants and regional impact[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10(16):7603-7615.
[7]徐敬,马建中,张小玲,徐晓峰,孟伟,马志强,赵秀娟.北京城区夏季O3化学生成过程[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):93-100.Xu Jing,Ma Jian-zhong,Zhang Xiao-ling,Xu Xiao-feng,Meng Wei,Ma Zhi-qiang,Zhao Xiu-juan.Chemical production process of ozone in summer in Beijing urban area[J].Acta Sci Circumst,2012,32(1):93-100(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]Wang T,Ding A,Gao J,Wu W S.Strong ozone production in urban plumes from Beijing,China[J].Geophys Res Lett,2006,33(21):L21806.
[9]Zhang Q,Yuan B,Shao M,Wang X,Lu S,Lu K,Wang M,Chen L,Chang C C,Liu S C.Variations of ground-level O3and its precursors in Beijing in summertime between 2005 and2011[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2014,14(12):6089-6101.
[10]程麟钧,王帅,宫正宇,杨琦,王业耀.京津冀区域臭氧污染趋势及时空分布特征[J].中国环境监测,2017,33(1):14-21.Cheng Lin-jun,Wang Shuai,Gong Zheng-yu,Yang Qi,Wang Ye-yao.Pollution trends of ozone and its characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J].Environ Monit China,2017,33(1):14-21(in Chinese with English abstract).
[11]张红星,孙旭,姚余辉,万五星,肖扬,孙滨峰,Manning WJ,韩春萌,郜世奇,高付元,徐卫华,冯兆忠,欧阳志云,王效科.北京夏季地表臭氧污染分布特征及其对植物的伤害效应[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4756-4765.Zhang Hong-xing,Sun Xu,Yao Yu-hui,Wan Wu-xing,Xiao Yang,Sun Bin-feng,Manning W J,Han Chun-meng,Gao Shi-qi,Gao Fu-yuan,Xu Wei-hua,Feng Zhao-zhong,Ouyang Zhi-yun,Wang Xiao-ke.Ground-level ozone distribution pattern in summer of Beijing and its foliar injury effect upon plants[J].Acta Ecol Sinica,2014,34(16):4756-4765(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12]程念亮,李云婷,张大伟,陈添,王欣,郇宁,陈晨,孟凡.2014年北京市城区臭氧超标日浓度特征及与气象条件的关系[J].环境科学,2016,37(6):2041-2051.Cheng Nian-liang,Li Yun-ting,Zhang Da-wei,Chen Tian,Wang Xin,Huan Ning,Chen Chen,Meng Fan.Characteristics of ozone over standard and its relationships with meteorological conditions in Beijing City in 2014[J].Environ Sci,2016,37(6):2041-2051(in Chinese with English abstract).
[13]Ma Q X,Wu Y F,Zhang D Z,Wang X J,Xia Y J,Liu X Y,Tian P,Han Z W,Xia X G,Wang Y,Zhang R J.Roles of regional transport and heterogeneous reactions in the PM2.5 increase during winter haze episodes in Beijing[J].Sci Total Environ,2017,599/600:246-253.
[14]Wang H,Lyu X P,Guo H,Wang Y,Zou S C,Ling Z H,Wang X M,Jiang F,Zeren Y Z,Pan W Z,Huang X b,Shen J.Ozone pollution around a coastal region of South China Sea:Interaction between marine and continental air[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2018,18(6):4277-4295.
[15]Cheng H R,Guo H,Wang X,Saunders S M,Lam S H,Jiang F,Wang T,Ding A,Lee S,Ho K F.On the relationship between ozone and its precursors in the Pearl River Delta:Application of an observation-based model(OBM)[J].Environ Sci Pollut Res Int,2010,17(3):547-560.
[16]Guo H,Jiang F,Cheng H R,Simpson I J,Wang X M,Ding A J,Wang T J,Saunders S M,Wang T,Lam S H M,Blake D R,Zhang Y L,Xie M.Concurrent observations of air pollutants at two sites in the Pearl River Delta and the implication of regional transport[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2009,9:7343-7360.
[17]Guo H,Ding A J,Wang T,Simpson I J,Blake D R,Barletta B,Meinardi S,Rowland F S,Saunders S M,Fu T M,Hung W T,Li Y S.Source origins,modeled profiles,and apportionments of halogenated hydrocarbons in the greater Pearl River Delta region,southern China[J].J Geophys Res Atom,2009,114:D11.
[18]Stein A F,Draxler R R,Rolph G D,Stunder B J B,Cohen M D,Ngan F.NOAA’s HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system[J].Bull Am Meteorol Soc,2015,96(12):2059-2077.
[19]Jenkin M E,Saunders S M,Wagner V,Piling M J.Protocol for the development of the Master Chemical Mechanism,MCMv3(Part B)tropospheric degradation of aromatic volatile organic compounds[J].Atmos Chem Phys Discuss,2002,3(1):1905-1038.
[20]Lam S,Saunders S M.Simulation and analysis of high ozone episodes observed in the Hong Kong airshed:An explicit model approach[EB/OL].[2018-10-20].http://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/lam.pdf.
[21]Wang Y,Guo H,Zou S C,Lyu X P,Ling Z H,Cheng H R,Zeren Y Z.Surface O3 photochemistry over the South China Sea:Application of a near-explicit chemical mechanism box model[J].Environ Pollut,2018,234:155-166.
[22]Wang Y,Wang H,Guo H,Lyu X,Cheng H,Ling Z,Louie P KK,Simpson I J,Meinardi S,Blake D R.Long-term O3-precursor relationships in Hong Kong:Field observation and model simulation[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2017,17(18):10919-10935.
[23]Huang J P,Fung J C H,Alexis K H L,Qin Y.Numerical simulation and process analysis of typhoon-related ozone episodes in Hong Kong[J].J Geophys Res Atoms,2005,110:D05301.
[24]Lyu X P,Guo H,Wang N,Simpson I J,Cheng H R,Zeng L W,Saunders S M,Lam S H M,Meinardi S,Blake D R.Modeling C1-C4 alkyl nitrate photochemistry and their impacts on O3production in urban and suburban environments of Hong Kong[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,2017,122:10539-10556.
[25]Lam S H M,Saunders S M,Guo H,Ling Z H,Jiang F,Wang X M,Wang T J.Modelling VOC source impacts on high ozone episode days observed at a mountain summit in Hong Kong under the influence of mountain-valley breezes[J].Atmos Environ,2013,81:166-176.
[26]环境保护部,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.环境空气质量标准:GB 3095-2012[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012:3.Ministry of Environmental Protection,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China.Ambient air quality standards:GB 3095-2012[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012:3(in Chinese with English abstract).
[27]安俊琳,王跃思,孙杨.气象因素对北京臭氧的影响[J].生态环境学报,2009,18(3):944-951.An Jun-lin,Wang Yue-si,Sun Yang.Assessment of ozone variations and meteorological effects in Beijing[J].Ecol Environ Sci,2009,18(3):944-951(in Chinese with English abstract).
[28]Lyu X P,Wang N,Guo H,Xue L K,Jiang F,Zeren Y Z,Cheng H R,Cai Z,Han L H,Zhou Y.Causes of a continuous summertime O3 pollution event in Ji’nan,a central city in the North China Plain[J].Atmos Chem Phys Discuss,2019,19:3025-3042.
[29]王自发,李丽娜,吴其重,高超,李昕.区域输送对北京夏季臭氧浓度影响的数值模拟研究[J].自然杂志,2008,30(4):194-198.Wang Zi-fa,Li Li-na,Wu Qi-zhong,Gao Chao,Li Xin.Simulation of the impacts of regional transport on summer ozone levels over Beijing[J].Chinese J Nat,2008,30(4):194-198(in Chinese with English abstract).
[30]Zeng L W,Lyu X P,Guo H,Zou S C,Ling Z H.Photochemical formation of C1-C5 alkyl nitrates in suburban Hong Kong and over the South China Sea[J].Environ Sci Technol,2018,52(10):5581-5589.
[31]Cheng H R,Guo H,Saunders S M,Lam S H M,Jiang F,Wang X M,Simpson I J,Blake D R,Louie P K K,Wang T J.Assessing photochemical ozone formation in the Pearl River Delta with a photochemical trajectory model[J].Atmos Environ,2010,44(34):4199-4208.
[32]Streets D G,Fu J S,Jang C J,Hao J,He K,Tang X,Zhang Y,Wang Z,Li Z,Zhang Q,Wang L,Wang B,Yu C.Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games[J].Atmos Environ,2007,41(3):480-492.
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