基于石墨烯透明导电薄膜的OLED研究进展
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摘要
作为透明导电薄膜材料,石墨烯(Graphene)因具有十分优异的力学、光学和电学特性,在未来的柔性光电器件如触摸屏、有机发光二极管(OLED)和有机光伏电池(OPV)中表现出极大的发展潜力和广阔的应用前景。然而,受面电阻大、功函数不匹配以及表面粗糙度等关键因素的影响,基于本征石墨烯薄膜的光电器件的性能较低、稳定性较差,严重阻碍了石墨烯薄膜在柔性光电器件中的发展和应用。主要针对近年来石墨烯透明导电薄膜在OLED中应用的研究进展进行概述,并总结得出可以通过石墨烯薄膜掺杂、表面功函数修饰、清洁无损转移,以及器件结构优化等方法,进一步提高器件的性能。最后分析了石墨烯透明导电薄膜在OLED器件应用中的关键技术瓶颈,并对石墨烯透明导电薄膜在OLED中的应用前景进行了展望。
As the transparent conductive film, graphene shows great development potential and broad application prospects in future flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as touch screen, organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs), and organic photovoltaic(OPV) cells, due to excellent mechanical, optical and electrical properties. However, due to the influence of large sheet resistance(Rs), work function(WF) mismatch, surface roughness, the performance and stability of optoelectronic devices based on intrinsic graphene films are very poor, which seriously hinders the development and application of graphene in flexible optoelectronic devices. The recent research progress on the application of graphene films as transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs) in OLEDs is reviewed. Methods were also concluded including graphene doping, and surface WF modification, and clean and non-destructive transfer as well as optimization of the device structure in order to further improve the device performance. At last, the technical bottlenecks of graphene films as TCEs in OLEDs were analyzed, and the future of this field is prospected.
As the transparent conductive film, graphene shows great development potential and broad application prospects in future flexible electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as touch screen, organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs), and organic photovoltaic(OPV) cells, due to excellent mechanical, optical and electrical properties. However, due to the influence of large sheet resistance(Rs), work function(WF) mismatch, surface roughness, the performance and stability of optoelectronic devices based on intrinsic graphene films are very poor, which seriously hinders the development and application of graphene in flexible optoelectronic devices. The recent research progress on the application of graphene films as transparent conductive electrodes(TCEs) in OLEDs is reviewed. Methods were also concluded including graphene doping, and surface WF modification, and clean and non-destructive transfer as well as optimization of the device structure in order to further improve the device performance. At last, the technical bottlenecks of graphene films as TCEs in OLEDs were analyzed, and the future of this field is prospected.
引文
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[32]WU J B,AGRAWL M,BECERRIL H A,et al.Organic light-emitting diodes on solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes[J].Acs nano,2010,4(1):43-48.
[33]MENG H,DAI Y,YE Y,et al.Bilayer graphene anode for small molecular organic electroluminescence[J].Journal of physics D-applied physics,2012,45(24):245103.
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[38]WU T L,YEH C H,HSIAO W T,et al.High-performance organic light emitting diode with substitutionally borondoped graphene anode[J].Acs applied materials&interfaces,2017,9(17):14998-15004.
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[40]SHIN S,KIM J,KIM Y H,et al.Enhanced performance of organic light-emitting diodes by using hybrid anodes composed of graphene and conducting polymer[J].Current applied physics,2013,13(4):144-147.
[41]LIU Y P,JUNG E,WANG Y,et al.“Quasi-freestanding”graphene-on-single walled carbon nanotube electrode for applications in organic light-emitting diode[J].Small,2014,10(5):944-949.
[42]DONG H,WU Z X,JIANG Y Q,et al.A flexible and thin graphene/silver nanowires/polymer hybrid transparent electrode for optoelectronic devices[J].Acs applied materials&interfaces,2016,8(45):31212-31221.
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[44]HWANG J,CHOI H K,MOON J,et al.Blue fluorescent organic light emitting diodes with multilayered graphene anode[J].Materials reserach bulletin,2012,47(10):2796-2799.
[45]HWANG J,CHOI H K,MOON J,et al.Multilayered graphene anode for blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes[J].Applied physics letters,2012,100(13):133304.
[46]ZHU X Z,HAN Y Y,LIU Y,et al.The application of single-layer graphene modified with solution-processed TiOx and PEDOT:PSS as a transparent conductive anode in organic light emitting diodes[J].Organic electronics,2013,14(12):3348-3354.
[47]MENG H,LUO J X,WANG W,et al.Top-emission organic light-emitting diode with a novel copper/graphene composite anode[J].Advanced functional materials,201323(26):3324-3328.
[48]LI N,OIDA S,TULEVSKI G S,et al.Efficient and bright organic light-emitting diodes on single-layer graphene electrodes[J].Nature communications,2013(4):2294.
[49]LEE J,HAN T H,PARK M H,et al.Synergetic electrode architecture for efficient graphene-based flexible organic light-emitting diodes[J].Nature communications,2016(7):11791.
[50]HAN T H,PARK M H,KWON S J,et al.Approaching ultimate flexible organic light-emitting diodes using a graphene anode[J].NPG asia materials,2016,8(9):e303.
[51]CHEN S F,ZHANG Q,SHANG W J,et al.Interfacial engineering of graphene for highly efficient blue and white organic light-emitting devices[J].Scientific reports,2018,8(1):8155.
[52]WANG D Y,HUANG I S,HO P H,et al.Clean-lifting transfer of large-area residual-free graphene films[J].Advanced materials,2013,25(32):4521-4526.
[53]HAN Y Y,ZHANG L,ZHANG X J,et al.Clean surface transfer of graphene films via an effective sandwich method for organic light-emitting diode applications[J].Journal of materials chemistry C,2014,2(1):201-207.
[54]ZHANG Z K,DU J H,ZHANG D D,et al.Rosin-enabled ultraclean and damage-free transfer of graphene for large-area flexible organic light-emitting diodes[J].Nature communications,2017,8:14560.
[2]CAO H L,ZHOU X F,DENG W,et al.A compressible and hierarchical porous graphene/Co composite aerogel for lithium-ion batteries with high gravimetric/volumetric capacity[J].Journal of materials chemistry A,2016,4(16):6021-6028.
[3]MA Z Y,CAO H L,ZHOU X F,et al.Hierarchical porous MnO/graphene composite aerogel as high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries[J].Rsc advances,2017,7(26):15857-15863.
[4]CAO H L,ZHOU X F,DENG W,et al.Layer structured graphene/porous ZnCo2O4 composite film for high performance flexible lithium-ion batteries[J].Chemical engineering journal,2018,343:654-661.
[5]DU J H,JIN H,ZHANG Z K,et al.Efficient organic photovoltaic cells on a single layer graphene transparent conductive electrode using MoOx as an interfacial layer[J].Nanoscale,2017,9(1):251-257.
[6]LIN T N,SANTIAGO S,ZHENG J A,et al.Enhanced conversion efficiency of III-V triple-junction solar cells with graphene quantum dots[J].Scientific reports,20166(1):39163.
[7]JIA S,SUN H D,DU J H,et al.Graphene oxide/graphene vertical heterostructure electrodes for highly efficient and flexible organic light emitting diodes[J].Nanoscale,2016,8(20):10714-10723.
[8]MOON J,CHO H,MAENG M J,et al.Mechanistic understanding of improved performance of graphene cathode inverted organic light-emitting diodes by photoemission and impedance spectroscopy[J].Acs applied materials&interfaces,2018,10(31):26456-26464.
[9]MIN J H,JEONG W L,KWAK H M,et al.Highperformance metal mesh/graphene hybrid films using prime-location and metal-doped graphene[J].Scientific reports,2017,7(1):10225.
[10]LIU L H,SHANG W J,HAN C,et al.Two-in-one method for graphene transfer:Simplified fabrication rocess for organic light-emitting diodes[J].Acs applied materials&interfaces,2018,10(8):7289-7295.
[11]LI F S,LIN Z X,ZHANG B B,et al.Fabrication of flexible conductive graphene/Ag/Al-doped zinc oxide multilayer films for application in flexible organic light-emitting diodes[J].Organic electronics,2013,14(9):2139-2143.
[12]ZHANG W,JIA B P,FURUMAI H.Fabrication of graphene film composite electrochemical biosensor as a pre-screening algal toxin detection tool in the event of water contamination[J].Scientific reports,2018,8(1):10686.
[13]ZHANG L Y,DING Y,ZHANG C K,et al.Enabling graphene-oxide-based membranes for large-scale energy storage by controlling hydrophilic microstructures[J].Chem,2018,4(5):1035-1046.
[14]NOVOSELOV K S,GEIM A K,MOROZOV S V,et al.Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J].Science,2004,306(5696):666-669.
[15]EMTSEV K V,BOSTWICK A,HORN K,et al.Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide[J].Nature materials,2009,8(3):203-207.
[16]SHIVARAMAN S,BARTON R A,YU X,et al.Freestanding epitaxial graphene[J].Nano letters,2009,9(9):3100-3105.
[17]LI X S,CAI W W,AN J H,et al.Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils[J].Science,2009,324(5932):1312-1314.
[18]LEE J H,SHIN D W,MAKOTCHENKO V G,et al.One-step exfoliation synthesis of easily soluble graphite and transparent conducting graphene sheets[J].Advanced materials,2009,21(43):4383-4387.
[19]LOTYA M,HERNANDEZ Y,KING P J,et al.Liquid phase production of graphene by exfoliation of graphite in surfactant/water solutions[J].Journal of the American chemical society,2009,131(10):3611-3620.
[20]CHOUCAIR M,THORDARSON P,STRIDE J A.Gramscale production of graphene based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication[J].Nature nanotechnology,2009,4(1):30-33.
[21]HUMMERS W S,OFFEMAN R E.Preparation of graphitic oxide[J].Journal of the American chemical society1958,80(6):1339-1339.
[22]ZHAO J P,PEI S F,REN W C,et al.Efficient preparation of large-area graphene oxide sheets for transparent conductive films[J].Acs nano,2010,4(9):5245-5252.
[23]EDA G,FANCHINI G,CHHOWALLA M.Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material[J].Nature nanotechnology,2008,3(5):270-274.
[24]GUPTA B,NOTARIANNI M,MISHRA N,et al.Evolution of epitaxial graphene layers on 3C SiC/Si(111)as a function of annealing temperature in UHV[J].Carbon,2014,68:563-572.
[25]POLSEN E S,MCNERNY D Q,VISWANATH B,et al.High-speed roll-to-roll manufacturing of graphene using a concentric tube CVD reactor[J].Scientific reports,2015(5):10257.
[26]SHAUTSOVA V,GILBERTSON A M,NBLACK N C G,et al.Hexagonal boron nitride assisted transfer and encapsulation of large area CVD graphene[J].Scientific reports,2016,6:30210.
[27]GUARDIA L,FERNANDEZ-MERINO M J,PAREDESJ I,et al.High-throughput production of pristine graphene in an aqueous dispersion assisted by non-ionic surfactants[J].Carbon,2011,49(5):1653-1662.
[28]RANGAPPA D,SONE K,WANG M S,et al.Rapid and direct conversion of graphite crystals into high-yielding,good-quality graphene by supercritical fluid exfoliation[J].Chemistry-A european journal,2010,16(22):6488-6494.
[29]HUANG S Y,ZHAO B,ZHANG K,et al.Enhanced reduction of graphene oxide on recyclable Cu foils to fabricate graphene films with superior thermal conductivity[J].Scientific reports,2015,5(1):14260.
[30]DZUKARNAIN M Z B,TAKAMI T,IMAI H,et al.Highly conductive,monolayer and large-area reduced graphene oxide films fabricated by electrical connection at the two-dimensional boundaries between the tiled graphene oxide flakes[J].Thin solid films,2016,615:247-255.
[31]SUN T,WANG Z L,SHI Z J,et al.Multilayered graphene used as anode of organic light emitting devices[J].Applied physics letters,2010,96(13):133301.
[32]WU J B,AGRAWL M,BECERRIL H A,et al.Organic light-emitting diodes on solution-processed graphene transparent electrodes[J].Acs nano,2010,4(1):43-48.
[33]MENG H,DAI Y,YE Y,et al.Bilayer graphene anode for small molecular organic electroluminescence[J].Journal of physics D-applied physics,2012,45(24):245103.
[34]GAO L B,REN W C,XU H L,et al.Repeated growth and bubbling transfer of graphene with millimetre-size single-crystal grains using platinum[J].Nature communications,2012(3):699.
[35]MEYER J,KIDAMBI P R,BAYER B C,et al.Metal oxide induced charge transfer doping and band alignment of graphene electrodes for efficient organic light emitting diodes[J].Scientific reports,2014,4:5380.
[36]KURUVILA A,KIDAMBI P R,KLING J,et al.Organic light emitting diodes with environmentally and thermally stable doped graphene electrodes[J].Journal of materials chemistry C,2014,2(34):6940-6945.
[37]CHANG J H,LIN W H,WANG P C,et al.Solution-processed transparent blue organic light-emitting diodes with graphene as the top cathode[J].Scientific reports,2015(5):9693.
[38]WU T L,YEH C H,HSIAO W T,et al.High-performance organic light emitting diode with substitutionally borondoped graphene anode[J].Acs applied materials&interfaces,2017,9(17):14998-15004.
[39]KWON S J,HAN T H,KO T Y,et al.Extremely stable graphene electrodes doped with macromolecular acid[J].Nature communications,2018,9(1):2037.
[40]SHIN S,KIM J,KIM Y H,et al.Enhanced performance of organic light-emitting diodes by using hybrid anodes composed of graphene and conducting polymer[J].Current applied physics,2013,13(4):144-147.
[41]LIU Y P,JUNG E,WANG Y,et al.“Quasi-freestanding”graphene-on-single walled carbon nanotube electrode for applications in organic light-emitting diode[J].Small,2014,10(5):944-949.
[42]DONG H,WU Z X,JIANG Y Q,et al.A flexible and thin graphene/silver nanowires/polymer hybrid transparent electrode for optoelectronic devices[J].Acs applied materials&interfaces,2016,8(45):31212-31221.
[43]HAN T H,LEE Y,CHOI M R,et al.Extremely efficient flexible organic light-emitting diodes with modified graphene anode[J].Nature photonics,2012,6(2):105-110.
[44]HWANG J,CHOI H K,MOON J,et al.Blue fluorescent organic light emitting diodes with multilayered graphene anode[J].Materials reserach bulletin,2012,47(10):2796-2799.
[45]HWANG J,CHOI H K,MOON J,et al.Multilayered graphene anode for blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes[J].Applied physics letters,2012,100(13):133304.
[46]ZHU X Z,HAN Y Y,LIU Y,et al.The application of single-layer graphene modified with solution-processed TiOx and PEDOT:PSS as a transparent conductive anode in organic light emitting diodes[J].Organic electronics,2013,14(12):3348-3354.
[47]MENG H,LUO J X,WANG W,et al.Top-emission organic light-emitting diode with a novel copper/graphene composite anode[J].Advanced functional materials,201323(26):3324-3328.
[48]LI N,OIDA S,TULEVSKI G S,et al.Efficient and bright organic light-emitting diodes on single-layer graphene electrodes[J].Nature communications,2013(4):2294.
[49]LEE J,HAN T H,PARK M H,et al.Synergetic electrode architecture for efficient graphene-based flexible organic light-emitting diodes[J].Nature communications,2016(7):11791.
[50]HAN T H,PARK M H,KWON S J,et al.Approaching ultimate flexible organic light-emitting diodes using a graphene anode[J].NPG asia materials,2016,8(9):e303.
[51]CHEN S F,ZHANG Q,SHANG W J,et al.Interfacial engineering of graphene for highly efficient blue and white organic light-emitting devices[J].Scientific reports,2018,8(1):8155.
[52]WANG D Y,HUANG I S,HO P H,et al.Clean-lifting transfer of large-area residual-free graphene films[J].Advanced materials,2013,25(32):4521-4526.
[53]HAN Y Y,ZHANG L,ZHANG X J,et al.Clean surface transfer of graphene films via an effective sandwich method for organic light-emitting diode applications[J].Journal of materials chemistry C,2014,2(1):201-207.
[54]ZHANG Z K,DU J H,ZHANG D D,et al.Rosin-enabled ultraclean and damage-free transfer of graphene for large-area flexible organic light-emitting diodes[J].Nature communications,2017,8:14560.
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