太湖平原区河网结构变化对调蓄能力的影响
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摘要
城镇化快速发展导致河网水系萎缩,连通性受阻,河网调蓄能力降低,加大了区域洪灾风险和洪涝损失。基于1960s、1980s、2010s的1:5万地形图水系及三个控制站的水位数据,选取河网密度(Rd)、水面率(WP)、盒维数(D)、水位Hurst指数(H),分析了近50年来太湖流域武澄锡虞地区的水系演变与河网调蓄能力变化;并借助代表性单元流域概念,以水位Hurst指数来表征河网调蓄能力,从河网调蓄的物理机理出发,探讨了河网调蓄与河网结构参数的关系。结果表明:1受快速城镇化影响,1960s-2010s武澄锡虞地区河网密度、水面率及盒维数分别下降了18.87%、24.59%、7.60%,且1980s至2010s各水系指标的衰减率均高于1960s-1980s;2 1960-2010年,研究区年均及汛期的水位Hurst指数呈下降趋势,其所反映的河网调蓄能力与该地区河网水系各指标变化同步,这表明城镇化引起的河流水系衰减导致河网调蓄能力发生明显下降,非汛期水位Hurst指数先增加后降低,表现出一定的不确定性;3基于REW概念与水位Hurst指数值,初步构建了河网结构参数与调蓄能力的关系式,并对关系式进行了验证,基本可行,可在一定程度上揭示城镇化下水系变化对河网调蓄能力的影响,从而为评价平原水网区河网调蓄能力提供了一种相对简便的方法。
River network system was heavily damaged during the rapid urbanization in the Taihu Lake Basin in recent decades. A large number of rivers were buried and disappearing,which changed the hydrological process of the basin. Regulation capacity of river networks is an important factor for flood disaster mitigation. Based on river networks data derived from the topographic map in the 1960 s, 1980 s and 2010 s at a scale of 1:500000 and water level data of three hydrological stations from 1960 to 2010, we selected a list of indices, such as drainage density(Rd), water surface ratio(Wp), box dimension(D) and Hurst index(H) to analyze the changes of river networks and its regulation capacity in Wuchengxiyu region during the past 50 years. What's more, the relationship was established between the regulation capacity of river networks and the indices of stream structure using the Hurst index and the principles of Representative Elementary Watershed(REW) Model. Results showed that:(1) the Rd, Wp, and D decreased by 18.87%, 24.59% and 7.60% in the past 50 years respectively due to the process of urbanization, and the reduction of three stream structure indices from the 1980 s to 2010 s was higher than that during the 1960 s to 1980 s.(2) The Hurst index of water level was used to describe the regulation capacity of river networks and was calculated through the R/S analysis of the time series. Decreasing trends of the Hurst index were detected during annual and wet season, which indicated that the regulation capacity of river networks was gradually reduced due to urbanization.(3) The relationship between the indices of river networks and its regulation capacity was established through the concept of REW and Hurst index. The calibration and validation was carried out for this relationship with relevant data. This work will provide a simple and practical method to assess regulation capacity of river networks.
River network system was heavily damaged during the rapid urbanization in the Taihu Lake Basin in recent decades. A large number of rivers were buried and disappearing,which changed the hydrological process of the basin. Regulation capacity of river networks is an important factor for flood disaster mitigation. Based on river networks data derived from the topographic map in the 1960 s, 1980 s and 2010 s at a scale of 1:500000 and water level data of three hydrological stations from 1960 to 2010, we selected a list of indices, such as drainage density(Rd), water surface ratio(Wp), box dimension(D) and Hurst index(H) to analyze the changes of river networks and its regulation capacity in Wuchengxiyu region during the past 50 years. What's more, the relationship was established between the regulation capacity of river networks and the indices of stream structure using the Hurst index and the principles of Representative Elementary Watershed(REW) Model. Results showed that:(1) the Rd, Wp, and D decreased by 18.87%, 24.59% and 7.60% in the past 50 years respectively due to the process of urbanization, and the reduction of three stream structure indices from the 1980 s to 2010 s was higher than that during the 1960 s to 1980 s.(2) The Hurst index of water level was used to describe the regulation capacity of river networks and was calculated through the R/S analysis of the time series. Decreasing trends of the Hurst index were detected during annual and wet season, which indicated that the regulation capacity of river networks was gradually reduced due to urbanization.(3) The relationship between the indices of river networks and its regulation capacity was established through the concept of REW and Hurst index. The calibration and validation was carried out for this relationship with relevant data. This work will provide a simple and practical method to assess regulation capacity of river networks.
引文
[1]Yang Kai.Stream structure characteristics and its urbanization response in dense river network plain[D]:A case study of Shanghai.Shanghai:East China Normal University,2006.[杨凯.平原河网地区水系结构特征及城市化响应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2006.]
[2]Xu Y,Xu J,Ding J,et al.Impacts of urbanization on hydrology in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Water Science and Technology,2010,62(6):1211-1229.
[3]Elmore A J,Kaushal S S.Disappearing headwaters:Patterns of stream burial due to urbanization.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2008,6(6):308-312.
[4]Jason P J,Nicholas A W,Kirsten M B,et al.Long-term impacts of land cover changes on stream channel loss.Science of the Total Environment,2015,537:399-410.
[5]Zhang S,Guo Y,Wang Z.Correlation between flood frequency and geomorphologic complexity of rivers network:A case study of Hangzhou China.Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:113-118.
[6]Xu Guanglai,Xu Youpeng,Wang Liuyan.Temporal and spatial changes of river systems in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou plain during 1960s-2000s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(7):966-974.[徐光来,许有鹏,王柳艳.近50年杭—嘉—湖平原水系时空变化.地理学报,2013,68(7):966-974.]
[7]Yang Kai,Yuan Wen,Zhao Jun,et al.Stream structure characteristics and its urbanization responses to tidal river system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(4):557-564.[杨凯,袁雯,赵军,等.感潮河网地区水系结构特征及城市化响应.地理学报,2004,59(4):557-564.]
[8]Zhou Hongjian,Shi Peijun,Wang Jing'ai,et al.River network change and its ecological effects in Shenzhen region in recent 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(9):969-980.[周洪建,史培军,王静爱,等.近30年来深圳河网变化及其生态效应分析.地理学报,2008,63(9):969-980.]
[9]Wang Kelin,Zhang Chunhua,Yi Aijun.Formation mechanism of flooding and waterlogging disasters in region of Dongting Lake and their ecological reducing strategies and watershed management.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):561-568.[王克林,章春华,易爱军.洞庭湖区洪涝灾害形成机理与生态减灾和流域管理对策.应用生态学报,1998,9(6):561-568.]
[10]Cui B,Wang C,Tao W,et al.River channel network design for drought and flood control:A case study of Xiaoqinghe River basin,Jinan city,China.Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(11):3675-3686.
[11]Wang Liuyan,Xu Youpeng,Yu Mingjing.Analysis of the urbanization effect on the Taihu plain river network:A case study of Wuchengxiyu region of Taihu basin.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(2):151-156.[王柳艳,许有鹏,余铭婧.城镇化对太湖平原河网的影响:以太湖流域武澄锡虞区为例.长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(2):151-156.]
[12]Cheng Jiang,Yai Kai,Zhao Jun,et al.Variation of river system in center district of Shanghai and its impact factors during the last one hundred years.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(1):85-91.[程江,杨凯,赵军,等.上海中心城区河流水系百年变化及影响因素分析.地理科学,2007,27(1):85-91.]
[13]Yuan Wen,Yang Kai,Tang Min,et al.Stream structure characteristics and their impact on storage and flood control capacity in the urbanized plain river network.Geographical Research,2005,24(5):717-724.[袁雯,杨凯,唐敏,等.平原河网地区河流结构特征及其对调蓄能力的影响.地理研究,2005,24(5):717-723.]
[14]Zhang G P,Savenije H H.Rainfall-runoff modeling in a catchment with a complex groundwater flow system:Application of the Representative Elementary Watershed(REW)approach.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2005,9(3):243-261.
[15]Han Longfei,Xu Youpeng,Yang Liu,et al.Temporal and spatial change of stream structure in Yangtze River Delta and its driving forces during 1960s-2010s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):819-827.[韩龙飞,许有鹏,杨柳,等.近50年长三角地区水系时空变化及其驱动机制.地理学报,2015,70(5):819-827.]
[16]Cai Juan.Study on the impact of urbanization on stream structure and regulation capacity in the center of Tai Lake Basin[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2012.[蔡娟.太湖流域腹部城市化对水系结构变化及其调蓄能力的影响研究:以武澄锡虞区为例[D].南京:南京大学,2012.]
[17]Tian Fuqiang,Hu Heping,Lei Zhidong.Hydrological model of watershed thermodynamic system:Constitutive relationship.Science China(E),2008,38(5):671-686.[田富强,胡和平,雷志栋.流域热力学系统水文模型:本构关系.中国科学(E),2008,38(5):671-686.]
[18]Reggiani P,Sivapalan M,Hassanizadeh S M.A unifying framework for watershed thermodynamics:Balance equations for mass,momentum,energy and entropy,and the second law of thermodynamics.Advances in Water Resources,1998,22(4):367-398.
[19]Feder J.Fractals.New York:Plenum Press,1988:149-162.
[20]Ma Zongwei,Xu Youpeng,Zhong Shanjin.Influence of river network fractal characteristic on runoff.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(2):163-169.[马宗伟,许有鹏,钟善锦.水系分形特征对流域径流特性的影响:以赣江中上游流域为例.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):163-169.]
[21]Xu Guanglai,Xu Youpeng,Luo Xian,et al.Changes of water level induced by human activities at changes at Hang-JiaHu plain in recent 50 years.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(10):1262-1268.[徐光来,许有鹏,罗贤,等.近50年人类活动引起的杭嘉湖平原区水位变化.地理科学,2012,32(10):1262-1268.]
[22]Wang Lachun,Xu Youpeng,Zhou Yinkang,et al.Analysis of the storage capacity of river network in Taihu watershed.Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),1999,35(6):712-718.[王腊春,许有鹏,周寅康,等.太湖水网地区河网调蓄能力分析.南京大学学报(自然科学),1999,35(6):712-718.]
[23]Wang Tongsheng.Flood Control and Water Management in Taihu Lake Basin.Beijing:China Water and Power Press,2006:57-69.[王同生.太湖流域防洪与水资源管理.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006:57-69.]
[24]Yang Shilun,Chen Jiyu.Factors controlling flood in the Taihu Lake drainage area.Scientia Geographica Sinica,1995,15(4):307-313.[杨世伦,陈吉余.太湖流域洪涝灾害的形成和演变.地理科学,1995,15(4):307-313.]
[25]Gao Junfeng.Flood response to land use change in Taihu Lake Basin.Journal of Natural Resources,2002,17(2):150-156.[高俊峰.太湖流域土地利用变化及洪涝灾害响应.自然资源学报,2002,17(2):150-156.]
[26]Yin Yixing.Changes of river network and hydrologic process in the Taihu Lake Basin under the background of urbanization[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2010.[尹义星.太湖流域城镇化背景下河网水系与水文过程变化研究[D].南京:南京大学,2010.]
[2]Xu Y,Xu J,Ding J,et al.Impacts of urbanization on hydrology in the Yangtze River Delta,China.Water Science and Technology,2010,62(6):1211-1229.
[3]Elmore A J,Kaushal S S.Disappearing headwaters:Patterns of stream burial due to urbanization.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2008,6(6):308-312.
[4]Jason P J,Nicholas A W,Kirsten M B,et al.Long-term impacts of land cover changes on stream channel loss.Science of the Total Environment,2015,537:399-410.
[5]Zhang S,Guo Y,Wang Z.Correlation between flood frequency and geomorphologic complexity of rivers network:A case study of Hangzhou China.Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:113-118.
[6]Xu Guanglai,Xu Youpeng,Wang Liuyan.Temporal and spatial changes of river systems in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou plain during 1960s-2000s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(7):966-974.[徐光来,许有鹏,王柳艳.近50年杭—嘉—湖平原水系时空变化.地理学报,2013,68(7):966-974.]
[7]Yang Kai,Yuan Wen,Zhao Jun,et al.Stream structure characteristics and its urbanization responses to tidal river system.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(4):557-564.[杨凯,袁雯,赵军,等.感潮河网地区水系结构特征及城市化响应.地理学报,2004,59(4):557-564.]
[8]Zhou Hongjian,Shi Peijun,Wang Jing'ai,et al.River network change and its ecological effects in Shenzhen region in recent 30 years.Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(9):969-980.[周洪建,史培军,王静爱,等.近30年来深圳河网变化及其生态效应分析.地理学报,2008,63(9):969-980.]
[9]Wang Kelin,Zhang Chunhua,Yi Aijun.Formation mechanism of flooding and waterlogging disasters in region of Dongting Lake and their ecological reducing strategies and watershed management.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):561-568.[王克林,章春华,易爱军.洞庭湖区洪涝灾害形成机理与生态减灾和流域管理对策.应用生态学报,1998,9(6):561-568.]
[10]Cui B,Wang C,Tao W,et al.River channel network design for drought and flood control:A case study of Xiaoqinghe River basin,Jinan city,China.Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(11):3675-3686.
[11]Wang Liuyan,Xu Youpeng,Yu Mingjing.Analysis of the urbanization effect on the Taihu plain river network:A case study of Wuchengxiyu region of Taihu basin.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2012,21(2):151-156.[王柳艳,许有鹏,余铭婧.城镇化对太湖平原河网的影响:以太湖流域武澄锡虞区为例.长江流域资源与环境,2012,21(2):151-156.]
[12]Cheng Jiang,Yai Kai,Zhao Jun,et al.Variation of river system in center district of Shanghai and its impact factors during the last one hundred years.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(1):85-91.[程江,杨凯,赵军,等.上海中心城区河流水系百年变化及影响因素分析.地理科学,2007,27(1):85-91.]
[13]Yuan Wen,Yang Kai,Tang Min,et al.Stream structure characteristics and their impact on storage and flood control capacity in the urbanized plain river network.Geographical Research,2005,24(5):717-724.[袁雯,杨凯,唐敏,等.平原河网地区河流结构特征及其对调蓄能力的影响.地理研究,2005,24(5):717-723.]
[14]Zhang G P,Savenije H H.Rainfall-runoff modeling in a catchment with a complex groundwater flow system:Application of the Representative Elementary Watershed(REW)approach.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2005,9(3):243-261.
[15]Han Longfei,Xu Youpeng,Yang Liu,et al.Temporal and spatial change of stream structure in Yangtze River Delta and its driving forces during 1960s-2010s.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(5):819-827.[韩龙飞,许有鹏,杨柳,等.近50年长三角地区水系时空变化及其驱动机制.地理学报,2015,70(5):819-827.]
[16]Cai Juan.Study on the impact of urbanization on stream structure and regulation capacity in the center of Tai Lake Basin[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2012.[蔡娟.太湖流域腹部城市化对水系结构变化及其调蓄能力的影响研究:以武澄锡虞区为例[D].南京:南京大学,2012.]
[17]Tian Fuqiang,Hu Heping,Lei Zhidong.Hydrological model of watershed thermodynamic system:Constitutive relationship.Science China(E),2008,38(5):671-686.[田富强,胡和平,雷志栋.流域热力学系统水文模型:本构关系.中国科学(E),2008,38(5):671-686.]
[18]Reggiani P,Sivapalan M,Hassanizadeh S M.A unifying framework for watershed thermodynamics:Balance equations for mass,momentum,energy and entropy,and the second law of thermodynamics.Advances in Water Resources,1998,22(4):367-398.
[19]Feder J.Fractals.New York:Plenum Press,1988:149-162.
[20]Ma Zongwei,Xu Youpeng,Zhong Shanjin.Influence of river network fractal characteristic on runoff.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2009,18(2):163-169.[马宗伟,许有鹏,钟善锦.水系分形特征对流域径流特性的影响:以赣江中上游流域为例.长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):163-169.]
[21]Xu Guanglai,Xu Youpeng,Luo Xian,et al.Changes of water level induced by human activities at changes at Hang-JiaHu plain in recent 50 years.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(10):1262-1268.[徐光来,许有鹏,罗贤,等.近50年人类活动引起的杭嘉湖平原区水位变化.地理科学,2012,32(10):1262-1268.]
[22]Wang Lachun,Xu Youpeng,Zhou Yinkang,et al.Analysis of the storage capacity of river network in Taihu watershed.Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),1999,35(6):712-718.[王腊春,许有鹏,周寅康,等.太湖水网地区河网调蓄能力分析.南京大学学报(自然科学),1999,35(6):712-718.]
[23]Wang Tongsheng.Flood Control and Water Management in Taihu Lake Basin.Beijing:China Water and Power Press,2006:57-69.[王同生.太湖流域防洪与水资源管理.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006:57-69.]
[24]Yang Shilun,Chen Jiyu.Factors controlling flood in the Taihu Lake drainage area.Scientia Geographica Sinica,1995,15(4):307-313.[杨世伦,陈吉余.太湖流域洪涝灾害的形成和演变.地理科学,1995,15(4):307-313.]
[25]Gao Junfeng.Flood response to land use change in Taihu Lake Basin.Journal of Natural Resources,2002,17(2):150-156.[高俊峰.太湖流域土地利用变化及洪涝灾害响应.自然资源学报,2002,17(2):150-156.]
[26]Yin Yixing.Changes of river network and hydrologic process in the Taihu Lake Basin under the background of urbanization[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University,2010.[尹义星.太湖流域城镇化背景下河网水系与水文过程变化研究[D].南京:南京大学,2010.]