模拟降雨条件下北运河流域农田养分流失特征
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摘要
为了解北运河流域农田养分流失特征,通过模拟降雨的情况下,分析了降雨量对径流雨水中养分含量、土壤养分和泥沙流失的变化特征。结果表明,北运河地区只有在暴雨情况下产生农田径流,暴雨后,农田径流雨水中总N浓度在4.7~11.3 mg·L-1,氨态氮和硝态氮占44.51%;总P浓度在0.66~1.35 mg·L-1,水溶磷含量占到总磷54.08%。养分的流失以表层为主,土壤表层总氮流失比例达到29.79%,氨态氮损失率达到52.09%,硝态氮损失10.21%,表层土壤总磷含量下降达到16.48%,水溶性磷损失5.27%。农田径流泥沙中总氮含量为0.66~1.27 mg·g-1,占总流失量的82.28%;总P浓度在14.73~20 mg·g-1,占到总流失量的99.89%;模拟降雨后土壤大团聚体减少8.8%,而微团聚体增加9.5%。
Field nutrient loss from soil became the major factor of the water pollution control in countryside in China. Beiyunhe reservoir is located in semiarid zone, where field nutrient loss distributed in summer. To assess the flied nutrient loss in Beiyunhe reservoir, we conducted experiments to study the characteristic of soil nutrients loss by analysis of the content of runoff water, soil nutrients and runoff water sediment under simulated rainfall. The results showed that the runoff happened in the rainstorm. In runoff water, the content of TN was 4.7~11.3 mg·L-1,ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen accounted for 44.51% of TN; the content of P was 0.66 ~1.35 mg·L-1, water soluble phosphorus accounted for 54.08% of TP. And the main loss of nutrients was in the surface soil, the loss of TN, NH+4-N, NO-3-N, TP and DP were 29.79%,52.09%, 10.21%, 16.48% and 5.27%, respectively. However, the most of field nutrient loss were in runoff sediment, the content of TN and TP were 0.66~1.27 mg·g-1and 14.73~20 mg·g-1in sediment, and TN and TP account for 82.28% and 99.89% of total loss of nutrient. After the rainstorm, the macro-aggregates were reduced 8.8%, and the micro-aggregates increased 9.5%.
Field nutrient loss from soil became the major factor of the water pollution control in countryside in China. Beiyunhe reservoir is located in semiarid zone, where field nutrient loss distributed in summer. To assess the flied nutrient loss in Beiyunhe reservoir, we conducted experiments to study the characteristic of soil nutrients loss by analysis of the content of runoff water, soil nutrients and runoff water sediment under simulated rainfall. The results showed that the runoff happened in the rainstorm. In runoff water, the content of TN was 4.7~11.3 mg·L-1,ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen accounted for 44.51% of TN; the content of P was 0.66 ~1.35 mg·L-1, water soluble phosphorus accounted for 54.08% of TP. And the main loss of nutrients was in the surface soil, the loss of TN, NH+4-N, NO-3-N, TP and DP were 29.79%,52.09%, 10.21%, 16.48% and 5.27%, respectively. However, the most of field nutrient loss were in runoff sediment, the content of TN and TP were 0.66~1.27 mg·g-1and 14.73~20 mg·g-1in sediment, and TN and TP account for 82.28% and 99.89% of total loss of nutrient. After the rainstorm, the macro-aggregates were reduced 8.8%, and the micro-aggregates increased 9.5%.
引文
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[2]章明清,李娟,孔庆波,等.不同磷肥用量对菜稻轮作土壤磷肥利用率的影响[J].土壤通报,2013,44(4):952-955.ZHANG Ming-qing,LI Juan,KONG Qing-bo,et al.Effect of different P fertilizer application rates on P use efficiency in vegetable-paddy rice rotation system[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2013,44(4):952-955.(in Chinese)
[3]袁亮,赵秉强,林治安,等.增值尿素对小麦产量、氮肥利用率及肥料氮在土壤剖面中分布的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(3):620-628.YUAN Liang,ZHAO Bing-qiang,LIN Zhi-an,et al.Effects of valueadded urea on wheat yield and N use efficiency and the distribution of residual N in soil profiles[J].J Plant Nutri Ferti,2014,20(3):620-628.(in Chinese)
[4]李敏,叶舒娅,刘枫,等.稳定氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2014,31(4):323-327.LI Min,YE Shu-ya,LIU Feng,et al.Effects of stabilized nitrogen fertilizer on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of summer maize[J].J Agricul Resour Environ,2014,31(4):323-327.(in Chinese)
[5]熊汉锋,万细华.农业面源氮磷污染对湖泊水体富营养化的影响[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):25-27.XIONG Han-feng,WAN Xi-hua.Investigation of nitrogen and phosphorus loadings on Liangzi Lake from agricultural non-point source[J].Environ Sci Techn,2008,31(2):25-27.(in Chinese)
[6]谭霞,王康,黄介生.农业面源污染入河量特征污染物反演法研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33:224-227.TAN Xia,WANG Kang,HUANG Jie-sheng.Estimation of export load of agricultural nonpoint source pollutions using inversion analysis[J].J Irrig Drain,2014,33:224-227.(in Chinese)
[7]左海军,张奇,马履一,等.不同种植方式下农田渗漏水硝态氮含量的动态变化特征研究[J].水土保持学报,2010(5):174-179.ZUO Hai-jun,ZHANG Qi,MA Lv-yi,et al.Dynamic variation characteristics of nitrate nitrogen concentration in farmland leaching water under different planting patterns[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2010(5):174-179.(in Chinese)
[8]刘琼琼,邵晓龙,刘红磊,等.北运河下游流域典型设施农田非点源污染负荷定量化研究[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015(4):500-505.LIU Qiong-qiong,SHAO Xiao-long,LIU Hong-lei,et al.Quantification of agricultural non-point source pollution load from facility farmlands typical of the down-stream watershed of the north canal[J].J Ecology Rural Environ,2015(4):500-505.(in Chinese)
[9]王心星,荣湘民,张玉平,等.玉米与不同作物间套作条件下旱地径流的磷损失特征[J].水土保持学报,2015(4):97-103.WANG Xin-xing,RONG Xiang-min,ZHANG Yu-ping,et al.Characteristic of phosphorus loss in dry land runoff under different intercropping modes of maize and different crops[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2015(4):97-103.(in Chinese)
[10]郭新送,宋付朋,高杨,等.模拟降雨下2种尿素的坡地氮素流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(5):26-30.GUO Xin-song,SONG Fu-peng,GAO Yang,et al.Nitrogen losses characteristics of two kinds of ureas under the simulated rainfall[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2014,28(5):26-30.(in Chinese)
[11]李玫,王莉玮,何为媛,等.重庆市农田氮磷流失系数初探[J].农业环境与发展,2013,30(4):83-86.LI Mei,WANG Li-wei,HE Wei-yuan,et al.An exploration of farmland nitrogen and phosphorus loss coefficient in Chongqing City,China[J].Agro-Environment&Development,2013,30(4):83-86.(in Chinese)
[12]Elliott E T.Aggregate structure and carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus in native and cultivated soils[J].Soil Sci Society Ameri J,1986,50(3):627-633.
[13]郭新送,宋付朋,高杨,等.模拟降雨下3种类型土壤坡面的泥沙流失特征及其养分富集效应[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):23-30.GUO Xin-song,SONG Fu-peng,GAO Yang,et al.Characteristics of lost sediment and its nutrient enriched effect on three types soil slope under simulated rainfall[J].J Soil Water Conserv,2014,28(3):23-30.(in Chinese)