当代社会加速度理论的源流、理路与批判
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摘要
社会加速度理论作为西方马克思主义与社会批判理论的最新进展,有着自身生成和演化理路:在维希留的相对论速度学与罗萨的结构速度学的基础上,沿着加速度合理性讨论、自我异化理论和时间政治学三条进路推进。社会加速度理论延展了历史唯物主义的"历史"概念的时间维度,然而,代表性文献的词频学考证表明,西方社会加速度理论把马克思的社会理论理解为社会达尔文主义,导致批判社会加速度的理论反而成为新的速度拜物教。走出困境的方案在于,把对马克思思想的达尔文式借用推进到商品拜物教理论层面上,进而以马克思的自由理论寻求治疗方案。这种实证诊断和治疗方式提升了马克思的思想和社会加速度理论的研究空间。
Based on the analysis of groups of the latest literature,theory of social acceleration,as the latest development of Western Marxism and social critical theory,has its own path of generation and evolution:on the basis of Virilio's relativistic dromology and Rosa's structural dromology,it developed toward the three aspects(acceleration rationality discussion,self-alienation theory and time politics).The theory of social acceleration extended the practical dimension of the concept of"history"of historical materialism.However,the study of the word frequency of representative literature show that Western social acceleration theory understands Marx's social theory as social Darwinism,which leads that the critical theory to social acceleration become a new fetishism of speed.The solution to the predicament lies in boosting the Darwinian borrowing of Marx's thoughts into the theoretical level of commodity fetishism,and then seeking treatment through Marx's theory of freedom.This empirical diagnosis and treatment method explores a new study for Marx's thought and social acceleration theory.
Based on the analysis of groups of the latest literature,theory of social acceleration,as the latest development of Western Marxism and social critical theory,has its own path of generation and evolution:on the basis of Virilio's relativistic dromology and Rosa's structural dromology,it developed toward the three aspects(acceleration rationality discussion,self-alienation theory and time politics).The theory of social acceleration extended the practical dimension of the concept of"history"of historical materialism.However,the study of the word frequency of representative literature show that Western social acceleration theory understands Marx's social theory as social Darwinism,which leads that the critical theory to social acceleration become a new fetishism of speed.The solution to the predicament lies in boosting the Darwinian borrowing of Marx's thoughts into the theoretical level of commodity fetishism,and then seeking treatment through Marx's theory of freedom.This empirical diagnosis and treatment method explores a new study for Marx's thought and social acceleration theory.
引文
(1)这些学者包括斯蒂芬·克恩(Stephen Kern)、莱因哈特·勒克(Reinhart Koselleck)、彼得·弗里茨希(Peter Fritzsche)、罗杰·葛瑞芬(Roger Griffn)、大卫·哈维(David Harvey)、保罗维·希留(Paul Virilio)等。
(2)Ryan Anthony Vieira,Connecting the New Political History with Recent Theories of Temporal Acceleration:Speed,Politics,and the Cultural Imagination of fin de Siècle Britain,History and Theory,50.3,2011,pp.373-374.
(3)威廉·E·舒尔曼(William E.Scheuerman)印度安纳大学政治学教授,教授政治学理论,有专著七部,如《自由民主与社会时间加速度》(Liberal Democracy and the Social Acceleration of Time)等。
(4)Hartmut Rosa,William E.Scheuerman,Introduction,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2009,p.2.
(1)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013,p.163.
(2)保罗·维希留(Paul Virilio)曾任教于欧洲研究院,法国文化理论家、美学家、哲学家,以研究技术与速度的关系问题而闻名于世,创立速度学,并使之推广到建筑、艺术等领域。其代表著作有《速度与政治:速度学散文》(Speed and Politics:An Essay on Dromology)、《战争与电影:知觉的逻辑》(War and Cinema:The Logistics of Perception)等。
(3)Paul Virilio,M.Degener trans.Negative Horizon,London:Continuum,2005,p.132.
(4)Ian James,Paul Virilio,New York:Routledge,2007,p.42.
(5)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.4.
(6)参见David Harvey,The Condition of Postmodernity,Oxford:Blackwell,1999.
(7)John Allen,Chris Hamnett,Introduction,In John Allen,Chris Hamnett(Eds.),A Shrinking World?Global Unevenness and Inequality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.9.
(1)参见Marc Augé,Non-Lieux,Introductionàune Anthropologie de la Surmodernité,Paris:Seuil,1992,此书中,哈维也指出时间在改变着空间。
(2)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.6.
(3)根据赫尔曼·鲁波的思想,社会加速度导致过去和未来不再持存和有效,时间被压缩。Hermann Lübbe,Gegenwartsschrumpfung,in Klaus Backhaus and Holger Bonus(Eds.),ie Beschleunigungsfalle oder derTriumph der Schildkr9te,Stuttgart:Schffer/P9schel,1998,pp.129-164.
(4)John Allen,Chris Hamnett,Introduction,In John Allen,Chris Hamnett(Eds.),A Shrinking World?Global Unevenness and Inequality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.7.
(5)关于时间地理学,参见Robert V.Levine,A Geography of Time,Basic Books,1997;Georg Simmel,On Individuality and Social Forms,Chicago University Press,1971;Georg Simmel,T.B.Bottomore,D.P.Frisby,The Philosophy of Money,Routledge,2011。
(6)19世纪的安茨隆在上帝观念崩塌之后认为好的生活就是要过现世满足的生活。Hans Blumenberg、Marianne Gronemeyer、Gerhard Schulze对这一观点做了推进。
(7)参见Niklas Luhmann,Stephen Holmes and Charles Larmore tran,The Differentiation of Society,New York:Columbia U-niversity Press,1982.
(8)参见Peter Glotz,Kritik der Entschleunigung,in Backhaus and Bonus,eds.,Die Beschleunigungsfalle oder der Triumph der Schildkr9te,Schffer-Poeschel Verlag,1998,pp.75-89.
(1)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,pp.16-17.
(2)Paul Virilio,Jean Baudrillard,and Francis Fukuyama等也持这样的观点。福山在关于后历史学(post-histoire)的讨论中,针对加速社会的困境,提出我们要回到科耶夫和黑格尔的保守政治学。
(3)Judy Wajcman,Life in the Fast Lane Towards a Sociology of Technology and Time,The British Journal of Sociology,59.1,2008:p.70.
(4)针对哈桑的批判,瓦克曼进行了积极的回应并捍卫“技术决定论”,他认为科学社会学没有简单地取消技术决定论,而是“对于技术和社会之间的关系做了新的定义”(Judy Wajcman,Further Reflections on the Sociology of Technology and Time:A Response to Hassan,The British Journal of Sociology,61.2,2010,p.378)。
(5)Robert Hassan,Social Acceleration and the Network Effect:A Defence of Social“Science Fiction”and Network Determinism,The British Journal of Sociology,61.2,2010,p.369.
(6)Reinhart Koselleck,Is There An Acceleration of History,High-Speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,113,2009.
(7)See Georg Simmel,The Pace of Life and the Money Economy,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Penn State Press,2010.
(1)Timothy J.Owens,Self and Identity,In John Delamater(Ed.),Handbook of Social Psychology,New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,2003,p.206.
(2)Georg Simmel,The Philosophy of Money,London:Routledge,2004,p.14.
(3)Georg Simmel,The Philosophy of Money,London:Routledge,2004,p.490.
(4)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.402.
(5)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.13.
(6)Matthew Adams,The Reflexive Self and Culture:A Critique,The British Journal of Sociology,54(2),2003,pp.221-222.
(7)Nigel Thrift,A Perfect Innovation Engine:The Rise of the Talent World,Distinktion:Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory,9(1),2008.pp.115-116.
(8)Ann Branaman,Making the Cut:How Cosmetic Surgery Is Transforming Our Lives,London:ReaktionBooks,2008,p.6.
(9)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.13.
(1)Paul Virilio,Marc Polizzotti tran.,Speed and Politics,los angeles:Semiotext(e),2006.p.72.
(2)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,pp.226-227.
(3)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,p.193.
(4)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,p.227.
(5)在批判苏联独裁和集权时,他认为马克思的思想是独裁的基础,位于第15,54,66,67,117,120,135,136页,批判马克思没有预料到资本主义的繁荣位于第130页(Paul Virilio,Marc Polizzotti tran.,Speed and Politics,los angeles:Semiotext(e),2006)。
(6)参见Judy Wajcman,Life in the Fast Lane Towards a Sociology of Technology and Time,British Journal of Sociology,Wiley,2008,p.63.
(7)罗萨认为马克思的社会理论是加速度理论起源的,分别位于第xv,xvii,47,50,56,57,123,162,298页;借用马克思的系统化、功能化的社会结构理论进行分析,分别位于第xxix,47-49页(共15次),借用马克思的历史唯物主义动力发展理论(生产关系与生产力的矛盾),分别位于第50,105,93,170页(Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013)。
(8)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013,p163.
(9)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013,p162.
(1)哈桑借用德里达的《马克思的幽灵》的后马克思主义观点,认为马克思已经提及了社会加速度(第5页),这种提及可分为两个方面:利益驱使加速度(第13页两处),利益驱使的加速度是现代性的特征(第36页三次;第61页两次)。在借用哈维的资本的限度思想意义上,资本对于加速度的作用(第59页两次;第60、65、203页各一次);社会技术推动加速度(第59页两次;第140页和第172页各一次);速度与马克思历史唯物主义社会结构理论的关系(第60、78、100、225页);加速度导致传统阶级概念的消亡(第78、188页);社会的网络交往关系促进加速度(第225页);加速度导致社会矛盾(第192、202页)(Hassan Robert,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernit,Columbia University Press,2013)。
(2)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,p.207.
(3)Hartmut Rosa,William E.Scheuerman,Introduction,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2009,pp.8-9.
(4)Hartmut Rosa,William E.Scheuerman,Introduction,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2009,p.8.
(5)这里本文吸收了孙亮教授从认识论和方法论两个层面上解析商品拜物教的观点。孙亮:《马克思拜物教批判语境中的“正义”概念》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2014年第5期。
(6)《马克思恩格斯全集》,第31卷,人民出版社1998年版,第244页。
(1)孙亮:《马克思拜物教批判语境中的“正义”概念》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2014年第5期。
(2)张霄:《马克思自由理论的解释与重构---评当代英美学界的几种马克思主义自由观》,《江汉论坛》2010年第4期。
(3)参见Rodney G.Peffer,Marxism,Morality and Social Justice,Princeton University Press,1990.
(2)Ryan Anthony Vieira,Connecting the New Political History with Recent Theories of Temporal Acceleration:Speed,Politics,and the Cultural Imagination of fin de Siècle Britain,History and Theory,50.3,2011,pp.373-374.
(3)威廉·E·舒尔曼(William E.Scheuerman)印度安纳大学政治学教授,教授政治学理论,有专著七部,如《自由民主与社会时间加速度》(Liberal Democracy and the Social Acceleration of Time)等。
(4)Hartmut Rosa,William E.Scheuerman,Introduction,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2009,p.2.
(1)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013,p.163.
(2)保罗·维希留(Paul Virilio)曾任教于欧洲研究院,法国文化理论家、美学家、哲学家,以研究技术与速度的关系问题而闻名于世,创立速度学,并使之推广到建筑、艺术等领域。其代表著作有《速度与政治:速度学散文》(Speed and Politics:An Essay on Dromology)、《战争与电影:知觉的逻辑》(War and Cinema:The Logistics of Perception)等。
(3)Paul Virilio,M.Degener trans.Negative Horizon,London:Continuum,2005,p.132.
(4)Ian James,Paul Virilio,New York:Routledge,2007,p.42.
(5)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.4.
(6)参见David Harvey,The Condition of Postmodernity,Oxford:Blackwell,1999.
(7)John Allen,Chris Hamnett,Introduction,In John Allen,Chris Hamnett(Eds.),A Shrinking World?Global Unevenness and Inequality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.9.
(1)参见Marc Augé,Non-Lieux,Introductionàune Anthropologie de la Surmodernité,Paris:Seuil,1992,此书中,哈维也指出时间在改变着空间。
(2)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.6.
(3)根据赫尔曼·鲁波的思想,社会加速度导致过去和未来不再持存和有效,时间被压缩。Hermann Lübbe,Gegenwartsschrumpfung,in Klaus Backhaus and Holger Bonus(Eds.),ie Beschleunigungsfalle oder derTriumph der Schildkr9te,Stuttgart:Schffer/P9schel,1998,pp.129-164.
(4)John Allen,Chris Hamnett,Introduction,In John Allen,Chris Hamnett(Eds.),A Shrinking World?Global Unevenness and Inequality,Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995,p.7.
(5)关于时间地理学,参见Robert V.Levine,A Geography of Time,Basic Books,1997;Georg Simmel,On Individuality and Social Forms,Chicago University Press,1971;Georg Simmel,T.B.Bottomore,D.P.Frisby,The Philosophy of Money,Routledge,2011。
(6)19世纪的安茨隆在上帝观念崩塌之后认为好的生活就是要过现世满足的生活。Hans Blumenberg、Marianne Gronemeyer、Gerhard Schulze对这一观点做了推进。
(7)参见Niklas Luhmann,Stephen Holmes and Charles Larmore tran,The Differentiation of Society,New York:Columbia U-niversity Press,1982.
(8)参见Peter Glotz,Kritik der Entschleunigung,in Backhaus and Bonus,eds.,Die Beschleunigungsfalle oder der Triumph der Schildkr9te,Schffer-Poeschel Verlag,1998,pp.75-89.
(1)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,pp.16-17.
(2)Paul Virilio,Jean Baudrillard,and Francis Fukuyama等也持这样的观点。福山在关于后历史学(post-histoire)的讨论中,针对加速社会的困境,提出我们要回到科耶夫和黑格尔的保守政治学。
(3)Judy Wajcman,Life in the Fast Lane Towards a Sociology of Technology and Time,The British Journal of Sociology,59.1,2008:p.70.
(4)针对哈桑的批判,瓦克曼进行了积极的回应并捍卫“技术决定论”,他认为科学社会学没有简单地取消技术决定论,而是“对于技术和社会之间的关系做了新的定义”(Judy Wajcman,Further Reflections on the Sociology of Technology and Time:A Response to Hassan,The British Journal of Sociology,61.2,2010,p.378)。
(5)Robert Hassan,Social Acceleration and the Network Effect:A Defence of Social“Science Fiction”and Network Determinism,The British Journal of Sociology,61.2,2010,p.369.
(6)Reinhart Koselleck,Is There An Acceleration of History,High-Speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,113,2009.
(7)See Georg Simmel,The Pace of Life and the Money Economy,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Penn State Press,2010.
(1)Timothy J.Owens,Self and Identity,In John Delamater(Ed.),Handbook of Social Psychology,New York:Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers,2003,p.206.
(2)Georg Simmel,The Philosophy of Money,London:Routledge,2004,p.14.
(3)Georg Simmel,The Philosophy of Money,London:Routledge,2004,p.490.
(4)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.402.
(5)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.13.
(6)Matthew Adams,The Reflexive Self and Culture:A Critique,The British Journal of Sociology,54(2),2003,pp.221-222.
(7)Nigel Thrift,A Perfect Innovation Engine:The Rise of the Talent World,Distinktion:Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory,9(1),2008.pp.115-116.
(8)Ann Branaman,Making the Cut:How Cosmetic Surgery Is Transforming Our Lives,London:ReaktionBooks,2008,p.6.
(9)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:Ethical and Political Consequences of A Desynchronized High-speed Society,Constellations,10.1,2003,p.13.
(1)Paul Virilio,Marc Polizzotti tran.,Speed and Politics,los angeles:Semiotext(e),2006.p.72.
(2)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,pp.226-227.
(3)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,p.193.
(4)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,p.227.
(5)在批判苏联独裁和集权时,他认为马克思的思想是独裁的基础,位于第15,54,66,67,117,120,135,136页,批判马克思没有预料到资本主义的繁荣位于第130页(Paul Virilio,Marc Polizzotti tran.,Speed and Politics,los angeles:Semiotext(e),2006)。
(6)参见Judy Wajcman,Life in the Fast Lane Towards a Sociology of Technology and Time,British Journal of Sociology,Wiley,2008,p.63.
(7)罗萨认为马克思的社会理论是加速度理论起源的,分别位于第xv,xvii,47,50,56,57,123,162,298页;借用马克思的系统化、功能化的社会结构理论进行分析,分别位于第xxix,47-49页(共15次),借用马克思的历史唯物主义动力发展理论(生产关系与生产力的矛盾),分别位于第50,105,93,170页(Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013)。
(8)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013,p163.
(9)Hartmut Rosa,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernity,Columbia University Press,2013,p162.
(1)哈桑借用德里达的《马克思的幽灵》的后马克思主义观点,认为马克思已经提及了社会加速度(第5页),这种提及可分为两个方面:利益驱使加速度(第13页两处),利益驱使的加速度是现代性的特征(第36页三次;第61页两次)。在借用哈维的资本的限度思想意义上,资本对于加速度的作用(第59页两次;第60、65、203页各一次);社会技术推动加速度(第59页两次;第140页和第172页各一次);速度与马克思历史唯物主义社会结构理论的关系(第60、78、100、225页);加速度导致传统阶级概念的消亡(第78、188页);社会的网络交往关系促进加速度(第225页);加速度导致社会矛盾(第192、202页)(Hassan Robert,Social Acceleration:A New Theory of Modernit,Columbia University Press,2013)。
(2)Robert Hassan,Empires of Speed:Time and the Acceleration of Politics and Society,Vol.4.Brill,2009,p.207.
(3)Hartmut Rosa,William E.Scheuerman,Introduction,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2009,pp.8-9.
(4)Hartmut Rosa,William E.Scheuerman,Introduction,in Hartmut Rosa,ed.High-speed Society:Social Acceleration,Power,and Modernity,Pennsylvania:The Pennsylvania State University Press,2009,p.8.
(5)这里本文吸收了孙亮教授从认识论和方法论两个层面上解析商品拜物教的观点。孙亮:《马克思拜物教批判语境中的“正义”概念》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2014年第5期。
(6)《马克思恩格斯全集》,第31卷,人民出版社1998年版,第244页。
(1)孙亮:《马克思拜物教批判语境中的“正义”概念》,《华东师范大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2014年第5期。
(2)张霄:《马克思自由理论的解释与重构---评当代英美学界的几种马克思主义自由观》,《江汉论坛》2010年第4期。
(3)参见Rodney G.Peffer,Marxism,Morality and Social Justice,Princeton University Press,1990.