广东典型稻田系统磷素径流流失特征
|
摘要
选择位于广东省增城、清远和高州地区的3个稻田试验点,于2008—2012年对稻田磷径流损失进行动态监测。结果表明,稻田径流事件主要发生在早稻季。常规施肥模式下稻田总磷径流浓度为0.02~1.56 mg·L~(-1),11%~18%的径流样品总磷浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准(0.4 mg·L~(-1)),施磷后14 d内降雨易导致稻田不同形态磷浓度出现峰值,具有一定环境污染风险。施磷不同程度增加稻田可溶性总磷径流负荷,对颗粒磷和总磷流失负荷无规律性影响。稻田磷径流负荷时空变化较大,常规施肥条件下可溶性总磷、颗粒磷、总磷年径流负荷分别为0.63~4.05、0.33~2.91、1.10~6.68 kg·hm~(-2)。本地区稻田磷流失系数为0.06%~6.81%,可溶性总磷是稻田磷径流流失主要形态。施肥量和降雨、径流量是影响本地区稻田磷径流损失的主要因子。
Three experimental paddy fields located in the city of Zengcheng, Qingyuan and Gaozhou in Guangdong Province were selected to monitor the runoff losses of phosphorus from the year of 2008 to 2012. The results showed that runoff event in paddy field occurred mainly in the early rice season. The runoff concentration of total phosphorus(TP)under conventional fertilization treatment was in the range of 0.02~1.56 mg·L~(-1). It was recorded that TP concentration in 11%~18% of the total runoff samples exceeded the grade Ⅴ of the national surface water environmental quality(0.4 mg·L~(-1)). Peak concentration of different phosphorus forms[TP, dissolved total P(DTP)and particulate P(PP)] were observed within 14 days after fertilization, which indicated the high environmental pollution risk of phosphorus during this period.Application of phosphorus fertilizer increased runoff load of DTP in paddy field and showed no effect on that of PP and TP. The annual runoff loads of 0.63~4.05, 0.33~2.91 kg·hm-2 and 1.10~6.68 kg·hm~(-2) for DTP, PP and TP, respectively, were recorded under conventional fertilizer model. Runoff load of phosphorus exhibited wide spatial and temporal variation during experimental period. Runoff coefficient of 0.06% ~6.81% of phosphorus was recorded. It was observed that DTP dominated the phosphorus runoff load. Phosphorus runoff losses from paddy field was affected by a variety of natural and human factors, and fertilization, precipitation and runoff volume were identified as the main factors.
Three experimental paddy fields located in the city of Zengcheng, Qingyuan and Gaozhou in Guangdong Province were selected to monitor the runoff losses of phosphorus from the year of 2008 to 2012. The results showed that runoff event in paddy field occurred mainly in the early rice season. The runoff concentration of total phosphorus(TP)under conventional fertilization treatment was in the range of 0.02~1.56 mg·L~(-1). It was recorded that TP concentration in 11%~18% of the total runoff samples exceeded the grade Ⅴ of the national surface water environmental quality(0.4 mg·L~(-1)). Peak concentration of different phosphorus forms[TP, dissolved total P(DTP)and particulate P(PP)] were observed within 14 days after fertilization, which indicated the high environmental pollution risk of phosphorus during this period.Application of phosphorus fertilizer increased runoff load of DTP in paddy field and showed no effect on that of PP and TP. The annual runoff loads of 0.63~4.05, 0.33~2.91 kg·hm-2 and 1.10~6.68 kg·hm~(-2) for DTP, PP and TP, respectively, were recorded under conventional fertilizer model. Runoff load of phosphorus exhibited wide spatial and temporal variation during experimental period. Runoff coefficient of 0.06% ~6.81% of phosphorus was recorded. It was observed that DTP dominated the phosphorus runoff load. Phosphorus runoff losses from paddy field was affected by a variety of natural and human factors, and fertilization, precipitation and runoff volume were identified as the main factors.
引文
[1]Chien S H,Prochnow L I,Tu S,et al.Agronomic and environmental aspects of phosphate fertilizers varying in source and solubility:An update review[J].Nutrient Cyclying in Agroecosystems,2011,89:229-255.
[2]Correll D L.The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters:A review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1998,27:261-266.
[3]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国家统计局,中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报[R].2010.People′s Republic of China Environmental Protection Department,National Bureau of Statistics of the People′s Republic of China,Ministry of Agriculture of the People′s Republic of China.The first national pollution source census bulletin[R].2010.(in Chinese)
[4]高伟,周丰,郭怀成,等.滇池流域高分辨率氮、磷排放清单[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(1):240-250.GAO Wei,ZHOU Feng,GUO Huai-cheng,et al.High-resolution nitrogen and phosphorus emission inventories of Lake Dianchi Watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(1):240-250.(in Chinese)
[5]刘晓南,吴志峰,程炯,等.珠江三角洲典型流域颗粒态氮磷负荷估算研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1432-1436.LIU Xiao-nan,WU Zhi-feng,CHENG Jiong,et al.Estimation of the loads of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus in typical drainage area of Pearl River Delta[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(4):1432-1436.(in Chinese)
[6]Sharpley A N,Foy R,Withers P.Practical and innovative measures for control of agricultural phosphorus losses to water:An overview[J].Jounal of Environmental Quality,2000,29:1-9.
[7]广东省统计局,国家统计局广东调查总队.广东统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.Statistics Bureau of Guangdong Province,Guangdong Investigation Corps of National Bureau of Statistics.Guangdong statistical yearbook2016[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[8]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.National Bureau of Statistics of the People′s Republic of China.China statistical yearbook 2016[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[9]董稳军,黄旭,郑华平,等.广东省60年水稻肥料利用率综述[J].广东农业科学,2012(7):76-79.DONG Wen-jun,HUANG Xu,ZHENG Hua-ping,et al.Review on fertilizer use efficiency of Guangdong over the past sixty years[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2012(7):76-79.(in Chinese)
[10]广东省土壤肥料总站.珠江三角洲耕地质量评价与利用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.Soil and Fertilizer Station of Guangdong.Evaluation and utilization of cultivated land quality in the Pearl River Delta[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[11]曾招兵,曾思坚,汤建东,等.广东省耕地土壤有效磷时空变化特征及影响因素分析[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(3):444-451.ZENG Zhao-bing,ZENG Si-jian,TANG Jian-dong,et al.Space-temporal variation of farmland soil AP in Guangdong Province and their causing factors[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(3):444-451.(in Chinese)
[12]Jain S K,Tyagi J,Singh V.Simulation of runoff and sediment yield for a Himalayan watershed using SWAT model[J].Journal of Water Resource and Protection,2010,2:267-281.
[13]陆欣欣,岳玉波,赵峥,等.不同施肥处理稻田系统磷素输移特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(4):394-400.LU Xin-xin,YUE Yu-bo,ZHAO Zheng,et al.Phosphorus loss and migration characteristics in paddy fields under different fertilization treatments[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(4):394-400.(in Chinese)
[14]曹银贵,周伟,王静,等.基于主成分分析与层次分析的三峡库区耕地集约利用对比[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(4):291-296.CAO Yin-gui,ZHOU Wei,WANG Jing,et al.Comparative on regional cultivated land intensive use based on principal component analysis and analytic hierarchy process in Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(4):291-296.(in Chinese)
[15]García-Rodeja I,Gil-Sotres F.Prediction of parameters describing phosphorus-desorption kinetics in soils of Galicia(Northwest Spain)[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1997,26(5):1363-1369.
[16]广东省土壤普查办公室.广东土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.Guangdong Province Office of Soil Survey.Guangdong soil[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.(in Chinese)
[17]Hart M R,Quin B F,Nguyen M L.Phosphorus runoff from agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects:A review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(6):1954-1972.
[18]张翼,岳玉波,赵峥,等.不同施肥方式下稻田氮磷流失特征[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2015,33(1):1-7.ZHANG Yi,YUE Yu-bo,ZHAO Zheng,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus loss in paddy field with different fertilizer application[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science),2015,33(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[19]段小丽,范先鹏,张富林,等.湖北省稻田地表径流氮磷养分流失规律初探[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(18):3953-3957.DUAN Xiao-li,FAN Xian-peng,ZHANG Fu-lin,et al.Regular pattern of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in rice field of Hubei Province[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2012,51(18):3953-3957.(in Chinese)
[20]朱坚,纪雄辉,田发祥,等.秸秆还田对双季稻产量及氮磷径流损失的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(11):1626-1634.ZHU Jian,JI Xiong-hui,TIAN Fa-xiang,et al.Effects of straw-returning on double cropping rice yield and runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy fields[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(11):1626-1634.(in Chinese)
[21]叶玉适,梁新强,李亮,等.不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(4):1125-1135.YE Yu-shi,LIANG Xin-qiang,LI Liang,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen managements on phosphorus loss via runoff and leaching from paddy fields in Taihu Lake basin[J].Research of Envimnmental Sciences,2015,35(4):1125-1135.(in Chinese)
[22]施泽升,续勇波,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区不同氮、磷处理对稻田田面水氮磷动态变化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(4):838-846.SHI Ze-sheng,XU Yong-bo,LEI Bao-kun,et al.Dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in surface waters of paddy soils in the northern areas of Erhai Lake[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(4):838-846.(in Chinese)
[23]周萍,范先鹏,何丙辉,等.江汉平原地区潮土水稻田面水磷素流失风险研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(4):47-50,116.ZHOU Ping,FAN Xian-peng,HE Bing-hui,et al.Research of loss risk of phosphorus in surface water of paddy soil in Jianghan Plain region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(4):47-50,116.(in Chinese)
[24]舒涛.浙北稻田土壤磷素流失研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.SHU Tao.Research on soil phosphorus losses in paddy field of north Zhejiang Province[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2005.(in Chinese)
[25]梁新强,田光明,李华,等.天然降雨条件下水稻田氮磷径流流失特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):59-63.LIANG Xin-qiang,TIAN Guang-ming,LI Hua,et al.Study on characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus loss from rice field by natural rainfall runoff[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(1):59-63.(in Chinese)
[26]李学平.紫色土稻田磷素迁移流失及环境影响研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.LI Xue-ping.Research on paddy field phosphorus migration loss and its effect on environment in purple soil zone[D].Chongqing:Southwestern University,2008.(in Chinese)
[27]焦少俊,胡夏民,潘根兴,等.施肥对太湖地区青紫泥水稻土稻季农田氮磷流失的影响[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(4):495-500.JIAO Shao-jun,HU Xia-min,PAN Gen-xing,et al.Effects of fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus run-off loss from Qingzini paddy soil in Taihu Lake region during rice growth season[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(4):495-500.(in Chinese)
[28]Zhang H,Cao Z,Wang G,et al.Winter runoff losses of phosphorus from paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region of South China[J].Chemosphere,2003,52:1461-1466.
[29]张学军,陈晓群,刘宏斌,等.宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮磷流失特征初探[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(5):1202-1209.ZHANG Xue-jun,CHEN Xiao-qun,LIU Hong-bin,et al.Preliminary study on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in Yellow River irrigated paddy field of Ningxia[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(5):1202-1209.(in Chinese)
[30]Sharpley A N,Chapra S C,Wedepohl R,et al.Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters:Issues and options[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1994,23(3):437-451.
[31]李学平,石孝均.紫色水稻土磷素动态特征及其环境影响研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(2):435-439.LI Xue-ping,SHI Xiao-jun.Dynamic characteristics of phosphorus in purple paddy soil and its environmental impact[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(2):435-439.(in Chinese)
[32]石丽红,纪雄辉,李洪顺,等.湖南双季稻田不同氮磷施用量的径流损失[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(4):551-557.SHI Li-hong,JI Xiong-hui,LI Hong-shun,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from surface runoff under different application in the double cropping rice fields in Hunan[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(4):551-557.(in Chinese)
[33]Cho J Y.Seasonal runoff estimation of N and P in a paddy field of central Korea[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2003,65:43-52.
[34]杨丽霞,杨桂山.施磷对太湖流域水稻田磷素径流流失形态的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(5):31-34.YANG Li-xia,YANG Gui-shan.Effects of phosphorus application on P forms in runoff from rice field of Taihu watershed[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):31-34.(in Chinese)
[35]徐爱兰,王鹏.太湖流域典型圩区农田磷素随地表径流迁移特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):1106-1111.XU Ai-lan,WANG Peng.Phosphorus losses with surface runoff from farm lands in polder area around Taihu basin[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):1106-1111.(in Chinese)
[2]Correll D L.The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters:A review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1998,27:261-266.
[3]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国家统计局,中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报[R].2010.People′s Republic of China Environmental Protection Department,National Bureau of Statistics of the People′s Republic of China,Ministry of Agriculture of the People′s Republic of China.The first national pollution source census bulletin[R].2010.(in Chinese)
[4]高伟,周丰,郭怀成,等.滇池流域高分辨率氮、磷排放清单[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(1):240-250.GAO Wei,ZHOU Feng,GUO Huai-cheng,et al.High-resolution nitrogen and phosphorus emission inventories of Lake Dianchi Watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(1):240-250.(in Chinese)
[5]刘晓南,吴志峰,程炯,等.珠江三角洲典型流域颗粒态氮磷负荷估算研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(4):1432-1436.LIU Xiao-nan,WU Zhi-feng,CHENG Jiong,et al.Estimation of the loads of particulate nitrogen and phosphorus in typical drainage area of Pearl River Delta[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(4):1432-1436.(in Chinese)
[6]Sharpley A N,Foy R,Withers P.Practical and innovative measures for control of agricultural phosphorus losses to water:An overview[J].Jounal of Environmental Quality,2000,29:1-9.
[7]广东省统计局,国家统计局广东调查总队.广东统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.Statistics Bureau of Guangdong Province,Guangdong Investigation Corps of National Bureau of Statistics.Guangdong statistical yearbook2016[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[8]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.National Bureau of Statistics of the People′s Republic of China.China statistical yearbook 2016[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[9]董稳军,黄旭,郑华平,等.广东省60年水稻肥料利用率综述[J].广东农业科学,2012(7):76-79.DONG Wen-jun,HUANG Xu,ZHENG Hua-ping,et al.Review on fertilizer use efficiency of Guangdong over the past sixty years[J].Guangdong Agricultural Sciences,2012(7):76-79.(in Chinese)
[10]广东省土壤肥料总站.珠江三角洲耕地质量评价与利用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.Soil and Fertilizer Station of Guangdong.Evaluation and utilization of cultivated land quality in the Pearl River Delta[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2006.(in Chinese)
[11]曾招兵,曾思坚,汤建东,等.广东省耕地土壤有效磷时空变化特征及影响因素分析[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(3):444-451.ZENG Zhao-bing,ZENG Si-jian,TANG Jian-dong,et al.Space-temporal variation of farmland soil AP in Guangdong Province and their causing factors[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2014,23(3):444-451.(in Chinese)
[12]Jain S K,Tyagi J,Singh V.Simulation of runoff and sediment yield for a Himalayan watershed using SWAT model[J].Journal of Water Resource and Protection,2010,2:267-281.
[13]陆欣欣,岳玉波,赵峥,等.不同施肥处理稻田系统磷素输移特征研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(4):394-400.LU Xin-xin,YUE Yu-bo,ZHAO Zheng,et al.Phosphorus loss and migration characteristics in paddy fields under different fertilization treatments[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(4):394-400.(in Chinese)
[14]曹银贵,周伟,王静,等.基于主成分分析与层次分析的三峡库区耕地集约利用对比[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(4):291-296.CAO Yin-gui,ZHOU Wei,WANG Jing,et al.Comparative on regional cultivated land intensive use based on principal component analysis and analytic hierarchy process in Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(4):291-296.(in Chinese)
[15]García-Rodeja I,Gil-Sotres F.Prediction of parameters describing phosphorus-desorption kinetics in soils of Galicia(Northwest Spain)[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1997,26(5):1363-1369.
[16]广东省土壤普查办公室.广东土壤[M].北京:科学出版社,1993.Guangdong Province Office of Soil Survey.Guangdong soil[M].Beijing:Science Press,1993.(in Chinese)
[17]Hart M R,Quin B F,Nguyen M L.Phosphorus runoff from agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects:A review[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2004,33(6):1954-1972.
[18]张翼,岳玉波,赵峥,等.不同施肥方式下稻田氮磷流失特征[J].上海交通大学学报(农业科学版),2015,33(1):1-7.ZHANG Yi,YUE Yu-bo,ZHAO Zheng,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus loss in paddy field with different fertilizer application[J].Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University(Agricultural Science),2015,33(1):1-7.(in Chinese)
[19]段小丽,范先鹏,张富林,等.湖北省稻田地表径流氮磷养分流失规律初探[J].湖北农业科学,2012,51(18):3953-3957.DUAN Xiao-li,FAN Xian-peng,ZHANG Fu-lin,et al.Regular pattern of nitrogen and phosphorus losses in rice field of Hubei Province[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2012,51(18):3953-3957.(in Chinese)
[20]朱坚,纪雄辉,田发祥,等.秸秆还田对双季稻产量及氮磷径流损失的影响[J].环境科学研究,2016,29(11):1626-1634.ZHU Jian,JI Xiong-hui,TIAN Fa-xiang,et al.Effects of straw-returning on double cropping rice yield and runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy fields[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2016,29(11):1626-1634.(in Chinese)
[21]叶玉适,梁新强,李亮,等.不同水肥管理对太湖流域稻田磷素径流和渗漏损失的影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(4):1125-1135.YE Yu-shi,LIANG Xin-qiang,LI Liang,et al.Effects of different water and nitrogen managements on phosphorus loss via runoff and leaching from paddy fields in Taihu Lake basin[J].Research of Envimnmental Sciences,2015,35(4):1125-1135.(in Chinese)
[22]施泽升,续勇波,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区不同氮、磷处理对稻田田面水氮磷动态变化的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(4):838-846.SHI Ze-sheng,XU Yong-bo,LEI Bao-kun,et al.Dynamic changes of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in surface waters of paddy soils in the northern areas of Erhai Lake[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,32(4):838-846.(in Chinese)
[23]周萍,范先鹏,何丙辉,等.江汉平原地区潮土水稻田面水磷素流失风险研究[J].水土保持学报,2007,21(4):47-50,116.ZHOU Ping,FAN Xian-peng,HE Bing-hui,et al.Research of loss risk of phosphorus in surface water of paddy soil in Jianghan Plain region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,21(4):47-50,116.(in Chinese)
[24]舒涛.浙北稻田土壤磷素流失研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.SHU Tao.Research on soil phosphorus losses in paddy field of north Zhejiang Province[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang University,2005.(in Chinese)
[25]梁新强,田光明,李华,等.天然降雨条件下水稻田氮磷径流流失特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(1):59-63.LIANG Xin-qiang,TIAN Guang-ming,LI Hua,et al.Study on characteristic of nitrogen and phosphorus loss from rice field by natural rainfall runoff[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,19(1):59-63.(in Chinese)
[26]李学平.紫色土稻田磷素迁移流失及环境影响研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2008.LI Xue-ping.Research on paddy field phosphorus migration loss and its effect on environment in purple soil zone[D].Chongqing:Southwestern University,2008.(in Chinese)
[27]焦少俊,胡夏民,潘根兴,等.施肥对太湖地区青紫泥水稻土稻季农田氮磷流失的影响[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(4):495-500.JIAO Shao-jun,HU Xia-min,PAN Gen-xing,et al.Effects of fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus run-off loss from Qingzini paddy soil in Taihu Lake region during rice growth season[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2007,26(4):495-500.(in Chinese)
[28]Zhang H,Cao Z,Wang G,et al.Winter runoff losses of phosphorus from paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region of South China[J].Chemosphere,2003,52:1461-1466.
[29]张学军,陈晓群,刘宏斌,等.宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮磷流失特征初探[J].生态环境学报,2010,19(5):1202-1209.ZHANG Xue-jun,CHEN Xiao-qun,LIU Hong-bin,et al.Preliminary study on nitrogen and phosphorus loss in Yellow River irrigated paddy field of Ningxia[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(5):1202-1209.(in Chinese)
[30]Sharpley A N,Chapra S C,Wedepohl R,et al.Managing agricultural phosphorus for protection of surface waters:Issues and options[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1994,23(3):437-451.
[31]李学平,石孝均.紫色水稻土磷素动态特征及其环境影响研究[J].环境科学,2008,29(2):435-439.LI Xue-ping,SHI Xiao-jun.Dynamic characteristics of phosphorus in purple paddy soil and its environmental impact[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(2):435-439.(in Chinese)
[32]石丽红,纪雄辉,李洪顺,等.湖南双季稻田不同氮磷施用量的径流损失[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(4):551-557.SHI Li-hong,JI Xiong-hui,LI Hong-shun,et al.Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from surface runoff under different application in the double cropping rice fields in Hunan[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(4):551-557.(in Chinese)
[33]Cho J Y.Seasonal runoff estimation of N and P in a paddy field of central Korea[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2003,65:43-52.
[34]杨丽霞,杨桂山.施磷对太湖流域水稻田磷素径流流失形态的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(5):31-34.YANG Li-xia,YANG Gui-shan.Effects of phosphorus application on P forms in runoff from rice field of Taihu watershed[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):31-34.(in Chinese)
[35]徐爱兰,王鹏.太湖流域典型圩区农田磷素随地表径流迁移特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):1106-1111.XU Ai-lan,WANG Peng.Phosphorus losses with surface runoff from farm lands in polder area around Taihu basin[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):1106-1111.(in Chinese)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |