华北地区夏玉米滴灌施肥的肥料效应
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摘要
【目的】通过研究华北地区中低产土壤条件下不同氮、磷、钾肥施用量在滴灌夏玉米上的肥料效应,从而优化滴灌施肥系统,为夏玉米高效滴灌施肥提供理论依据,推进水肥一体化技术。【方法】通过两年田间试验,以郑单958为供试品种,滴灌带设置为一管带两行,氮磷钾分别设4个处理,其中氮肥处理为0、144、180、216kg·hm~(-2)(记为N0、N1、N2、N3),磷肥处理为0、72、90、108 kg·hm~(-2)(记为P0、P1、P2、P3),钾肥处理为0、72、90、108 kg·hm~(-2)(记为K0、K1、K2、K3),氮磷钾肥料分4次滴施,以研究不同处理对夏玉米产量及不同生育时期干物质积累的影响,分析不同处理下肥料的利用率。【结果】(1)华北地区中低产田条件下夏玉米产量随施氮磷肥的用量呈抛物线性变化,当施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2),施磷量为90 kg·hm~(-2)时,作物产量最高;当氮磷肥施用量超过最高产量施肥量时,作物产量随施氮磷用量的提高呈下降趋势,但氮肥处理的下降程度差异不显著,而磷肥施用量超过90 kg·hm~(-2)时,作物产量随施磷量的提高显著下降(P<0.05);在本处理中,夏玉米产量随施钾量的提高,均呈增加趋势。(2)不同施肥处理对夏玉米生育前期干物质积累几乎没有影响,在灌浆期与收获期时干物质积累与施氮量、施磷量均呈抛物线性变化,变化趋势与产量基本相同。(3)不同处理的氮磷钾肥利用率不同,分别为33.39%—58.44%、14.15%—28.88%、54.70%—65.75%,当夏玉米产量最高时的氮、磷、钾肥利用率两年平均为51.21%、28.88%、65.75%;在最高产量条件下,氮、磷、钾肥的平均农学效率分别为8.08、11.41和8.83 kg·kg~(-1);偏生产力分别为59.88、119.75和100.65 kg·kg~(-1)。【结论】在华北地区中低产土壤滴灌施肥条件下,最适宜的氮磷施用量分别为180 kg·hm~(-2)和90 kg·hm~(-2),当施氮量超过180 kg·hm~(-2)、施磷量超过90 kg·hm~(-2)时,夏玉米产量会出现下降,但随施钾量的提高,产量有增加的趋势。滴灌施肥可获得较高的氮磷钾肥利用率,分别为51.21%和28.88%和65.75%。
【Objective】The experiment was carried out to study the fertilizer effects of different nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates on summer maize under low-yield soil conditions in North China,and provided a theoretical basis for high-efficiency drip fertigation of summer maize,in order to optimize drip fertigation system and promote the technology of water and fertilizer integration.【Method】Maize variety"Zhengdan 958"was used as materials in the two-year field experiment.Under the condition of one tube with two rows of drip fertigation belts,the experiment was subjected to four treatments for nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium respectively,of which nitrogen fertilizer treatments were 0,144,180,and 216 kg·hm~(-2)(denoted as N0,N1,N2,and N3,respectively),phosphate fertilizer treatments were 0,72,90,and 108 kg·hm~(-2)(denoted as P0,P1,P2,and P3,respectively)and potassium fertilizer treatments were 0,72,90,and 108 kg·hm~(-2)(denoted as K0,K1,K2,and K3,respectively).The nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were divided into four times by drip fertigation.The study analyzed the effects of different nitrogen,phosphate and potassium application rates on crop yield and the dry matter in different growing stages of summer maize,and analyzed the fertilizer use efficiency.【Result】(1)The yield of summer maize under the conditions of low-yield field in North China showed a parabolic linear change with the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer.The crop yield was the highest when the nitrogen application was 180 kg·hm~(-2 )and the phosphorus application was 90 kg·hm~(-2).When the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application exceeded the maximum yield fertilization amount,the crop yield decreased with the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus application,but the difference of nitrogen fertilizer treatment was not significant.And when the application rate of phosphate fertilizer exceeded 90 kg·hm~(-2),the yield of crop decreased significantly with the increase of phosphorus application(P<0.05).In this treatment,the yield of summer maize increased with the amount of potassium applied.(2)Different fertilization treatments had little effect on the dry matter accumulation of summer maize in the early growth stage.The change of crop yield and the dry matter accumulation showed the same parabolic linear change along with the increase of nitrogen application rate and phosphorus application rate in the filling period and harvesting period.(3)The use efficiencies of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 33.39%-58.44%,14.15%-28.88%and 54.70%-65.75%,respectively.The nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer average use efficiencies were 51.21%,28.88%and 65.75%,respectively,when the yield of summer maize was the highest.The average agronomic efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 8.08 kg·kg~(-1),11.41 kg·kg~(-1 )and8.83 kg·kg~(-1),respectively,under the highest yield conditions.At this point,the average partial factor productivity of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 59.88 kg·kg~(-1),119.75 kg·kg~(-1 )and 100.65 kg·kg~(-1),respectively.【Conclusion】Under the conditions of drip fertigation in low-yield soil in North China,the optimum nitrogen and phosphorus application were 180 kg·hm~(-2)and 90 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.The yield of summer maize would decrease when nitrogen application exceeded 180 kg·hm~(-2 )or phosphorus application rate surpassed 90 kg·hm~(-2),but the yield of summer maize would increase along with the increase of potassium application.Drip fertigation could obtain higher nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer use efficiency,which was51.21%,28.88%and 65.75%,respectively.
【Objective】The experiment was carried out to study the fertilizer effects of different nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application rates on summer maize under low-yield soil conditions in North China,and provided a theoretical basis for high-efficiency drip fertigation of summer maize,in order to optimize drip fertigation system and promote the technology of water and fertilizer integration.【Method】Maize variety"Zhengdan 958"was used as materials in the two-year field experiment.Under the condition of one tube with two rows of drip fertigation belts,the experiment was subjected to four treatments for nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium respectively,of which nitrogen fertilizer treatments were 0,144,180,and 216 kg·hm~(-2)(denoted as N0,N1,N2,and N3,respectively),phosphate fertilizer treatments were 0,72,90,and 108 kg·hm~(-2)(denoted as P0,P1,P2,and P3,respectively)and potassium fertilizer treatments were 0,72,90,and 108 kg·hm~(-2)(denoted as K0,K1,K2,and K3,respectively).The nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were divided into four times by drip fertigation.The study analyzed the effects of different nitrogen,phosphate and potassium application rates on crop yield and the dry matter in different growing stages of summer maize,and analyzed the fertilizer use efficiency.【Result】(1)The yield of summer maize under the conditions of low-yield field in North China showed a parabolic linear change with the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer.The crop yield was the highest when the nitrogen application was 180 kg·hm~(-2 )and the phosphorus application was 90 kg·hm~(-2).When the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application exceeded the maximum yield fertilization amount,the crop yield decreased with the increase of nitrogen and phosphorus application,but the difference of nitrogen fertilizer treatment was not significant.And when the application rate of phosphate fertilizer exceeded 90 kg·hm~(-2),the yield of crop decreased significantly with the increase of phosphorus application(P<0.05).In this treatment,the yield of summer maize increased with the amount of potassium applied.(2)Different fertilization treatments had little effect on the dry matter accumulation of summer maize in the early growth stage.The change of crop yield and the dry matter accumulation showed the same parabolic linear change along with the increase of nitrogen application rate and phosphorus application rate in the filling period and harvesting period.(3)The use efficiencies of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 33.39%-58.44%,14.15%-28.88%and 54.70%-65.75%,respectively.The nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer average use efficiencies were 51.21%,28.88%and 65.75%,respectively,when the yield of summer maize was the highest.The average agronomic efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 8.08 kg·kg~(-1),11.41 kg·kg~(-1 )and8.83 kg·kg~(-1),respectively,under the highest yield conditions.At this point,the average partial factor productivity of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were 59.88 kg·kg~(-1),119.75 kg·kg~(-1 )and 100.65 kg·kg~(-1),respectively.【Conclusion】Under the conditions of drip fertigation in low-yield soil in North China,the optimum nitrogen and phosphorus application were 180 kg·hm~(-2)and 90 kg·hm~(-2),respectively.The yield of summer maize would decrease when nitrogen application exceeded 180 kg·hm~(-2 )or phosphorus application rate surpassed 90 kg·hm~(-2),but the yield of summer maize would increase along with the increase of potassium application.Drip fertigation could obtain higher nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer use efficiency,which was51.21%,28.88%and 65.75%,respectively.
引文
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