非等温退火对大变形铝试样组织和力学性能的影响:模拟与实验（英文）
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摘要
为了研究铝在非等温退火过程中的组织演变和流动应力,分别采用2、4和6道次多向锻造工艺,使试样应变量为1、2和3。然后,在150、200、250、300和350℃下对试样进行非等温退火。通过对变形阶段和退火阶段的模拟,研究位错密度和流动应力的演化规律。结果发现,经2、4和6道次多向锻造的试样在温度分别达到250、250和300℃时其热稳定性仍然较好。模拟结果与实验数据吻合较好。与模拟得到的流动应力值相比,经2道次和4道次多向锻造的样品在350℃非等温退火后的实验流动应力值偏低。其根本原因在于,模拟所用非等温退火模型仅是基于晶内位错密度演化,只考虑了回复和再结晶现象;然而,在350℃退火后,除了回复和再结晶外,还会发生晶粒长大现象,这使得模拟和实验得到的流动应力值出现偏差。
In order to investigate the evolution of microstructure and flow stress during non-isothermal annealing,aluminum samples were subjected to strain magnitudes of 1, 2 and 3 by performing 2, 4 and 6 passes of multi-directional forging. Then, the samples were non-isothermally annealed up to 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 ℃. The evolution of dislocation density and flow stress was studied via modeling of deformation and annealing stages. It was found that 2, 4 and 6 passes multi-directionally forged samples show thermal stability up to temperatures of 250, 250 and 300 ℃, respectively. Modeling results and experimental data were compared and a reasonable agreement was observed. It was noticed that 2 and 4 passes multi-directionally forged samples annealed non-isothermally up to 350 ℃ have a lower experimental flow stress in comparison with the flow stress achieved from the model.The underlying reason is that the proposed non-isothermal annealing model is based only on the intragranular dislocation density evolution, which only takes into account recovery and recrystallization phenomena. However, at 350℃ grain growth takes place in addition to recovery and recrystallization,which is the source of discrepancy between the modeling and experimental flow stress.
In order to investigate the evolution of microstructure and flow stress during non-isothermal annealing,aluminum samples were subjected to strain magnitudes of 1, 2 and 3 by performing 2, 4 and 6 passes of multi-directional forging. Then, the samples were non-isothermally annealed up to 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 ℃. The evolution of dislocation density and flow stress was studied via modeling of deformation and annealing stages. It was found that 2, 4 and 6 passes multi-directionally forged samples show thermal stability up to temperatures of 250, 250 and 300 ℃, respectively. Modeling results and experimental data were compared and a reasonable agreement was observed. It was noticed that 2 and 4 passes multi-directionally forged samples annealed non-isothermally up to 350 ℃ have a lower experimental flow stress in comparison with the flow stress achieved from the model.The underlying reason is that the proposed non-isothermal annealing model is based only on the intragranular dislocation density evolution, which only takes into account recovery and recrystallization phenomena. However, at 350℃ grain growth takes place in addition to recovery and recrystallization,which is the source of discrepancy between the modeling and experimental flow stress.
引文
[1]REN J,SHAN A.Strengthening and stress drop of ultrafine grain aluminum after annealing[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2010,20:2139-2142.
[2]ZHAO F X,XU X C,LIU H Q,WANG Y L.Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained aluminum[J].Materials&Design,2014,53:262-268.
[3]CAO W Q,GODFREY A,HANSEN N,LIU Q.Annealing behavior of nanostructured aluminum produced by cold rolling to ultrahigh strains[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2009,40:204-214.
[4]HANSEN N,HUANG X,M?LLER M G,GODFREY A.Thermal stability of aluminum cold rolled to large strain[J].Journal of Materials Science,2008,43:6254-6259.
[5]ZI A,STULIKOVA I,SMOLA B.Response of aluminum processed by extrusion preceded ECAP to isochronal annealing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2010,527:1469-1472.
[6]YU T,HANSEN N,HUANG X.Recovery by triple junction motion in aluminium deformed to ultrahigh strains[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,467:3039-3065.
[7]MISHIN O V,GODFREY A,JUUL JENSEN D,HANSEN N.Recovery and recrystallization in commercial purity aluminum cold rolled to an ultrahigh strain[J].Acta Materialia,2013,61:5354-5364.
[8]YU T,HANSEN N,HUANG X.Linking recovery and recrystallization through triple junction motion in aluminum cold rolled to a large strain[J].Acta Materialia,2013,61:6577-6586.
[9]YU C Y,SUN P L,KAO P W,CHANG C P.Evolution of microstructure during annealing of a severely deformed aluminum[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2004,366:310-317.
[10]FERRASSE S,SEGAL V M,ALFORD F.Texture evolution during equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE)[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2004,372:235-244.
[11]CAO W Q,GODFREY A,LIU W,LIU Q.Annealing behavior of aluminium deformed by equal channel angular pressing[J].Materials Letters,2003,57:3767-3774.
[12]CAO W Q,GODFREY A,LIU W,LIU Q.EBSP study of the annealing behavior of aluminum deformed by equal channel angular processing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,360:420-425.
[13]KWAN C,WANG Z,KANG S B.Mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution upon annealing of the accumulative roll-bonding(ARB)processed Al alloy 1100[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2008,480:148-159.
[14]MOGHANAKI S K,KAZEMINEZHAD M,LOGéR.Heating rate effect on particle stimulated nucleation and grains structure during non-isothermal annealing of multi-directionally forged solution treated AA2024[J].Materials Characterization,2017,127:317-324.
[15]POORGANJI B,SEPEHRBAND P,JIN H,ESMAEILI S.Effect of cold work and non-isothermal annealing on the recrystallization behavior and texture evolution of a precipitation-hardenable aluminum alloy[J].Scripta Materialia,2010,63:1157-1160.
[16]SCH?FER C,MOHLES V,GOTTSTEIN G.Modeling the effect of heating rate on recrystallization texture evolution in AA3103[J].Advanced Engineering Materials,2010,12:981-988.
[17]SUN N,PATTERSON R B,SUNI P J,DOHERTY D R,WEILAND H,KADOLKAR P,BLUE A C,THOMPSON B G.Effect of heating rate on recrystallization of twin roll cast aluminum[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2008,39:165-170.
[18]SHEN F,WANG B,YI D,LIU H,TANG C,SHOU W.Effects of heating rate during solid-solution treatment on microstructure and fatigue properties of AA2524 T3 Al-Cu-Mg sheet[J].Materials&Design,2016,104:116-125.
[19]KHANI MOGHANAKI S,KAZEMINEZHAD M,LOGéR.Effect of concurrent precipitation on the texture evolution during continuous heating of multi directionally forged solution treated Al-Cu-Mg alloy[J].Materials Characterization,2017,131:399-405.
[20]ATTALLAH M M,STRANGWOOD M,DAVIS C L.Influence of the heating rate on the initiation of primary recrystallization in a deformed Al-Mg alloy[J].Scripta Materialia,2010,63:371-374.
[21]SEPEHRBAND P,WANG X,JIN H,ESMAEILI S.Microstructural evolution during non-isothermal annealing of a precipitationhardenable aluminum alloy:Experiment and simulation[J].Acta Materialia,2015,94:111-123.
[22]XIA S L,MA M,ZHANG J X,WANG W X,LIU W C.Effect of heating rate on the microstructure,texture and tensile properties of continuous cast AA 5083 aluminum alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2014,609:168-176.
[23]SUMMERS P T,CASE S W,LATTIMER B Y.Residual mechanical properties of aluminum alloys AA5083-H116 and AA6061-T651after fire[J].Engineering Structures,2014,76:49-61.
[24]KHANI MOGHANAKI S,KAZEMINEZHAD M,LOGéR.Recrystallization behavior of multi-directionally forged over-aged and solution treated Al-Cu-Mg alloy during non-isothermal annealing[J].Materials&Design,2017,132:250-256.
[25]ESTRIN Y,TóTH L S,MOLINARI A,BRéCHET Y.Adislocation-based model for all hardening stages in large strain deformation[J].Acta Materialia,1998,46:5509-5522.
[26]TóTH L S,MOLINARI A,ESTRIN Y.Strain hardening at large strains as predicted by dislocation based polycrystal plasticity model[J].Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,2002,124:71-77.
[27]KUHLMANN D,MASING G,RAFFELSIEPER J.On the theory of recovery[J].Zeitschrift Fur Metallkunde,1949,40:241-246.
[28]NES E.Recovery revisited[J].Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,1995,43:2189-2207.
[29]BORELIUS G,BERGLUND S,SJOBERG S.Measurements on the evolution of heat during the recovery of cold-worked metals[J].Arkiv For Fysik,1953,6:143-149.
[30]VANDERMEER R A,HANSEN N.Recovery kinetics of nanostructured aluminum:Model and experiment[J].Acta Materialia,2008,56:5719-5727.
[31]YU T B,HANSEN N.Recovery kinetics in commercial purity aluminum deformed to ultrahigh strain:Model and experiment[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2016,47:4189-4196.
[32]YU T B,HANSEN N.A model for recovery kinetics of aluminum after large strain[J].Materials Science Forum,2012,715-716:374-379.
[33]SUMMERS P T,MOURITZ A P,CASE S W,LATTIMER B Y.Microstructure-based modeling of residual yield strength and strain hardening after fire exposure of aluminum alloy 5083-H116[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2015,632:14-28.
[34]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.A hybrid model on severe plastic deformation of copper[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,44:1107-1115.
[35]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.ETMB model investigation of flow softening during severe plastic deformation[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,46:902-905.
[36]KAZEMINEZHAD M,HOSSEINI E.Modeling of induced empirical constitutive relations on materials with FCC,BCC,and HCPcrystalline structures:Severe plastic deformation[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2010,47:1033-1039.
[37]TóTH L S.Modelling of strain hardening and microstructural evolution in equal channel angular extrusion[J].Computational Materials Science,2005,32:568-576.
[38]BAIK S C,ESTRIN Y,KIM H S,HELLMIG R J.Dislocation density-based modeling of deformation behavior of aluminium under equal channel angular pressing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,351:86-97.
[39]KAZEMINEZHAD M,HOSSEINI E.Coupling kinetic dislocation model and Monte Carlo algorithm for recrystallized microstructure modeling of severely deformed copper[J].Journal of Materials Science,2008,43:6081-6086.
[40]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.The effect of ECAP die shape on nano-structure of materials[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,44:962-967.
[41]MCKENZIE P W J,LAPOVOK R,ESTRIN Y.The influence of back pressure on ECAP processed AA6016:Modeling and experiment[J].Acta Materialia,2007,55:2985-2993.
[42]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.Dislocation structure and strength evolution of heavily deformed tantalum[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2009,27:605-610.
[43]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M,MANI A,RAFIZADEH E.On the evolution of flow stress during constrained groove pressing of pure copper sheet[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,45:855-859.
[44]PARVIN H,KAZEMINEZHAD M.Development of a dislocation density based model considering the effect of stacking fault energy:Severe plastic deformation[J].Computational Materials Science,2014,95:250-255.
[45]ESTRIN Y,MOLOTNIKOV A,DAVIES C H J,LAPOVOK R.Strain gradient plasticity modelling of high-pressure torsion[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,2008,56:1186-1202.
[46]HUMPHREYS F J,HATHERLY M.Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena[M].2nd ed.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2004.
[47]GODFREY A,CAO W Q,LIU Q,HANSEN N.Stored energy,microstructure,and flow stress of deformed metals[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2005,36:2371-2378.
[48]ZHU Q F,WANG W J,ZHAO Z H,ZUO Y B,CUI J Z.Effect of multi-forging condition on deformed structure and mechanical properties of a 99.995 percent high purity aluminum[J].Materials Science Forum,2015,817:360-366.
[49]ZHU Q,LI L,BAN C,ZHAO Z,ZUO Y,CUI J.Structure uniformity and limits of grain refinement of high purity aluminum during multi-directional forging process at room temperature[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24:1301-1306.
[50]VALIEV R Z,ESTRIN Y,HORITA Z,LANGDON T G,ZECHETBAUER M J,ZHU Y T.Producing bulk ultrafine-grained materials by severe plastic deformation[J].JOM,2006,58:33-39.
[51]GUPTA R,PANTHI S K,SRIVASTAVA S.Assessment of various properties evolved during grain refinement through multi-directional forging[J].Reviews on Advanced Materials Science,2016,46:70-85.
[52]HUMPHREYS F J.A unified theory of recovery,recrystallization and grain growth,based on the stability and growth of cellular microstructures-I.The basic model[J].Acta Materialia,1997,45:4231-4240.
[53]ATKINSON M.On the credibility of ultra rapid annealing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,354:40-47.
[54]FURU T,?RSUND R,NES E.Subgrain growth in heavily deformed aluminium-Experimental investigation and modelling treatment[J].Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,1995,43:2209-2232.
[2]ZHAO F X,XU X C,LIU H Q,WANG Y L.Effect of annealing treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained aluminum[J].Materials&Design,2014,53:262-268.
[3]CAO W Q,GODFREY A,HANSEN N,LIU Q.Annealing behavior of nanostructured aluminum produced by cold rolling to ultrahigh strains[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2009,40:204-214.
[4]HANSEN N,HUANG X,M?LLER M G,GODFREY A.Thermal stability of aluminum cold rolled to large strain[J].Journal of Materials Science,2008,43:6254-6259.
[5]ZI A,STULIKOVA I,SMOLA B.Response of aluminum processed by extrusion preceded ECAP to isochronal annealing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2010,527:1469-1472.
[6]YU T,HANSEN N,HUANG X.Recovery by triple junction motion in aluminium deformed to ultrahigh strains[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society A:Mathematical,Physical and Engineering Sciences,2011,467:3039-3065.
[7]MISHIN O V,GODFREY A,JUUL JENSEN D,HANSEN N.Recovery and recrystallization in commercial purity aluminum cold rolled to an ultrahigh strain[J].Acta Materialia,2013,61:5354-5364.
[8]YU T,HANSEN N,HUANG X.Linking recovery and recrystallization through triple junction motion in aluminum cold rolled to a large strain[J].Acta Materialia,2013,61:6577-6586.
[9]YU C Y,SUN P L,KAO P W,CHANG C P.Evolution of microstructure during annealing of a severely deformed aluminum[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2004,366:310-317.
[10]FERRASSE S,SEGAL V M,ALFORD F.Texture evolution during equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE)[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2004,372:235-244.
[11]CAO W Q,GODFREY A,LIU W,LIU Q.Annealing behavior of aluminium deformed by equal channel angular pressing[J].Materials Letters,2003,57:3767-3774.
[12]CAO W Q,GODFREY A,LIU W,LIU Q.EBSP study of the annealing behavior of aluminum deformed by equal channel angular processing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,360:420-425.
[13]KWAN C,WANG Z,KANG S B.Mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution upon annealing of the accumulative roll-bonding(ARB)processed Al alloy 1100[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2008,480:148-159.
[14]MOGHANAKI S K,KAZEMINEZHAD M,LOGéR.Heating rate effect on particle stimulated nucleation and grains structure during non-isothermal annealing of multi-directionally forged solution treated AA2024[J].Materials Characterization,2017,127:317-324.
[15]POORGANJI B,SEPEHRBAND P,JIN H,ESMAEILI S.Effect of cold work and non-isothermal annealing on the recrystallization behavior and texture evolution of a precipitation-hardenable aluminum alloy[J].Scripta Materialia,2010,63:1157-1160.
[16]SCH?FER C,MOHLES V,GOTTSTEIN G.Modeling the effect of heating rate on recrystallization texture evolution in AA3103[J].Advanced Engineering Materials,2010,12:981-988.
[17]SUN N,PATTERSON R B,SUNI P J,DOHERTY D R,WEILAND H,KADOLKAR P,BLUE A C,THOMPSON B G.Effect of heating rate on recrystallization of twin roll cast aluminum[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2008,39:165-170.
[18]SHEN F,WANG B,YI D,LIU H,TANG C,SHOU W.Effects of heating rate during solid-solution treatment on microstructure and fatigue properties of AA2524 T3 Al-Cu-Mg sheet[J].Materials&Design,2016,104:116-125.
[19]KHANI MOGHANAKI S,KAZEMINEZHAD M,LOGéR.Effect of concurrent precipitation on the texture evolution during continuous heating of multi directionally forged solution treated Al-Cu-Mg alloy[J].Materials Characterization,2017,131:399-405.
[20]ATTALLAH M M,STRANGWOOD M,DAVIS C L.Influence of the heating rate on the initiation of primary recrystallization in a deformed Al-Mg alloy[J].Scripta Materialia,2010,63:371-374.
[21]SEPEHRBAND P,WANG X,JIN H,ESMAEILI S.Microstructural evolution during non-isothermal annealing of a precipitationhardenable aluminum alloy:Experiment and simulation[J].Acta Materialia,2015,94:111-123.
[22]XIA S L,MA M,ZHANG J X,WANG W X,LIU W C.Effect of heating rate on the microstructure,texture and tensile properties of continuous cast AA 5083 aluminum alloy[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2014,609:168-176.
[23]SUMMERS P T,CASE S W,LATTIMER B Y.Residual mechanical properties of aluminum alloys AA5083-H116 and AA6061-T651after fire[J].Engineering Structures,2014,76:49-61.
[24]KHANI MOGHANAKI S,KAZEMINEZHAD M,LOGéR.Recrystallization behavior of multi-directionally forged over-aged and solution treated Al-Cu-Mg alloy during non-isothermal annealing[J].Materials&Design,2017,132:250-256.
[25]ESTRIN Y,TóTH L S,MOLINARI A,BRéCHET Y.Adislocation-based model for all hardening stages in large strain deformation[J].Acta Materialia,1998,46:5509-5522.
[26]TóTH L S,MOLINARI A,ESTRIN Y.Strain hardening at large strains as predicted by dislocation based polycrystal plasticity model[J].Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology,2002,124:71-77.
[27]KUHLMANN D,MASING G,RAFFELSIEPER J.On the theory of recovery[J].Zeitschrift Fur Metallkunde,1949,40:241-246.
[28]NES E.Recovery revisited[J].Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,1995,43:2189-2207.
[29]BORELIUS G,BERGLUND S,SJOBERG S.Measurements on the evolution of heat during the recovery of cold-worked metals[J].Arkiv For Fysik,1953,6:143-149.
[30]VANDERMEER R A,HANSEN N.Recovery kinetics of nanostructured aluminum:Model and experiment[J].Acta Materialia,2008,56:5719-5727.
[31]YU T B,HANSEN N.Recovery kinetics in commercial purity aluminum deformed to ultrahigh strain:Model and experiment[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2016,47:4189-4196.
[32]YU T B,HANSEN N.A model for recovery kinetics of aluminum after large strain[J].Materials Science Forum,2012,715-716:374-379.
[33]SUMMERS P T,MOURITZ A P,CASE S W,LATTIMER B Y.Microstructure-based modeling of residual yield strength and strain hardening after fire exposure of aluminum alloy 5083-H116[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2015,632:14-28.
[34]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.A hybrid model on severe plastic deformation of copper[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,44:1107-1115.
[35]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.ETMB model investigation of flow softening during severe plastic deformation[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,46:902-905.
[36]KAZEMINEZHAD M,HOSSEINI E.Modeling of induced empirical constitutive relations on materials with FCC,BCC,and HCPcrystalline structures:Severe plastic deformation[J].International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2010,47:1033-1039.
[37]TóTH L S.Modelling of strain hardening and microstructural evolution in equal channel angular extrusion[J].Computational Materials Science,2005,32:568-576.
[38]BAIK S C,ESTRIN Y,KIM H S,HELLMIG R J.Dislocation density-based modeling of deformation behavior of aluminium under equal channel angular pressing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,351:86-97.
[39]KAZEMINEZHAD M,HOSSEINI E.Coupling kinetic dislocation model and Monte Carlo algorithm for recrystallized microstructure modeling of severely deformed copper[J].Journal of Materials Science,2008,43:6081-6086.
[40]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.The effect of ECAP die shape on nano-structure of materials[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,44:962-967.
[41]MCKENZIE P W J,LAPOVOK R,ESTRIN Y.The influence of back pressure on ECAP processed AA6016:Modeling and experiment[J].Acta Materialia,2007,55:2985-2993.
[42]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M.Dislocation structure and strength evolution of heavily deformed tantalum[J].International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials,2009,27:605-610.
[43]HOSSEINI E,KAZEMINEZHAD M,MANI A,RAFIZADEH E.On the evolution of flow stress during constrained groove pressing of pure copper sheet[J].Computational Materials Science,2009,45:855-859.
[44]PARVIN H,KAZEMINEZHAD M.Development of a dislocation density based model considering the effect of stacking fault energy:Severe plastic deformation[J].Computational Materials Science,2014,95:250-255.
[45]ESTRIN Y,MOLOTNIKOV A,DAVIES C H J,LAPOVOK R.Strain gradient plasticity modelling of high-pressure torsion[J].Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids,2008,56:1186-1202.
[46]HUMPHREYS F J,HATHERLY M.Recrystallization and related annealing phenomena[M].2nd ed.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2004.
[47]GODFREY A,CAO W Q,LIU Q,HANSEN N.Stored energy,microstructure,and flow stress of deformed metals[J].Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A,2005,36:2371-2378.
[48]ZHU Q F,WANG W J,ZHAO Z H,ZUO Y B,CUI J Z.Effect of multi-forging condition on deformed structure and mechanical properties of a 99.995 percent high purity aluminum[J].Materials Science Forum,2015,817:360-366.
[49]ZHU Q,LI L,BAN C,ZHAO Z,ZUO Y,CUI J.Structure uniformity and limits of grain refinement of high purity aluminum during multi-directional forging process at room temperature[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24:1301-1306.
[50]VALIEV R Z,ESTRIN Y,HORITA Z,LANGDON T G,ZECHETBAUER M J,ZHU Y T.Producing bulk ultrafine-grained materials by severe plastic deformation[J].JOM,2006,58:33-39.
[51]GUPTA R,PANTHI S K,SRIVASTAVA S.Assessment of various properties evolved during grain refinement through multi-directional forging[J].Reviews on Advanced Materials Science,2016,46:70-85.
[52]HUMPHREYS F J.A unified theory of recovery,recrystallization and grain growth,based on the stability and growth of cellular microstructures-I.The basic model[J].Acta Materialia,1997,45:4231-4240.
[53]ATKINSON M.On the credibility of ultra rapid annealing[J].Materials Science and Engineering A,2003,354:40-47.
[54]FURU T,?RSUND R,NES E.Subgrain growth in heavily deformed aluminium-Experimental investigation and modelling treatment[J].Acta Metallurgica et Materialia,1995,43:2209-2232.