天然裂缝多孔介质中流体运移的流线模拟
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摘要
为了研究天然裂缝在多孔介质中的作用,将嵌入型离散裂缝模型(EDFM)与流线模拟方法相结合,对天然裂缝进行模拟,计算流体在基质和裂缝中的流动轨迹及流动时间。通过分析具有不同裂缝网络的油藏见水时间和驱扫体积的差别,研究裂缝导流能力、裂缝数目和裂缝位置对流体流动轨迹和流动时间的影响。研究表明,在其他条件相同的情况下,与无裂缝均质油藏相比,裂缝性油藏中水驱见水时间会快30%,而驱扫体积会少10%。虽然增加单条裂缝可以加速见水时间,减少驱扫体积,但增加更多裂缝却不一定得到相同效果。水驱效果还跟裂缝的走向和位置有关系,不同的走向和位置可以导致见水时间相差20%,而驱扫体积相差9%。裂缝长度越短,对于流体流动轨迹和流动时间的影响越小。裂缝的位置对驱扫效率影响较大,单条裂缝的位置变动可以导致驱扫体积变化1%。
To better understand the roles natural fractures play in porous media, an embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM) and streamline modeling method were used jointly to model natural fractures and compute the flow trajectory and time of fluid in matrix and fractures systems. The effects of fracture conductivity, number of fractures and fracture locations on fluid flow trajectory and time were examined through analyzing the differences in water breakthrough time and sweeping volume of reservoirs with different fracture networks. When other conditions are the same, compared with homogeneous reservoir without fractures, the fractured reservoir has water breakthrough time 30% sooner and swept volume 10% smaller. Although increase of single fracture can lead to faster water breakthrough and smaller swept volume, adding more fractures wouldn't necessarily reach the same effect. The effect of water flooding is also related to the strike and position of fractures. Fractures in different strikes and positions can result in 20% discrepancy in water breakthrough time and 9% gap in swept volume. The shorter the fracture, the less its effect on fluid flow trajectory and time will be. The position of fracture has a strong influence on sweeping efficiency, and the change of one fracture position could bring about 1% variation in swept volume.
To better understand the roles natural fractures play in porous media, an embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM) and streamline modeling method were used jointly to model natural fractures and compute the flow trajectory and time of fluid in matrix and fractures systems. The effects of fracture conductivity, number of fractures and fracture locations on fluid flow trajectory and time were examined through analyzing the differences in water breakthrough time and sweeping volume of reservoirs with different fracture networks. When other conditions are the same, compared with homogeneous reservoir without fractures, the fractured reservoir has water breakthrough time 30% sooner and swept volume 10% smaller. Although increase of single fracture can lead to faster water breakthrough and smaller swept volume, adding more fractures wouldn't necessarily reach the same effect. The effect of water flooding is also related to the strike and position of fractures. Fractures in different strikes and positions can result in 20% discrepancy in water breakthrough time and 9% gap in swept volume. The shorter the fracture, the less its effect on fluid flow trajectory and time will be. The position of fracture has a strong influence on sweeping efficiency, and the change of one fracture position could bring about 1% variation in swept volume.
引文
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[24]蒲春生,景成,何延龙,等.裂缝性特低渗透油藏水窜水淹逐级调控多级井间化学示踪技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(4):621-629.PU Chunsheng,JING Cheng,HE Yanlong,et al.Multistage interwell chemical tracing for step-by-step profile control of water channeling and flooding of fractured ultra-low permeability reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(4):621-629.
[25]SHAKIBA M.Modeling and simulation of fluid flow in naturally and hydraulically fractured reservoirs using embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM)[D].Austin:University of Texas,2014.
[26]THIELE M R.Modeling multiphase flow in heterogeneous media using streamtubes[D].Palo Alto:Stanford University,1994.
[27]WANG B,FENG Y.An embedded grid-free approach for near wellbore streamline simulation[R].SPE 182614-MS,2017.
[28]WARREN J E,ROOT P J.The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs[J].SPE Journal,1963,3(3):245-255.
[29]WU Y S,BAI B.Efficient simulation for low-salinity waterflooding in porous and fractured reservoirs[R].SPE 118830,2009.
[30]XU Y,FILHO J C,YU W,et al.Discrete-fracture modeling of complex hydraulic-fracture geometries in reservoir simulators[R].SPE 183647-PA,2017.
[31]YANG R,HUANG Z,YU W,et al.A comprehensive model for real gas transport in shale formations with complex non-planar fracture networks[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:36673.
[32]ZHANG Y,KING M J,DATTA-GUPTA A.Robust streamline tracing using inter-cell fluxes in locally refined and unstructured grids[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48(6):116-120.
[33]ZHOU W,BANERJEE R,POE B,et al.Semianalytical production simulation of complex hydraulic-fracture networks[R].SPE157367-PA,2014.
[34]ZUO L H,WEIJERMARS R.Rules for flight paths and time of flight for flows in porous media with heterogeneous permeability and porosity[J].Geofluids,2018(3):1-18.
[35]ZUO L,LIM J,CHEN R,et al.Efficient calculation of flux conservative streamline trajectories on complex and unstructured grids[R].Vienna:The 78th EAGE Conference&Exhibition,2016.
[2]BLAIR P M.Calculation of oil displacement by countercurrent water imbibition[R].Texas:The Fourth Biennial Secondary Recovery Symposium of SPE in Wichita Falls,1960.
[3]CHEN Z,LIAO X,ZHAO X,et al.Appraising carbon geological-stroage potential in unconventional reservoirs:Engineering-parameters analysis[R].SPE 189442-PA,2018.
[4]DATTA-GUPTA A,KING M J.A semianalytic approach to tracer flow modelling in heterogeneous permeable media[J].Advances in Water Resources,1995,18(1):9-24.
[5]DATTA-GUPTA A,KING M.Streamline simulation:Theory and practice[M].Texas:Society of Petroleum Engineers,2007.
[6]DONATO G D,HUANG W,BLUNT M.Streamline-based dual porosity simulation of fractured reservoirs[R].SPE 84036-MS,2003.
[7]DOUGLAS J J,ARBOGAST T,PAES L.Two models for the waterflooding of naturally fractured reservoirs[R].SPE 18425,1989.
[8]FAY C H,PRATTS M.The application of numerical methods to cycling and flooding problems[R].Hague,Netherlands:The 3rd World Petroleum Congress,1951.
[9]GU S,LIU Y,CHEN Z,et al.A method for evaluation of water flooding performance in fractured reservoirs[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2014,120(8):130-140.
[10]谷潇雨,蒲春生,黄海,等.渗透率对致密砂岩储集层渗吸采油的微观影响机制[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(6):948-954.GU Xiaoyu,PU Chunsheng,HUANG Hai,et al.Micro-influencing mechanism of permeability on spontaneous imbibition recovery for tight sandstone reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(6):948-954.
[11]曲冠政,曲占庆,HAZLETT R D,等.页岩拉张型微裂缝几何特征描述及渗透率计算[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(1):115-120.QU Guanzheng,QU Zhanqing,HAZLETT R D,et al.Geometrical description and permeability calculation about shale tensile micro-fractures[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(1):115-120.
[12]HE Y,CHENG S,RUI Z,et al.An improved rate-transient analysis model of multi-fractured horizontal wells with non-uniform hydraulic fracture properties[J].Energies,2018,11(2):393.
[13]HOTEIT H,FIROOZABADI A.Compositional modeling of discrete-fractured media without transfer functions by the discontinuous galerkin and mixed methods[R].SPE 90277-PA,2006.
[14]JIMENEZ E,DATTA-GUPTA A,KING M J.Full-field streamline tracing in complex faulted systems with non-neighbor connections[R].SPE 113425-PA,2010.
[15]KAZEMI H,GILMAN J R,EISHARKAWY A A.Analytical and numerical solution of oil recovery from fractured reservoirs with empirical transfer functions[J].SPE Reservoir Engineering,1992,72(2):219-227.
[16]KLAUSSEN R,RASMUSSEN A,STEPHANSEN A.Velocity interpolation and streamline tracing on irregular geometries[J].Computational Geosciences,2012,16(2):261-276.
[17]LIM J,ZUO L,KING M J.Development of data models and velocity interpolation methods for streamline trajectories on unstructured grids[R].Barcelona:The 11th World Congress on Computational Mechanics,2014.
[18]MARTIN J C,WEGNER R E.Numerical solution of multiphase two-dimensional incompressible flow using streamtube relationships[J].SPE Journal,1979,19(5):313-323.
[19]MOINFAR A,NARR W,HUI M H,et al.Comparison of discrete-fracture and dual-permeability models for multiphase flow in naturally fractured reservoirs[R].SPE 142295-MS,2011.
[20]MOINFAR A,VARAVEI A,SEPEHRNOORI K,et al.Development of an efficient embedded discrete fracture model for 3Dcompositional reservoir simulation in fractured reservoirs[J].SPEJournal,2014,19(2):289-303.
[21]MUSKAT M.Flow of homogeneous fluids[M].Boston:International Human Resources Development Corporation,1982.
[22]OLORODE O,FREEMAN C M,MORIDIS G,et al.High-resolution numerical modeling of complex and irregular fracture patterns in shale-gas reservoirs and tight gas reservoirs[R].SPE 152482-PA,2013.
[23]POLLOCK D.Semi-analytical computation of path lines for finite-difference models[J].Ground Water,1988,26(6):743-750.
[24]蒲春生,景成,何延龙,等.裂缝性特低渗透油藏水窜水淹逐级调控多级井间化学示踪技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(4):621-629.PU Chunsheng,JING Cheng,HE Yanlong,et al.Multistage interwell chemical tracing for step-by-step profile control of water channeling and flooding of fractured ultra-low permeability reservoirs[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(4):621-629.
[25]SHAKIBA M.Modeling and simulation of fluid flow in naturally and hydraulically fractured reservoirs using embedded discrete fracture model(EDFM)[D].Austin:University of Texas,2014.
[26]THIELE M R.Modeling multiphase flow in heterogeneous media using streamtubes[D].Palo Alto:Stanford University,1994.
[27]WANG B,FENG Y.An embedded grid-free approach for near wellbore streamline simulation[R].SPE 182614-MS,2017.
[28]WARREN J E,ROOT P J.The behavior of naturally fractured reservoirs[J].SPE Journal,1963,3(3):245-255.
[29]WU Y S,BAI B.Efficient simulation for low-salinity waterflooding in porous and fractured reservoirs[R].SPE 118830,2009.
[30]XU Y,FILHO J C,YU W,et al.Discrete-fracture modeling of complex hydraulic-fracture geometries in reservoir simulators[R].SPE 183647-PA,2017.
[31]YANG R,HUANG Z,YU W,et al.A comprehensive model for real gas transport in shale formations with complex non-planar fracture networks[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:36673.
[32]ZHANG Y,KING M J,DATTA-GUPTA A.Robust streamline tracing using inter-cell fluxes in locally refined and unstructured grids[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48(6):116-120.
[33]ZHOU W,BANERJEE R,POE B,et al.Semianalytical production simulation of complex hydraulic-fracture networks[R].SPE157367-PA,2014.
[34]ZUO L H,WEIJERMARS R.Rules for flight paths and time of flight for flows in porous media with heterogeneous permeability and porosity[J].Geofluids,2018(3):1-18.
[35]ZUO L,LIM J,CHEN R,et al.Efficient calculation of flux conservative streamline trajectories on complex and unstructured grids[R].Vienna:The 78th EAGE Conference&Exhibition,2016.