不同氮钾配比对玉米茎秆形态力学特性及籽粒产量的影响
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摘要
为探明不同氮钾配比和玉米茎秆抗倒伏性能及产量特性的内在联系,在松嫩平原西部采用田间裂区设计(主区为施氮量,副区为施钾量),研究了不同氮钾水平(N:195、210、225、240 kg·hm~(-2); K_2O:70、85、100、115 kg·hm~(-2))配比对灌浆期玉米茎秆形态力学特征及籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:氮肥单因素对株高、钾肥单因素对重心高度的影响明显,而氮钾肥互作对于株高、穗位高和重心高度均未达显著水平;氮、钾肥单因素及其互作对节间长度、茎粗、截面面积、节间充实度、抗折力、穿刺强度、断面模数、秆型指数、弯曲力矩、抗断弯距、弯曲应力均表现出显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的影响,在不同组合处理中,以210 kg N·hm~(-2)+85 kg K_2O·hm~(-2)处理的抗倒伏指数最大,其次为225 kg N·hm~(-2)+100kg K_2O·hm~(-2)和210 kg N·hm~(-2)+100 kg K_2O·hm~(-2)处理,显著高于其他处理组合31.59%～80.86%,同时氮、钾肥对玉米抗倒伏指数的互作效应显著(FN×K=19.577**);综合玉米茎秆形态力学特性与产量水平,松嫩平原西部玉米丰产抗倒伏的氮钾肥优化配施方案为:施210～225 kg N·hm~(-2)+85～100 kg K_2O·hm~(-2),氮钾配比为1.75～1.88∶0.71～0.83。本研究结果可为松嫩平原玉米密植丰产提质增抗的养分高效运筹模式提供科学依据和技术途径。
To clarify the effects of the application ratio of nitrogen/potassium fertilizers on lodging resistance of maize stem and grain yield,a field experiment with split plot design was carried out in western Songnen Plain. The application level of nitrogen fertilizer was used as main factor,while that of potassium fertilizer was used as subsidiary factor. We measured the morphological and mechanical characteristics of maize stem at grain filling stage and grain yield under different combinations of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers( N: 195,210,225,240 kg · hm~(-2); K_2 O:70,85,100,115 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that plant height was significantly affected by nitrogen application and the height of gravity center was significantly affected by the potassium fertilization. There were no significant interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on plant height,ear height and height of gravity center. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization and their interactions had significant effects on internode length,stem diameter,area of cross section,internode plumpness,breaking resistance,puncture strength,section modulus,stem type index,bending moment,breaking moment,and bending stress. Among all the treatments,the lodging resistance index was the highest under 210 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 85 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2) treatment,followed by 225 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 100 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2) treatment,and 210 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 100 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2) treatment,which were 31. 59%-80. 86% higher than that of other treatments. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization had significant interactive effect on lodging resistance of maize( FN×K=19.577**). According to the morphological and mechanical characteristics of maize stem and grain yield levels,the optimum nitrogen and potassium application scheme for maize lodging resistance was 210-225 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 85-100 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2),with a nitrogen/potassium ratio of 1.75-1.88 : 0.71-0.83. Our results provide scientific basis and technical approach for the nutrient efficiency management of high yield,good quality and multi-resistance maize population under close planting cultivation in Songnen Plain.
To clarify the effects of the application ratio of nitrogen/potassium fertilizers on lodging resistance of maize stem and grain yield,a field experiment with split plot design was carried out in western Songnen Plain. The application level of nitrogen fertilizer was used as main factor,while that of potassium fertilizer was used as subsidiary factor. We measured the morphological and mechanical characteristics of maize stem at grain filling stage and grain yield under different combinations of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers( N: 195,210,225,240 kg · hm~(-2); K_2 O:70,85,100,115 kg·hm~(-2)). The results showed that plant height was significantly affected by nitrogen application and the height of gravity center was significantly affected by the potassium fertilization. There were no significant interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on plant height,ear height and height of gravity center. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization and their interactions had significant effects on internode length,stem diameter,area of cross section,internode plumpness,breaking resistance,puncture strength,section modulus,stem type index,bending moment,breaking moment,and bending stress. Among all the treatments,the lodging resistance index was the highest under 210 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 85 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2) treatment,followed by 225 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 100 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2) treatment,and 210 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 100 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2) treatment,which were 31. 59%-80. 86% higher than that of other treatments. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization had significant interactive effect on lodging resistance of maize( FN×K=19.577**). According to the morphological and mechanical characteristics of maize stem and grain yield levels,the optimum nitrogen and potassium application scheme for maize lodging resistance was 210-225 kg N·hm~(-2)+ 85-100 kg K_2 O·hm~(-2),with a nitrogen/potassium ratio of 1.75-1.88 : 0.71-0.83. Our results provide scientific basis and technical approach for the nutrient efficiency management of high yield,good quality and multi-resistance maize population under close planting cultivation in Songnen Plain.
引文
边大红,刘梦星,牛海峰,等.2017.施氮时期对黄淮海平原夏玉米茎秆发育及倒伏的影响.中国农业科学,50(12):2294-2304.
曹庆军,曹铁华,杨粉团,等.2013.灌浆期风灾倒伏对玉米籽粒灌浆特性及品质的影响.中国生态农业学报,21(9):1107-1113.
陈国平,高聚林,赵明,等.2012.近年我国玉米超高产田的分布、产量构成及关键技术.作物学报,38(1):80-85.
程富丽,杜雄,刘梦星,等.2011.玉米倒伏及其对产量的影响.玉米科学,19(1):105-108.
房贤涛,何花榕,谢祖钦,等.2016.不同施氮量对杂交稻茎秆性状及抗倒伏性的影响.福建农业学报,31(10):1034-1038.
高建强.2014.不同氮、钾水平对花生农艺性状及产量的影响.山东农业科学,46(8):84-86.
勾玲,黄建军,张宾,等.2007.群体密度对玉米茎秆抗倒力学和农艺性状的影响.作物学报,33(10):1688-1695.
谷利敏,乔江方,张美微,等.2017.种植密度对不同耐密夏玉米品种茎秆性状与抗倒伏能力的影响.玉米科学,25(5):91-97.
金继运,何萍,刘海龙,等.2004.氮肥用量对高淀粉玉米和普通玉米吸氮特性及产量和品质的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,10(6):568-573.
景立权,赵福成,徐仁超,等.2014.施氮水平对超高产夏玉米籽粒及植株形态学特征的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,20(1):37-47.
李波,张吉旺,崔海岩,等.2012.施钾量对高产夏玉米抗倒伏能力的影响.作物学报,38(11):2093-2099.
李国辉,钟旭华,田卡,等.2013.施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其形态和力学机理.中国农业科学,46(7):1323-1334.
李少昆,赵久然,董树亭,等.2017.中国玉米栽培研究进展与展望.中国农业科学,50(11):1941-1959.
李树岩,马玮,彭记永,等.2015a.大喇叭口及灌浆期倒伏对夏玉米产量损失的研究.中国农业科学,48(19):3952-3964.
李树岩,王宇翔,胡程达,等.2015b.抽雄期前后大风倒伏对夏玉米生长及产量的影响.应用生态学报,26(8):2405-2413.
刘红江,郭智,郑建初,等.2017.太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响.生态学杂志,36(3):713-718.
刘举.2015.高产夏玉米施钾抗倒增产效应及其机理研究(硕士学位论文).郑州:河南农业大学.
明博,谢瑞芝,侯鹏,等.2017.2005-2016年中国玉米种植密度变化分析.中国农业科学,50(11):1960-1972.
石扬娟,黄艳玲,申广勒,等.2008.氮肥用量和栽插密度对水稻茎秆力学特性的影响研究.中国农学通报,24(7):101-106.
苏东行,彭显龙,罗盛国,等.2012.氮肥管理对寒地水稻倒伏性能的影响.黑龙江农业科学,(9):39-42.
孙加威,李娜,王春雨,等.2017.栽插方式和施钾量对杂交籼稻抗倒伏能力的影响.核农学报,31(12):2408-2417.
孙仕军,樊玉苗,许志浩,等.2014.东北雨养区地膜覆盖条件下种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和产量的影响.生态学杂志,33(10):2650-2655.
孙永健,陈宇,孙园园,等.2012.不同施氮量和栽插密度下三角形强化栽培杂交稻抗倒伏性与群体质量的关系.中国水稻科学,26(2):189-196.
王建涛.2012.氮钾对寒地水稻抗倒伏性能的影响(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:东北农业大学.
王朦,曹国军,耿玉辉,等.2015.吉林省东部氮钾互作对玉米氮素吸收积累的影响.江苏农业科学,43(1):70-73.
王强盛.2009.水稻钾素营养的积累特征及生理效应(硕士学位论文).南京:南京农业大学.
王庆祥,姜艳超,吕桂兰.2006.氮、钾肥对甜玉米产量与品质的影响.玉米科学,14(3):145-146.
吴晓然,张巫军,伍龙梅,等.2015.超级杂交籼稻抗倒能力比较及其对氮素的响应.中国农业科学,48(14):2705-2717.
徐磊,王大伟,时荣盛,等.2009.小麦基部节间茎秆密度与抗倒性关系的研究.麦类作物学报,29(4):673-679.
薛军,李璐璐,谢瑞芝,等.2018.倒伏对玉米机械粒收田间损失和收获效率的影响.作物学报,44(12):1774-1781.
杨可攀,顾万荣,李丽杰,等.2017.DCPTA和ETH复配剂对玉米茎秆力学特性及籽粒产量的影响.核农学报,31(4):809-820.
杨世民,谢力,郑顺林,等.2009.氮肥水平和栽插密度对杂交稻茎秆理化特性与抗倒伏性的影响.作物学报,35(1):93-103.
姚培清,王意琼,彭正萍,等.2016.钾肥用量对夏玉米干物质和钾素积累、分配及抗倒性的影响.中国土壤与肥料,(4):113-117.
张明聪,刘元英,罗盛国,等.2010.养分综合管理对寒地水稻抗倒伏性能的影响.中国农业科学,43(21):4536-4542.
张倩,张明才,刘明,等.2014.氮肥-生长调节剂对寒地春玉米植株形态及产量的互作效应研究.中国农业大学学报,19(5):29-37.
张艳君,安景文,何志刚,等.2016.不同氮钾配施对辽西复种玉米产量和经济效益的影响.辽宁农业科学,(2):27-29.
张智猛,戴良香,胡昌浩,等.2005.玉米灌浆期水分差异供应对籽粒淀粉积累及其酶活性的影响.植物生态学报,29(4):636-643.
中华人民共和国国家统计局.2018.中国统计年鉴-2018.北京:中国统计出版社.
Amaducci S,Colauzzi M,Battini F,et al.2016.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the production of biogas from maize and sorghum in a water limited environment.European Journal of Agronomy,76:54-65.
Ookawa T,Ishihara K.1992.Varietal difference of physical characteristics of the culm related to lodging resistance in paddy rice.Japanese Journal of Crop Science,61:419-425.
Sun Q,Liu XG,Yang J,et al.2018.MicroRNA528 affects lodging resistance of maize by regulating lignin biosynthesis under nitrogen-luxury conditions.Molecular Plant,11:806-814.
Testa G,Reyneri A,Blandino M.2016.Maize grain yield enhancement through high plant density cultivation with different inter-row and intra-row spacings.European Journal of Agronomy,72:28-37.
曹庆军,曹铁华,杨粉团,等.2013.灌浆期风灾倒伏对玉米籽粒灌浆特性及品质的影响.中国生态农业学报,21(9):1107-1113.
陈国平,高聚林,赵明,等.2012.近年我国玉米超高产田的分布、产量构成及关键技术.作物学报,38(1):80-85.
程富丽,杜雄,刘梦星,等.2011.玉米倒伏及其对产量的影响.玉米科学,19(1):105-108.
房贤涛,何花榕,谢祖钦,等.2016.不同施氮量对杂交稻茎秆性状及抗倒伏性的影响.福建农业学报,31(10):1034-1038.
高建强.2014.不同氮、钾水平对花生农艺性状及产量的影响.山东农业科学,46(8):84-86.
勾玲,黄建军,张宾,等.2007.群体密度对玉米茎秆抗倒力学和农艺性状的影响.作物学报,33(10):1688-1695.
谷利敏,乔江方,张美微,等.2017.种植密度对不同耐密夏玉米品种茎秆性状与抗倒伏能力的影响.玉米科学,25(5):91-97.
金继运,何萍,刘海龙,等.2004.氮肥用量对高淀粉玉米和普通玉米吸氮特性及产量和品质的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,10(6):568-573.
景立权,赵福成,徐仁超,等.2014.施氮水平对超高产夏玉米籽粒及植株形态学特征的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,20(1):37-47.
李波,张吉旺,崔海岩,等.2012.施钾量对高产夏玉米抗倒伏能力的影响.作物学报,38(11):2093-2099.
李国辉,钟旭华,田卡,等.2013.施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其形态和力学机理.中国农业科学,46(7):1323-1334.
李少昆,赵久然,董树亭,等.2017.中国玉米栽培研究进展与展望.中国农业科学,50(11):1941-1959.
李树岩,马玮,彭记永,等.2015a.大喇叭口及灌浆期倒伏对夏玉米产量损失的研究.中国农业科学,48(19):3952-3964.
李树岩,王宇翔,胡程达,等.2015b.抽雄期前后大风倒伏对夏玉米生长及产量的影响.应用生态学报,26(8):2405-2413.
刘红江,郭智,郑建初,等.2017.太湖地区氮肥减量对水稻产量和氮素流失的影响.生态学杂志,36(3):713-718.
刘举.2015.高产夏玉米施钾抗倒增产效应及其机理研究(硕士学位论文).郑州:河南农业大学.
明博,谢瑞芝,侯鹏,等.2017.2005-2016年中国玉米种植密度变化分析.中国农业科学,50(11):1960-1972.
石扬娟,黄艳玲,申广勒,等.2008.氮肥用量和栽插密度对水稻茎秆力学特性的影响研究.中国农学通报,24(7):101-106.
苏东行,彭显龙,罗盛国,等.2012.氮肥管理对寒地水稻倒伏性能的影响.黑龙江农业科学,(9):39-42.
孙加威,李娜,王春雨,等.2017.栽插方式和施钾量对杂交籼稻抗倒伏能力的影响.核农学报,31(12):2408-2417.
孙仕军,樊玉苗,许志浩,等.2014.东北雨养区地膜覆盖条件下种植密度对玉米田间土壤水分和产量的影响.生态学杂志,33(10):2650-2655.
孙永健,陈宇,孙园园,等.2012.不同施氮量和栽插密度下三角形强化栽培杂交稻抗倒伏性与群体质量的关系.中国水稻科学,26(2):189-196.
王建涛.2012.氮钾对寒地水稻抗倒伏性能的影响(硕士学位论文).哈尔滨:东北农业大学.
王朦,曹国军,耿玉辉,等.2015.吉林省东部氮钾互作对玉米氮素吸收积累的影响.江苏农业科学,43(1):70-73.
王强盛.2009.水稻钾素营养的积累特征及生理效应(硕士学位论文).南京:南京农业大学.
王庆祥,姜艳超,吕桂兰.2006.氮、钾肥对甜玉米产量与品质的影响.玉米科学,14(3):145-146.
吴晓然,张巫军,伍龙梅,等.2015.超级杂交籼稻抗倒能力比较及其对氮素的响应.中国农业科学,48(14):2705-2717.
徐磊,王大伟,时荣盛,等.2009.小麦基部节间茎秆密度与抗倒性关系的研究.麦类作物学报,29(4):673-679.
薛军,李璐璐,谢瑞芝,等.2018.倒伏对玉米机械粒收田间损失和收获效率的影响.作物学报,44(12):1774-1781.
杨可攀,顾万荣,李丽杰,等.2017.DCPTA和ETH复配剂对玉米茎秆力学特性及籽粒产量的影响.核农学报,31(4):809-820.
杨世民,谢力,郑顺林,等.2009.氮肥水平和栽插密度对杂交稻茎秆理化特性与抗倒伏性的影响.作物学报,35(1):93-103.
姚培清,王意琼,彭正萍,等.2016.钾肥用量对夏玉米干物质和钾素积累、分配及抗倒性的影响.中国土壤与肥料,(4):113-117.
张明聪,刘元英,罗盛国,等.2010.养分综合管理对寒地水稻抗倒伏性能的影响.中国农业科学,43(21):4536-4542.
张倩,张明才,刘明,等.2014.氮肥-生长调节剂对寒地春玉米植株形态及产量的互作效应研究.中国农业大学学报,19(5):29-37.
张艳君,安景文,何志刚,等.2016.不同氮钾配施对辽西复种玉米产量和经济效益的影响.辽宁农业科学,(2):27-29.
张智猛,戴良香,胡昌浩,等.2005.玉米灌浆期水分差异供应对籽粒淀粉积累及其酶活性的影响.植物生态学报,29(4):636-643.
中华人民共和国国家统计局.2018.中国统计年鉴-2018.北京:中国统计出版社.
Amaducci S,Colauzzi M,Battini F,et al.2016.Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the production of biogas from maize and sorghum in a water limited environment.European Journal of Agronomy,76:54-65.
Ookawa T,Ishihara K.1992.Varietal difference of physical characteristics of the culm related to lodging resistance in paddy rice.Japanese Journal of Crop Science,61:419-425.
Sun Q,Liu XG,Yang J,et al.2018.MicroRNA528 affects lodging resistance of maize by regulating lignin biosynthesis under nitrogen-luxury conditions.Molecular Plant,11:806-814.
Testa G,Reyneri A,Blandino M.2016.Maize grain yield enhancement through high plant density cultivation with different inter-row and intra-row spacings.European Journal of Agronomy,72:28-37.
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