天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究
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摘要
利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征.结果表明:总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之.与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型.温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃.受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11:00为界发生转向.受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.
Based on the data set of automatic observation station,the microclimatic characteristics in the site No.3 of Koxkar Glacier on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains were analyzed.It is found that the radiation flux and surface albedo have seasonal variation.Different from that in other regions,owing to snow physical properties and surface conditions,the diurnal variation of surface albedo here changes from large to small in winter,but in summer it shows an inverted U shape.The temperature is high in summer and autumn,but low in winter and spring,with the highest of 9.4 ℃ in August and the lowest of-9.6 ℃ in January.Moreover,there is a cold center over the ground at about 0.20 m at night,while a warm center at the same high during daytime.Mainly affected by the glacier wind and valley breeze,the NW and WNW are prevailing wind directions.There is a turn at 11 am for the diurnal variation of wind direction.The average monthly specific humidity is larger in summer and autumn,but smaller in winter and spring.
Based on the data set of automatic observation station,the microclimatic characteristics in the site No.3 of Koxkar Glacier on the southern slope of the Tianshan Mountains were analyzed.It is found that the radiation flux and surface albedo have seasonal variation.Different from that in other regions,owing to snow physical properties and surface conditions,the diurnal variation of surface albedo here changes from large to small in winter,but in summer it shows an inverted U shape.The temperature is high in summer and autumn,but low in winter and spring,with the highest of 9.4 ℃ in August and the lowest of-9.6 ℃ in January.Moreover,there is a cold center over the ground at about 0.20 m at night,while a warm center at the same high during daytime.Mainly affected by the glacier wind and valley breeze,the NW and WNW are prevailing wind directions.There is a turn at 11 am for the diurnal variation of wind direction.The average monthly specific humidity is larger in summer and autumn,but smaller in winter and spring.
引文
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[23]Wang Jie,He Xiaobo,Ye Baisheng,et al.Variations of albedo on the Dongkemadi Glacier,Tanggula Range[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):21-28.[王杰,何晓波,叶柏生,等.唐古拉山冬克玛底冰川反照率变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):21-28.]
[24]Zhang Tingjun,Tong Boliang,Li Shude.Influence of snow cover on the lower limit of permafrost in Altai Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1985,7(1):57-63.[张廷军,童伯良,李树德.我国阿尔泰山地区雪盖对多年冻土下界的影响[J].冰川冻土,1985,7(1):57-63.]
[25]Jin Huijun,Sun Liping,Wang Shaoling,et al.Dual influences of local environmental variables on ground temperatures on the interior-eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(I):Vegetation and snow cover[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(4):535-545.[金会军,孙立平,王绍令,等.青藏高原中、东部局地因素对地温的双重影响(I):植被和雪盖[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):535-545.]
[26]Greuell W,Knapp W H,Smeets P C.Elevational changes in meteorological variables along a midlatitude glacier during summer[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1997,102(D22):25941-25954.
[27]Du Wentao,Qin Xiang,Sun Weijun,et al.Wind characteristics in accumulation area of the Laohugou Glacier No.12,Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):29-36.[杜文涛,秦翔,孙维君,等.祁连山老虎沟冰川积累区风速、风向变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):29-36.]
[28]Kang Xingcheng.A study on local circulation and climatic characteristics in glacier area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1991,46(4):449-459.[康兴成.冰雪区局地环流及气候特征探讨[J].地理学报,1991,46(4):449-459.]
[29]Sheng Peixuan,Mao Jietai,Li Jianguo,et al.The Atmosphere Physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2003:1-23.[盛裴轩,毛杰泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:1-23.]
[2]Zhong Xiujuan.Research on Characteristics of Microclimate in Different Underlying Surface in Autumn in Yutian County,Xinjiang and Ecological Significance[D].rümqi:Xinjiang University,2010.[钟秀娟.新疆于田县秋季不同下垫面小气候特征对比研究及其生态意义[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学,2010.]
[3]Chen Shiqiang,LüShihua,Ao Yinhuan,et al.Characteristics of radiation and energy budget over an oasis under different synoptic and irrigation conditions in summer[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2011,33(3):532-538.[陈世强,吕世华,奥银焕,等.夏季不同天气背景和灌溉条件下绿洲地表辐射和能量平衡特征[J].冰川冻土,2011,33(3):532-538.]
[4]Yue Ping,Li Yaohui,Zhang Liang,et al.Radiation and surface energy balance characteristics during clear days in Nyingchi(Tibet)and Wenjiang(Sichuan)[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(6):1329-1335.[岳平,李耀辉,张良,等.青藏高原林芝与四川盆地温江地区晴天辐射和能量平衡特征[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(6):1329-1335.]
[5]Zhang Qidong,Ming Jing,Wei Wenshou.Microclimate measurements related to glacier cooling effect at No.1 Glacier,headwater ofrümqi River,Tianshan Mountains[J].Arid Land Geography,2011,34(3):449-457.[张启东,明镜,魏文寿.天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川致冷效应的小气候观测[J].干旱区环境,2011,34(3):449-457.]
[6]Bai Zhongyuan.A study of relationship between climate and mountain glaciers[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1989,11(4):287-309.[白重瑗.冰川与气候关系的研究[J].冰川冻土,1989,11(4):287-309.]
[7]Zhang Jian,He Xiaobo,Ye Baisheng,et al.Recent variation of mass balance of the Xiao Dongkemadi Glacier in the Tanggula Range and its influence factors[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(2):263-271.[张健,何晓波,叶柏生,等.近期小冬克玛底冰川物质平衡变化及其影响因素分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(2):263-271.]
[8]Haeberli W.Glacier fluctuations and climate change detection[J].Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria,1996,18:191-199.
[9]Hodge S M,Trabant D C,Krimmel R M,et al.Climate variations and changes in mass of three glaciers in western North America[J].Journal of Climate,1998,11(9):2161-2179.
[10]Han Haidong,Liu Shiyin,Ding Yongjian,et al.Near-surface meteorological characteristics on the Koxkar Baxi Glacier,Tianshan[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(6):967-975.[韩海东,刘时银,丁永建,等.科其喀尔巴西冰川的近地层基本气象特征[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(6):967-975.]
[11]Zhang Yong,Fujita K,Liu Shiyin,et al.Distribution of debris thickness and its effect on ice melt at Hailuogou Glacier,southeastern Tibetan Plateau,using in situ surveys and ASTER imagery[J].Journal of Glaciology,2011,57(206):1147-1157.
[12]Ren Jiawen,Qin Dahe,Jing Zhefan.Climatic warming causes the glacier retreat in Mt.Qomolangma[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1998,20(2):17-18.[任贾文,秦大河,井哲帆.气候变暖使珠穆朗玛峰地区冰川处于退缩状态[J].冰川冻土,1998,20(2):17-18.]
[13]Liu Shiyin,Ding Yongjian,Li Jing,et al.Glaciers in response to recent climate warming in western China[J].Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(5):762-771.[刘时银,丁永建,李晶,等.中国西部冰川对近期气候变暖的响应[J].第四纪研究,2006,26(5):762-771.]
[14]Xie Changwei,Ding Yongjian,Liu Shiyin,et al.Variation of Keqikaer Glacier terminus in Tomur Peak during last 30 years[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(5):672-677.[谢昌卫,丁永建,刘时银,等.近30 a来托木尔峰南麓科其喀尔冰川冰舌区变化[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(5):672-677.]
[15]Zhang Yanwu,Feng Qi,Huang Jing,et al.Ground energy balance and microclimate characteristics in the oasis of lower reaches of Heihe River[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2006,28(2):191-198.[张艳武,冯起,黄静,等.黑河下游绿洲地表辐射平衡及小气候特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2006,28(2):191-198.]
[16]Fu Baopu,Weng Duming.Microclimatology[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press,1994:126-127.[傅抱璞,翁笃鸣.小气候学[M].北京:气象出版社,1994:126-127.]
[17]Li Ying,Hu Zeyong.A preliminary study on land-surface albedo in northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Plateau Meteorology,2006,25(6):1034-1041.[李英,胡泽勇.藏北高原地表反照率的初步研究[J].高原气象,2006,25(6):1034-1041.]
[18]Song Jie.Diurnal asymmetry in surface albedo[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1998,92(3):181-189.
[19]Sun Jun,Hu Zeyong,Xun Xueyi,et al.Albedo characteristics in different underlying surfaces in mid-and upper-reaches of Heihe and its impact factor analysis[J].Plateau Meteorology,2011,30(3):607-613.[孙俊,胡泽勇,荀学义,等.黑河中上游不同下垫面反照率特征及其影响因子分析[J].高原气象,2011,30(3):607-613.]
[20]Liu Hongyi,Yang Xingguo,Zhang Qiang,et al.Contrast of ground surface radiation-energy balance in summer and winter on Dunhuang Gobi[J].Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(3):558-565.[刘宏宜,杨兴国,张强,等.敦煌戈壁冬夏季地表辐射与能量平衡特征对比研究[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(3):558-565.]
[21]Zhou Bingrong,Li Fengxia,Xiao Hongbin,et al.The characteristics of energy balance over the alpine meadow in the source regions of the Yellow River from 2009 to 2010[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2013,35(3):601-608.[周秉荣,李凤霞,肖宏斌,等.2009/2010年黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面能量平衡特征分析[J].冰川冻土,2013,35(3):601-608.]
[22]Yang Xingguo,Qin Dahe,Qin Xiang.Progress in the study of interaction between ice/snow and atmosphere[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(2):392-402.[杨兴国,秦大河,秦翔.冰川/积雪-大气相互作用研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(2):392-402.]
[23]Wang Jie,He Xiaobo,Ye Baisheng,et al.Variations of albedo on the Dongkemadi Glacier,Tanggula Range[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):21-28.[王杰,何晓波,叶柏生,等.唐古拉山冬克玛底冰川反照率变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):21-28.]
[24]Zhang Tingjun,Tong Boliang,Li Shude.Influence of snow cover on the lower limit of permafrost in Altai Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1985,7(1):57-63.[张廷军,童伯良,李树德.我国阿尔泰山地区雪盖对多年冻土下界的影响[J].冰川冻土,1985,7(1):57-63.]
[25]Jin Huijun,Sun Liping,Wang Shaoling,et al.Dual influences of local environmental variables on ground temperatures on the interior-eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(I):Vegetation and snow cover[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2008,30(4):535-545.[金会军,孙立平,王绍令,等.青藏高原中、东部局地因素对地温的双重影响(I):植被和雪盖[J].冰川冻土,2008,30(4):535-545.]
[26]Greuell W,Knapp W H,Smeets P C.Elevational changes in meteorological variables along a midlatitude glacier during summer[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1997,102(D22):25941-25954.
[27]Du Wentao,Qin Xiang,Sun Weijun,et al.Wind characteristics in accumulation area of the Laohugou Glacier No.12,Qilian Mountains[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2012,34(1):29-36.[杜文涛,秦翔,孙维君,等.祁连山老虎沟冰川积累区风速、风向变化特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2012,34(1):29-36.]
[28]Kang Xingcheng.A study on local circulation and climatic characteristics in glacier area[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,1991,46(4):449-459.[康兴成.冰雪区局地环流及气候特征探讨[J].地理学报,1991,46(4):449-459.]
[29]Sheng Peixuan,Mao Jietai,Li Jianguo,et al.The Atmosphere Physics[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2003:1-23.[盛裴轩,毛杰泰,李建国,等.大气物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2003:1-23.]