不同磷源对设施菜田土壤速效磷及其淋溶阈值的影响
|
摘要
土壤中磷的移动性不仅取决于磷的数量且与磷肥形态有关。了解不同磷源(有机肥和化肥)对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响对于指导科学施肥和面源污染防治至关重要。本文选取河北省饶阳县3种不同磷含量的农田土壤(未种植过蔬菜的土壤、种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤和种植蔬菜4年的日光温室土壤)为研究对象,采用室内培养试验和数学模型模拟方法研究有机无机磷源对设施菜田土壤磷素的影响,确定无机肥和有机肥源土壤磷素淋溶的环境阈值。结果表明添加有机肥和无机磷肥都会显著增加3种不同种植年限设施菜田土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)和氯化钙磷(CaCl_2-P)含量,但增加速度不同。对于未种植过蔬菜的低磷对照土壤,磷投入量高于50 mg·kg~(-1)(干土)后,无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量。对于已种植蔬菜30年的塑料大棚土壤,高磷投入时[300 mg·kg~(-1)(干土)和600 mg·kg~(-1)(干土)],无机肥比有机肥显著提高了土壤Olsen-P含量,低于此磷投入量时有机肥和无机肥处理之间没有显著差异。3种不同农田土壤CaCl_2-P的含量所有处理均表现出无机肥显著高于有机肥处理,尤其是在高磷量[>300 mg·kg~(-1)(干土)]投入时表现更加明显。两段式线性模拟结果表明,设施菜田土壤有机肥源磷素和无机肥源磷素淋溶阈值分别为87.8 mg·kg~(-1)和198.7 mg·kg~(-1)。随着土壤Olsen-P的增加,添加无机肥源磷对设施菜田土壤CaCl_2-P含量的增加速率是有机肥源磷的两倍。因此,建议在河北省高磷设施菜田应减少无机磷肥的投入,特别是土壤速效磷高于198.7mg·kg~(-1)的设施菜田应禁止使用化学磷肥和有机肥,在土壤速效磷低于198.7 mg·kg~(-1)的设施菜田应加大有机肥适度替代无机肥技术的推广。
It is significant to study soil phosphorus(P) leaching resulted from excessive inputs of manure or chemical fertilizer in greenhouse soils. Soil P movement not only depends on content but also on forms of P supplied by fertilizers. Therefore, research on soil P status influenced by manure and chemical fertilizers is important for scientific fertilization and preventing non-point source pollution. In this paper, laboratory soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate soil available P(Olsen-P) and calcium chloride extracts P(CaCl_2-P) contents influenced by manure and inorganic P sources at different rates [0, 50, 100, 150, 300, 600 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil)] in three soils with different planting years in Raoyang County, Hebei Province. The three soils included soil next to the greenhouse without planting vegetables(control), plastic greenhouse soil with 30 years of planting vegetables(plastic greenhouse soil) and solar greenhouse soil with 4 years of planting vegetables(solar greenhouse soil). The main purpose was to study the effects on available P content in greenhouse soils and determine the threshold of P leaching under manure and inorganic fertilizers application by mathematical stimulation. The results showed that both organic and inorganic P input increased soil Olsen-P and CaCl_2-P contents significantly in three soils.For the control soil with low Olsen-P content, inorganic fertilizer improved Olsen-P content more greatly compared to manure when the fertilizer rate was more than 50 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil). But for the plastic greenhouse soils, only under higher P input [300 and 600 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil)], inorganic fertilizer showed more significantly Olsen-P-increasing effect than manure. And there was no significant difference between inorganic and organic fertilizers at low P supply. In general, soil CaCl_2-P content was higher under inorganic fertilizer treatments than organic fertilizer treatments in three types of soil, especially under high P input rate [>300 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil)]. Two segment linear regression analyses results showed that the critical soil P leaching thresholds under organic and inorganic P addition in greenhouse soils were 87.8 mg·kg~(-1) and 198.7 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. With the increase of soil Olsen-P, the increment rate of soil CaCl_2-P with inorganic P addition was twice as much as that with organic P addition. Therefore, in the high P greenhouse soils in Hebei Province,the input of inorganic P fertilizer should be reduced. All P input from manure and inorganic fertilizers should be prohibited in greenhouses soil with Olsen-P content exceeding 198.7 mg·kg~(-1). In vegetable greenhouses with soil Olsen-P below 198.7 mg·kg~(-1), manure replacement of inorganic fertilizer should be intensified.
It is significant to study soil phosphorus(P) leaching resulted from excessive inputs of manure or chemical fertilizer in greenhouse soils. Soil P movement not only depends on content but also on forms of P supplied by fertilizers. Therefore, research on soil P status influenced by manure and chemical fertilizers is important for scientific fertilization and preventing non-point source pollution. In this paper, laboratory soil incubation experiment was conducted to investigate soil available P(Olsen-P) and calcium chloride extracts P(CaCl_2-P) contents influenced by manure and inorganic P sources at different rates [0, 50, 100, 150, 300, 600 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil)] in three soils with different planting years in Raoyang County, Hebei Province. The three soils included soil next to the greenhouse without planting vegetables(control), plastic greenhouse soil with 30 years of planting vegetables(plastic greenhouse soil) and solar greenhouse soil with 4 years of planting vegetables(solar greenhouse soil). The main purpose was to study the effects on available P content in greenhouse soils and determine the threshold of P leaching under manure and inorganic fertilizers application by mathematical stimulation. The results showed that both organic and inorganic P input increased soil Olsen-P and CaCl_2-P contents significantly in three soils.For the control soil with low Olsen-P content, inorganic fertilizer improved Olsen-P content more greatly compared to manure when the fertilizer rate was more than 50 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil). But for the plastic greenhouse soils, only under higher P input [300 and 600 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil)], inorganic fertilizer showed more significantly Olsen-P-increasing effect than manure. And there was no significant difference between inorganic and organic fertilizers at low P supply. In general, soil CaCl_2-P content was higher under inorganic fertilizer treatments than organic fertilizer treatments in three types of soil, especially under high P input rate [>300 mg(P)·kg~(-1)(dry soil)]. Two segment linear regression analyses results showed that the critical soil P leaching thresholds under organic and inorganic P addition in greenhouse soils were 87.8 mg·kg~(-1) and 198.7 mg·kg~(-1), respectively. With the increase of soil Olsen-P, the increment rate of soil CaCl_2-P with inorganic P addition was twice as much as that with organic P addition. Therefore, in the high P greenhouse soils in Hebei Province,the input of inorganic P fertilizer should be reduced. All P input from manure and inorganic fertilizers should be prohibited in greenhouses soil with Olsen-P content exceeding 198.7 mg·kg~(-1). In vegetable greenhouses with soil Olsen-P below 198.7 mg·kg~(-1), manure replacement of inorganic fertilizer should be intensified.
引文
[1]严正娟.施用粪肥对设施菜田土壤磷素形态与移动性的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015:9-12YAN Z J.Effects of manure application on the form and mobility of soil phosphorus in vegetable greenhouse[D].Beijing:China agricultural University,2015:9-12
[2]YAN Z J,LIU P P,LI Y H,et al.Phosphorus in China’s intensive vegetable production systems:Overfertilization,soil enrichment,and environmental implications[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(4):982-989
[3]HECKRATH G,BROOKES P C,POULTON P R,et al.Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the broadbalk experiment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24(5):904-910
[4]吕家珑,FORTUNE S,BROOKES P C.土壤磷淋溶状况及其Olsen磷“突变点”研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):142-146LYU J L,FORTUNE S,BROOKES P C.Research on phosphorus leaching from soil and its Olsen-P“Shreshold Volume”[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2003,22(2):142-146
[5]奚振邦,王寓群,杨佩珍.中国现代农业发展中的有机肥问题[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(12):1874-1878XI Z B,WANG Y Q,YANG P Z.The issue on organic manure in developing modern agriculture in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(12):1874-1878
[6]ELIAS-AZAR K,LAAG A E,PRATT P F.Bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus in fresh and composted dairy manures[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(2):435-437
[7]SHARPLEY A N,ISAK I.Differential availability of manure and inorganic sources of phosphorus in soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(5):1503-1508
[8]EGHBALL B,BINFORD G D,BALTENSPERGER D D.Phosphorus movement and adsorption in a soil receiving long-term manure and fertilizer application[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25(6):1339-1343
[9]JIAO Y,WHALEN J K,HENDERSHOT W H.Phosphate sorption and release in a sandy-loam soil as influenced by fertilizer sources[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2007,71(1):118-124
[10]SIDDIQUE M T,ROBINSON J S.Phosphorus sorption and availability in soils amended with animal manures and sewage sludge[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(3):1114-1121
[11]YAN Z J,CHEN S,LI J L,et al.Manure and nitrogen application enhances soil phosphorus mobility in calcareous soil in greenhouses[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:26-35
[12]PIZZEGHELLO D,BERTI A,NARDI S,et al.Phosphorus forms and P-sorption properties in three alkaline soils after long-term mineral and manure applications in north-eastern Italy[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2011,141(1/2):58-66
[13]PIZZEGHELLO D,BERTI A,NARDI S,et al.Phosphorus-related properties in the profiles of three Italian soils after long-term mineral and manure applications[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,189:216-228
[14]VANDEN NEST T,RUYSSCHAERT G,VANDECASTEELEB,et al.The long term use of farmyard manure and compost:Effects on P availability,orthophosphate sorption strength and P leaching[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,216:23-33
[15]QIN H L,QUAN Z,LIU X L,et al.Phosphorus status and risk of phosphate leaching loss from vegetable soils of different planting years in suburbs of Changsha,China[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2010,9(11):1641-1649
[16]BAI Z H,LI H G,YANG X Y,et al.The critical soil P levels for crop yield,soil fertility and environmental safety in different soil types[J].Plant and Soil,2013,372(1/2):27-37
[17]习斌,周萍,翟丽梅,等.土壤磷素吸持饱和度(DPS)评价土壤磷素流失风险研究[J].土壤通报,2014,45(6):1471-1476XI B,ZHOU P,ZHAI L M,et al.Study on potential evaluation index of soil P loss evaluated by degree of P sorption saturation(DPS)[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(6):1471-1476
[18]王新军,廖文华,刘建玲.菜地土壤磷素淋失及其影响因素[J].华北农学报,2006,21(4):67-70WANG X J,LIAO W H,LIU J L.Phosphorus leaching from vegetable fields and impact factors[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2006,21(4):67-70
[19]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000BAO S D.Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000
[20]SONG K,YONG X,ZHENG X Q,et al.Effects of the continuous use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in calcareous soil[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):1164
[21]LABOSKI C A M,LAMB J A.Changes in soil test phosphorus concentration after application of manure or fertilizer[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(2):544-554
[22]曹文超,张运龙,严正娟,等.种植年限对设施菜田土壤pH及养分积累的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2012,1(18):134-141CAO W C,ZHANG Y L,YAN Z J,et al.Effect of planting years on soil pH and nutrient accumulation in greenhouse vegetable fields[J].China Vegetables,2012,1(8):134-141
[23]OHNO T,CRANNELL B S.Green and animal manure-derived dissolved organic matter effects on phosphorus sorption[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25(5):1137-1143
[24]DELGADO A,MADRID A,KASSEM S,et al.Phosphorus fertilizer recovery from calcareous soils amended with humic and fulvic acids[J].Plant and Soil,2002,245(2):277-286
[25]JALALI M,RANJBAR F.Effect of addition of organic residues on phosphorus release kinetics in some calcareous soils of western Iran[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(6):1143-1150
[26]MEHRIZI M H,SARCHESHMEHPOUR M,EBRAHIMI Z.The effects of some humic substances and vermicompost on phosphorus transformation rate and forms in a calcareous soil[J].Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2015,15(1):249-260
[27]HESKETH N,Brookes P C.Development of an indicator for risk of phosphorus leaching[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(1):105-110
[28]WANG Y T,ZHANG T Q,O’HALLORAN P,et al.Soil tests as risk indicators for leaching of dissolved phosphorus from agricultural soils in Ontario[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(1):220-229
[29]LEHMANN J,LAN Z D,HYLAND C,et al.Long-term dynamics of phosphorus forms and retention in manure-amended soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(17):6672-6680
[30]项大力,杨学云,孙本华,等.灌溉水平对土磷素淋失的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):112-117XIANG D L,YANG X Y,SUN B H,et al.Impacts of irrigation regimes on phosphorus leaching in manural loessial soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(1):112-117
[2]YAN Z J,LIU P P,LI Y H,et al.Phosphorus in China’s intensive vegetable production systems:Overfertilization,soil enrichment,and environmental implications[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2013,42(4):982-989
[3]HECKRATH G,BROOKES P C,POULTON P R,et al.Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the broadbalk experiment[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1995,24(5):904-910
[4]吕家珑,FORTUNE S,BROOKES P C.土壤磷淋溶状况及其Olsen磷“突变点”研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):142-146LYU J L,FORTUNE S,BROOKES P C.Research on phosphorus leaching from soil and its Olsen-P“Shreshold Volume”[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2003,22(2):142-146
[5]奚振邦,王寓群,杨佩珍.中国现代农业发展中的有机肥问题[J].中国农业科学,2004,37(12):1874-1878XI Z B,WANG Y Q,YANG P Z.The issue on organic manure in developing modern agriculture in China[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(12):1874-1878
[6]ELIAS-AZAR K,LAAG A E,PRATT P F.Bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus in fresh and composted dairy manures[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(2):435-437
[7]SHARPLEY A N,ISAK I.Differential availability of manure and inorganic sources of phosphorus in soil[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1997,61(5):1503-1508
[8]EGHBALL B,BINFORD G D,BALTENSPERGER D D.Phosphorus movement and adsorption in a soil receiving long-term manure and fertilizer application[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25(6):1339-1343
[9]JIAO Y,WHALEN J K,HENDERSHOT W H.Phosphate sorption and release in a sandy-loam soil as influenced by fertilizer sources[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2007,71(1):118-124
[10]SIDDIQUE M T,ROBINSON J S.Phosphorus sorption and availability in soils amended with animal manures and sewage sludge[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2003,32(3):1114-1121
[11]YAN Z J,CHEN S,LI J L,et al.Manure and nitrogen application enhances soil phosphorus mobility in calcareous soil in greenhouses[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2016,181:26-35
[12]PIZZEGHELLO D,BERTI A,NARDI S,et al.Phosphorus forms and P-sorption properties in three alkaline soils after long-term mineral and manure applications in north-eastern Italy[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2011,141(1/2):58-66
[13]PIZZEGHELLO D,BERTI A,NARDI S,et al.Phosphorus-related properties in the profiles of three Italian soils after long-term mineral and manure applications[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2014,189:216-228
[14]VANDEN NEST T,RUYSSCHAERT G,VANDECASTEELEB,et al.The long term use of farmyard manure and compost:Effects on P availability,orthophosphate sorption strength and P leaching[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,216:23-33
[15]QIN H L,QUAN Z,LIU X L,et al.Phosphorus status and risk of phosphate leaching loss from vegetable soils of different planting years in suburbs of Changsha,China[J].Agricultural Sciences in China,2010,9(11):1641-1649
[16]BAI Z H,LI H G,YANG X Y,et al.The critical soil P levels for crop yield,soil fertility and environmental safety in different soil types[J].Plant and Soil,2013,372(1/2):27-37
[17]习斌,周萍,翟丽梅,等.土壤磷素吸持饱和度(DPS)评价土壤磷素流失风险研究[J].土壤通报,2014,45(6):1471-1476XI B,ZHOU P,ZHAI L M,et al.Study on potential evaluation index of soil P loss evaluated by degree of P sorption saturation(DPS)[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(6):1471-1476
[18]王新军,廖文华,刘建玲.菜地土壤磷素淋失及其影响因素[J].华北农学报,2006,21(4):67-70WANG X J,LIAO W H,LIU J L.Phosphorus leaching from vegetable fields and impact factors[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2006,21(4):67-70
[19]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000BAO S D.Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000
[20]SONG K,YONG X,ZHENG X Q,et al.Effects of the continuous use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on soil inorganic phosphorus fractions in calcareous soil[J].Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):1164
[21]LABOSKI C A M,LAMB J A.Changes in soil test phosphorus concentration after application of manure or fertilizer[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2003,67(2):544-554
[22]曹文超,张运龙,严正娟,等.种植年限对设施菜田土壤pH及养分积累的影响[J].中国蔬菜,2012,1(18):134-141CAO W C,ZHANG Y L,YAN Z J,et al.Effect of planting years on soil pH and nutrient accumulation in greenhouse vegetable fields[J].China Vegetables,2012,1(8):134-141
[23]OHNO T,CRANNELL B S.Green and animal manure-derived dissolved organic matter effects on phosphorus sorption[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1996,25(5):1137-1143
[24]DELGADO A,MADRID A,KASSEM S,et al.Phosphorus fertilizer recovery from calcareous soils amended with humic and fulvic acids[J].Plant and Soil,2002,245(2):277-286
[25]JALALI M,RANJBAR F.Effect of addition of organic residues on phosphorus release kinetics in some calcareous soils of western Iran[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(6):1143-1150
[26]MEHRIZI M H,SARCHESHMEHPOUR M,EBRAHIMI Z.The effects of some humic substances and vermicompost on phosphorus transformation rate and forms in a calcareous soil[J].Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2015,15(1):249-260
[27]HESKETH N,Brookes P C.Development of an indicator for risk of phosphorus leaching[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2000,29(1):105-110
[28]WANG Y T,ZHANG T Q,O’HALLORAN P,et al.Soil tests as risk indicators for leaching of dissolved phosphorus from agricultural soils in Ontario[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2012,76(1):220-229
[29]LEHMANN J,LAN Z D,HYLAND C,et al.Long-term dynamics of phosphorus forms and retention in manure-amended soils[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(17):6672-6680
[30]项大力,杨学云,孙本华,等.灌溉水平对土磷素淋失的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(1):112-117XIANG D L,YANG X Y,SUN B H,et al.Impacts of irrigation regimes on phosphorus leaching in manural loessial soil[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(1):112-117