中国钨矿成矿地质特征与资源潜力分析
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摘要
钨矿是中国传统优势矿种,前人在钨矿成矿理论方面积累了非常丰富的研究成果。然而,随着近年来在江西、云南和新疆等地取得的多项钨矿重大找矿突破,对原有的钨成矿带地质认识提出了挑战,急需进一步分析和总结其地质特征、成矿规律和资源潜力,为今后地质找矿工作提供理论指导。文中采用矿床模型综合地质信息预测方法,在各省区钨矿资源潜力预测成果的基础上,以MapGIS为平台,进行数据库汇总与综合分析研究。首先,基于全国1 538处钨矿产地数据的统计分析,初步总结了中国钨矿时空分布特征,以及岩浆岩、构造和地层等控矿因素。其次,根据钨矿床及预测区的空间分布和大地构造单元,划分了56个钨矿成矿区带。再次,将钨矿的预测类型划分为石英脉型、夕卡岩型、斑岩型、云英岩型、陆相火山岩型、沉积变质型、层控夕卡岩型和砂矿型,并建立了主要钨矿类型的预测模型。最后,在全国范围累计圈定的1 357个最小预测区,累计预测资源量(WO_3)2 973×10~4 t。根据钨矿区域成矿特征,将最小预测区归并为461个二级预测区,并进一步合并为118个钨矿三级预测区,其中,找矿潜力大的河南卢氏—栾川、新疆白干湖、湖南香花岭—瑶岗仙、甘肃野马滩—干巴河脑、江西坪背山—八仙脑和大湖塘等6个三级预测区可优先部署钨矿勘查工作。
Tungsten is one of traditional dominant mineral resources in China where a great deal of achievements have been made on tungsten metallogenic theories.However,the recent discovery of large tungsten deposits in Jiangxi,Yunnan and Xinjiang provinces poses new challenges to the traditional tungsten metallogenic theory,as it fails to explain the occurrences of these deposits.Therefore further studies on geological features,metallogenic pattern and resource potential of tungsten deposit are needed to provide theoretical guidance for future tungsten prospecting.Here,building on the tungsten resource potential prediction data from various provinces,we used mineral deposit model and comprehensive geological information prediction method to perform comprehensive database analyses with MapGIS platform.Based on the statistical analyses of 1538 tungsten mineral occurrences,the temporospatial distribution characteristics of tungsten deposits and ore-control factors such as magmatites,structures and strata were summarized.Fifty six tungsten metallogenic belts were delineated according to tectonic units and locations of tungsten deposits and prospective areas.Prediction types of tungsten deposit were classified into quartz vein,skarn,porphyry,greisen,volcanic,sediment-metamorphism,layered skarn and placer types,and prediction model for the main types was established.Finally,a total of 1357 minimum prospective areas were delineated nationwide,with a cumulative predicted WO_3 resources of 29.73 million tons.According to the regional metallogenic characteristics, minimum prospective areas were merged into 461 level-Ⅱprospective areas,and further combined into 118 level-Ⅲ prospective areas.Priority exploration targets were assigned to 6 level-Ⅲ prospective areas with better mineral potentials,including Lushi-Luanchuan area in Henan province,Baiganhu area in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,Xianghualing-Yaogangxian area in Hunan Province,Yematan-Ganbahenao area in Gansu Province,Pingbeishan-Baxiannao and Dahutang areas in Jiangxi Province.
Tungsten is one of traditional dominant mineral resources in China where a great deal of achievements have been made on tungsten metallogenic theories.However,the recent discovery of large tungsten deposits in Jiangxi,Yunnan and Xinjiang provinces poses new challenges to the traditional tungsten metallogenic theory,as it fails to explain the occurrences of these deposits.Therefore further studies on geological features,metallogenic pattern and resource potential of tungsten deposit are needed to provide theoretical guidance for future tungsten prospecting.Here,building on the tungsten resource potential prediction data from various provinces,we used mineral deposit model and comprehensive geological information prediction method to perform comprehensive database analyses with MapGIS platform.Based on the statistical analyses of 1538 tungsten mineral occurrences,the temporospatial distribution characteristics of tungsten deposits and ore-control factors such as magmatites,structures and strata were summarized.Fifty six tungsten metallogenic belts were delineated according to tectonic units and locations of tungsten deposits and prospective areas.Prediction types of tungsten deposit were classified into quartz vein,skarn,porphyry,greisen,volcanic,sediment-metamorphism,layered skarn and placer types,and prediction model for the main types was established.Finally,a total of 1357 minimum prospective areas were delineated nationwide,with a cumulative predicted WO_3 resources of 29.73 million tons.According to the regional metallogenic characteristics, minimum prospective areas were merged into 461 level-Ⅱprospective areas,and further combined into 118 level-Ⅲ prospective areas.Priority exploration targets were assigned to 6 level-Ⅲ prospective areas with better mineral potentials,including Lushi-Luanchuan area in Henan province,Baiganhu area in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region,Xianghualing-Yaogangxian area in Hunan Province,Yematan-Ganbahenao area in Gansu Province,Pingbeishan-Baxiannao and Dahutang areas in Jiangxi Province.
引文
[1]蔡改贫,吴叶彬,陈少平.世界钨矿资源浅析[J].世界有色金属,2009,4:62-65.
[2]MANNING D,HENDRESON P.The behaviour of tungsten in Granitic Melt-Vapour Systems[J].Contributions to Mineralogy&Petrology,1984,86(3):286-293.
[3]SCHAEFER B,FRISCHKNECHT R,GUENTHER D,et al.Determination of trace element partitioning between fluid and melt using LA-ICP-MS analysis of synthetic fluid inclusions in glass[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,1999,11(3):415-426.
[4]KEPPLER H,WYLLIE P J.Partitioning of Cu,Sn,Mo,W,U,and Th between melt and aqueous fluid in the systems haplogranite-H2O-HCl and haplogranite-H2O-HF[J].Contributions to Mineralogy&Petrology,1991,109(2):139-150.
[5]BAI T B,GROOS A.The Distribution of Na,K,Rb,Sr,Al,Ge,Cu,W,Mo,La,and Ce between granitic melts and coexisting aqueous fluids[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1999,63(7):1117-1131.
[6]管申进,张辉,唐勇,等.100 MPa、800℃下Mo和W在流体/花岗质熔体相间分配的实验研究[J].地球化学,2011,40(6):516-524.
[7]许永胜,张本仁,韩吟文.钨在水流体和硅酸盐熔体相间分配的实验研究[J].地球化学,1992,21(3):273-281.
[8]ZAJACZ Z,HALTER W E,PETTKE T,et al.Determination of fluid/melt partition coefficients by LA-ICP-MS analysis of coexistent fluid and silicate melt inclusions:controls on element portioning[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(8):2169-2197.
[9]刘英俊,马东升.钨的地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[10]林新多,张德会,章传玲.湖南宜章瑶岗仙黑钨矿石英脉成矿流体性质的探讨[J].地球科学,1986,11(2):153-160.
[11]张德会.石英脉型黑钨矿床成矿流体性质的进一步探讨[J].地球科学,1987,12(2):185-192.
[12]祝新友,王京彬,王艳丽,等.浆液过渡态流体在夕卡岩型钨矿成矿过程中的作用:以湖南柿竹园钨锡多金属矿为例[J].岩石学报,2015,31(3):891-905.
[13]蒋少涌,彭宁俊,黄兰椿,等.赣北大湖塘矿集区超大型钨矿地质特征及成因探讨[J].岩石学报,2015,31(3):639-655.
[14]杨振,王汝成,张文兰,等.桂北牛塘界加里东期花岗岩及其夕卡岩型钨矿成矿作用研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(7):1357-1373.
[15]韩丽,黄小龙,李洁,等.江西大湖塘钨矿花岗岩的磷灰石特征及其氧逸度变化指示[J].岩石学报,2016,32(3):746-758.
[16]丰成友,李国臣,李大新,等.新疆祁漫塔格柯可卡尔德钨锡矿床控矿构造及40 Ar-39 Ar年代学研究[J].矿床地质,2013,32(12):207-216.
[17]欧阳永棚,陈国华,饶建锋,等.景德镇朱溪铜钨多金属矿床地质特征及成矿机制[J].地质学刊,2014,38(3):359-364.
[18]CHEN G H,SHU L S,SHU L M,et al.Geological characteristics and mineralization setting of the Zhuxi tungsten(copper)polymetallic deposit in the Eastern Jiangnan Orogen[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2016,59(4):803-823.
[19]李光来,华仁民,韦星林,等.赣南樟东坑钨矿两类矿化中辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素定年及其地质意义[J].地球科学,2014,39(2):165-173.
[20]王登红,陈郑辉,黄国成,等.华南“南钨北扩”、“东钨西扩”及其找矿方向探讨[J].大地构造与成矿,2012,36(3):322-329.
[21]刘壮壮,夏庆霖,汪新庆,等.中国钨矿资源分布及成矿区带划分[J].矿床地质,2014,33(增刊):947-948.
[22]周建厚,丰成友,赵一鸣,等.中国主要古生代钨锡矿床时空分布、地质特征及找矿前景初探[J].中国钨业,2015,30(1):24-32.
[23]盛继福,陈郑辉,刘丽君,等.中国钨矿成矿规律概要[J].地质学报,2015,89(6):1038-1050.
[24]孙莉,肖克炎,邢树文,等.南岭钨锡稀土成矿带资源特征与潜力分析[J].地质学报,2016,90(7):1589-1597.
[25]李俊建,何玉良,付超,等.豫西Au-Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag-Fe-铝土矿-石墨成矿带主要地质成矿特征及潜力分析[J].地质学报,2016,90(7):1504-1524.
[26]刘一,骆学全,张雪辉,等.钦杭Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-W成矿带(东段)主要地质成矿特征及潜力分析[J].地质学报,2016,90(7):1551-1572.
[27]叶天竺,肖克炎,严光生.矿床模型综合地质信息预测技术研究[J].地学前缘,2007,14(5):11-19.
[28]陈毓川,王登红.重要矿产预测类型划分方案[M].北京:地质出版社,2010.
[2]MANNING D,HENDRESON P.The behaviour of tungsten in Granitic Melt-Vapour Systems[J].Contributions to Mineralogy&Petrology,1984,86(3):286-293.
[3]SCHAEFER B,FRISCHKNECHT R,GUENTHER D,et al.Determination of trace element partitioning between fluid and melt using LA-ICP-MS analysis of synthetic fluid inclusions in glass[J].European Journal of Mineralogy,1999,11(3):415-426.
[4]KEPPLER H,WYLLIE P J.Partitioning of Cu,Sn,Mo,W,U,and Th between melt and aqueous fluid in the systems haplogranite-H2O-HCl and haplogranite-H2O-HF[J].Contributions to Mineralogy&Petrology,1991,109(2):139-150.
[5]BAI T B,GROOS A.The Distribution of Na,K,Rb,Sr,Al,Ge,Cu,W,Mo,La,and Ce between granitic melts and coexisting aqueous fluids[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1999,63(7):1117-1131.
[6]管申进,张辉,唐勇,等.100 MPa、800℃下Mo和W在流体/花岗质熔体相间分配的实验研究[J].地球化学,2011,40(6):516-524.
[7]许永胜,张本仁,韩吟文.钨在水流体和硅酸盐熔体相间分配的实验研究[J].地球化学,1992,21(3):273-281.
[8]ZAJACZ Z,HALTER W E,PETTKE T,et al.Determination of fluid/melt partition coefficients by LA-ICP-MS analysis of coexistent fluid and silicate melt inclusions:controls on element portioning[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2008,72(8):2169-2197.
[9]刘英俊,马东升.钨的地球化学[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[10]林新多,张德会,章传玲.湖南宜章瑶岗仙黑钨矿石英脉成矿流体性质的探讨[J].地球科学,1986,11(2):153-160.
[11]张德会.石英脉型黑钨矿床成矿流体性质的进一步探讨[J].地球科学,1987,12(2):185-192.
[12]祝新友,王京彬,王艳丽,等.浆液过渡态流体在夕卡岩型钨矿成矿过程中的作用:以湖南柿竹园钨锡多金属矿为例[J].岩石学报,2015,31(3):891-905.
[13]蒋少涌,彭宁俊,黄兰椿,等.赣北大湖塘矿集区超大型钨矿地质特征及成因探讨[J].岩石学报,2015,31(3):639-655.
[14]杨振,王汝成,张文兰,等.桂北牛塘界加里东期花岗岩及其夕卡岩型钨矿成矿作用研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(7):1357-1373.
[15]韩丽,黄小龙,李洁,等.江西大湖塘钨矿花岗岩的磷灰石特征及其氧逸度变化指示[J].岩石学报,2016,32(3):746-758.
[16]丰成友,李国臣,李大新,等.新疆祁漫塔格柯可卡尔德钨锡矿床控矿构造及40 Ar-39 Ar年代学研究[J].矿床地质,2013,32(12):207-216.
[17]欧阳永棚,陈国华,饶建锋,等.景德镇朱溪铜钨多金属矿床地质特征及成矿机制[J].地质学刊,2014,38(3):359-364.
[18]CHEN G H,SHU L S,SHU L M,et al.Geological characteristics and mineralization setting of the Zhuxi tungsten(copper)polymetallic deposit in the Eastern Jiangnan Orogen[J].Science China:Earth Sciences,2016,59(4):803-823.
[19]李光来,华仁民,韦星林,等.赣南樟东坑钨矿两类矿化中辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素定年及其地质意义[J].地球科学,2014,39(2):165-173.
[20]王登红,陈郑辉,黄国成,等.华南“南钨北扩”、“东钨西扩”及其找矿方向探讨[J].大地构造与成矿,2012,36(3):322-329.
[21]刘壮壮,夏庆霖,汪新庆,等.中国钨矿资源分布及成矿区带划分[J].矿床地质,2014,33(增刊):947-948.
[22]周建厚,丰成友,赵一鸣,等.中国主要古生代钨锡矿床时空分布、地质特征及找矿前景初探[J].中国钨业,2015,30(1):24-32.
[23]盛继福,陈郑辉,刘丽君,等.中国钨矿成矿规律概要[J].地质学报,2015,89(6):1038-1050.
[24]孙莉,肖克炎,邢树文,等.南岭钨锡稀土成矿带资源特征与潜力分析[J].地质学报,2016,90(7):1589-1597.
[25]李俊建,何玉良,付超,等.豫西Au-Mo-W-Pb-Zn-Ag-Fe-铝土矿-石墨成矿带主要地质成矿特征及潜力分析[J].地质学报,2016,90(7):1504-1524.
[26]刘一,骆学全,张雪辉,等.钦杭Cu-Au-Pb-Zn-W成矿带(东段)主要地质成矿特征及潜力分析[J].地质学报,2016,90(7):1551-1572.
[27]叶天竺,肖克炎,严光生.矿床模型综合地质信息预测技术研究[J].地学前缘,2007,14(5):11-19.
[28]陈毓川,王登红.重要矿产预测类型划分方案[M].北京:地质出版社,2010.