内疚与亲社会行为的关系:来自元分析的证据
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摘要
内疚作为一种典型的道德情绪,被认为具有亲社会作用,但很多研究却发现内疚并不总能促进亲社会行为。为了明确内疚对亲社会行为的作用,分析造成结论分歧的可能原因,本研究采用元分析方法探讨了特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响。共有46篇文献92个独立样本纳入元分析(N=17248)。元分析结果表明:(1)特质内疚与亲社会行为之间存在中等程度的正相关,二者之间的关系受到亲社会行为类型的调节,相比较捐赠、助人、环保行为等,特质内疚与补偿之间的相关更强;(2)启动内疚状态能显著提升个体的亲社会行为,但两者之间的关联呈较小的效应量,亲社会行为对象在其中起到调节作用,感到内疚的个体更愿意对受害方做出亲社会行为;(3) p曲线(p-curve)分析发现,两个元分析研究的p曲线均呈显著右偏态,表明特质内疚与亲社会行为的关系以及状态内疚对亲社会行为的影响均存在真实的效应,而不是出版偏倚或者p hacking导致。
A large body of research has examined the relationship between guilt and prosocial behavior–yet the findings are inconclusive. A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect of trait and state guilt on prosocial behavior, as well as potential moderators of this effect. A literature search yielded 46 qualified papers with 92 effect sizes and 17248 participants. Results showed that trait guilt was significantly associated with prosocial behavior(r = 0.36, p < 0.001), and this relationship was moderated by the type of prosocial behavior. The induction of state guilt also significantly impacted prosocial behavior, with a small effect size(d = 0.24, p < 0.001) – and this relationship was moderated by whether the recipient of the prosocial behavior was also the victim of the guilt-evoking act. No other moderators were found. The p-curve analysis showed that the p-curves of the two meta-analyzes were right skewed, indicating that the relationship between the guilt proneness and prosocial behavior and the effect of state guilt on the prosocial behavior had a real effect, not caused by publication bias or p hacking.
A large body of research has examined the relationship between guilt and prosocial behavior–yet the findings are inconclusive. A meta-analysis was conducted to explore the effect of trait and state guilt on prosocial behavior, as well as potential moderators of this effect. A literature search yielded 46 qualified papers with 92 effect sizes and 17248 participants. Results showed that trait guilt was significantly associated with prosocial behavior(r = 0.36, p < 0.001), and this relationship was moderated by the type of prosocial behavior. The induction of state guilt also significantly impacted prosocial behavior, with a small effect size(d = 0.24, p < 0.001) – and this relationship was moderated by whether the recipient of the prosocial behavior was also the victim of the guilt-evoking act. No other moderators were found. The p-curve analysis showed that the p-curves of the two meta-analyzes were right skewed, indicating that the relationship between the guilt proneness and prosocial behavior and the effect of state guilt on the prosocial behavior had a real effect, not caused by publication bias or p hacking.
引文
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*丁菀.(2015).道德补偿行为的发生机制:道德情绪和道德认同的不同作用.硕士学位论文,浙江师范大学.
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胡金生.(2008).中文版内疚感问卷的信、效度及调查结果.中国健康心理学,16(2),236-238.
*黄晓娇.(2016).初中生的内疚水平及其与公共物品困境中合作行为的关系.硕士学位论文,上海师范大学.
*康家慧.(2014).高职院校学生道德判断能力、内疚与亲社会行为的关系研究.硕士学位论文,河北师范大学.
冷冰冰,王香玲,高贺明,李富洪.(2015).内疚的认知和情绪活动及其脑区调控.心理科学进展,23(12),2064-2071.
*李娟.(2008).犯罪青少年的道德情绪及其与社会行为的关系.硕士学位论文,山东师范大学.
*李磊.(2012).外显、内隐利他行为及其预测源研究.硕士学位论文,西北师范大学.
*刘金梅.(2009).不同虚拟内疚类型下青少年亲社会行为选择研究.硕士学位论文,西北师范大学.
*刘谞.(2011).社会情绪和社会规范对独裁者博弈中公平行为的影响研究.硕士学位论文,浙江大学.
*吕丽.(2017).群体内疚与群体羞耻的差异研究.硕士学位论文,中国地质大学(北京).
*毛静思.(2012).中学生道德判断能力、内疚与亲社会行为的关系研究.硕士学位论文,四川师范大学.
乔建中,王蓓.(2003).霍夫曼虚拟内疚理论述评.心理学探新,23(3),25-28.
石伟,闫现洋,刘杰.(2011).对不公正历史事件的情绪反应--群体内疚.心理科学进展,19(2),224-232.
*孙铭鸿.(2015).初中生内疚情绪对其禁止性道德行为和指定性道德行为的影响.硕士学位论文,沈阳师范大学.
王洁,陈健芷,杨琳,高爽.(2013).感觉寻求与网络成瘾关系的元分析.心理科学进展,21(10),1720-1730.
王小凤,占友龙,燕良轼.(2016).中文版内疚和羞耻倾向量表的信效度检验.中国临床心理学杂志,24(5),865-868.
吴鹏,刘华山.(2014).道德推理与道德行为关系的元分析.心理学报,46(8),1192-1207.
张琨,方平,姜媛,于悦,欧阳恒磊.(2014).道德视野下的内疚.心理科学进展,22(10),1628-1636.
*张晓贤,桑标.(2012).儿童内疚情绪对其亲社会行为的影响.心理科学,35(2),314-320.
Barr,P.(2004).Guilt-and shame-proneness and the grief of perinatal bereavement.Psychology and Psychotherapy:Theory,Research and Practice,77(4),493-510.
Berndsen,M.,&Mcgarty,C.(2010).The impact of magnitude of harm and perceived difficulty of making reparations on group-based guilt and reparation towards victims of historical harm.European Journal of Social Psychology,40(3),500-513.
Bolino,M.C.,&Grant,A.M.(2016).The bright side of being prosocial at work,and the dark side,too:A review and agenda for research on other-oriented motives,behavior,and impact in organizations.The Academy of Management Annals,10(1),599-670.
Borenstein,M.,Hedges,L.,Higgins,J.,&Rothstein,H.R.(2009).Introduction to meta-analysis.West Sussex,UK:Wiley&Sons.
*Brown,R.,&Cehajic,S.(2008).Dealing with the past and facing the future:Mediators of the effects of collective guilt and shame in Bosnia and Herzegovina.European Journal of Social Psychology,38(4),669-684.
*?ehajic-Clan?y,S.,Effron,D.A.,Halperin,E.,Liberman,V.,&Ross,L.D.(2011).Affirmation,acknowledgment of in-group responsibility,group-based guilt,and support for reparative measures.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,101(2),256-270.
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