北京空气重污染红色预警期间污染物与气象因子特征
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摘要
揭示空气重污染红色预警期间污染物与气象因子的变化特征对空气质量预报和污染减排措施评估具有重要参考价值。利用大气污染和气象观测资料,研究了北京2015年11—12月空气重污染红色预警时期污染物浓度、气候特征及气象因子对空气质量影响。结果表明,PM_(2.5)在大气颗粒物中占有较大比重,为首要空气污染物;在重污染峰值时段,城郊PM_(2.5)与PM10比值(R)相差不大,可达0.9以上,空气呈均匀混合的高PM_(2.5)浓度特征,而空气质量较好时城区R值明显高于郊区;研究时段气候特征与历史同期相比有明显差异,其中平均风速偏小19%,平均气温偏高0.23℃,气温日较差减小,而多次小型降水增加了空气湿度,导致相对湿度值偏高40%,垂直方向上的逆温层或等温层则加剧了空气重污染的形成和发展,重污染过程中的红色预警措施明显降低了颗粒物浓度;风速与污染物浓度呈指数相关,城郊风速分别低于2.0和2.5 m·s~(-1)时,空气质量较差、污染物浓度随风速升高快速下降,而当城郊风速大于2.0和2.5 m·s~(-1)时变化特征则相反;相对湿度与污染物浓度呈幂相关,相对湿度在65%左右为空气质量特征发生变化的转折点;由于气温日较差存在季节变化,其与空气质量相关关系不太显著。
It has important references in the air quality forecasting and measures assessment of emissions reduction for revealing pollutants and meteorological factors change characteristic during red alert periods. This paper using atmospheric pollution and meteorology data to research the Beijing pollutants concentration,climate characteristics and the impact of meteorology factors on air quality during the red alert periods of air heavy pollution in November-December 2015,the results showed that: PM_(2.5)was the primary air pollutant,which accounted for a large proportion in atmospheric particulate matters. The ratio(R) of PM_(2.5)and PM10 was slight difference in urban and suburban during heavy pollution peak periods,which could up to more than 0. 9,and the air was characterized as PM_(2.5)uniformly mixing and high concentration;while the R was higher significantly in urban than in suburbs when the air quality was better. The climate characteristics were great differences compared with the historical period,in which the averaged wind speed was lower 19%,averaged temperature was higher 0. 23 ℃,and the daily temperature range was reduced evidently. Meanwhile,air relative humidity increased by 40% due to little rains of many times. Temperature inversion layer and isothermal layer in vertical exacerbated the formation and development of air heavy pollution,and the red alert measures reduced the particulate matters concentration significantly in heavy pollution process. Wind speed and pollutants concentration was exponential correlation,when the wind speed less than 2. 0 and 2. 5 m·s~(-1)respectively in urban and suburban regions,the air quality was worse and the pollutants concentration decreased rapidly with the wind speed increasing,while the variation characteristic was on the contrary as the wind speed was greater than the above values. Relative humidity and pollutants concentration was power exponent correlation,65% was an obvious break point for air quality change characteristic. The relation between daily temperature range and air quality wasn't significant due to its seasonal changes.
It has important references in the air quality forecasting and measures assessment of emissions reduction for revealing pollutants and meteorological factors change characteristic during red alert periods. This paper using atmospheric pollution and meteorology data to research the Beijing pollutants concentration,climate characteristics and the impact of meteorology factors on air quality during the red alert periods of air heavy pollution in November-December 2015,the results showed that: PM_(2.5)was the primary air pollutant,which accounted for a large proportion in atmospheric particulate matters. The ratio(R) of PM_(2.5)and PM10 was slight difference in urban and suburban during heavy pollution peak periods,which could up to more than 0. 9,and the air was characterized as PM_(2.5)uniformly mixing and high concentration;while the R was higher significantly in urban than in suburbs when the air quality was better. The climate characteristics were great differences compared with the historical period,in which the averaged wind speed was lower 19%,averaged temperature was higher 0. 23 ℃,and the daily temperature range was reduced evidently. Meanwhile,air relative humidity increased by 40% due to little rains of many times. Temperature inversion layer and isothermal layer in vertical exacerbated the formation and development of air heavy pollution,and the red alert measures reduced the particulate matters concentration significantly in heavy pollution process. Wind speed and pollutants concentration was exponential correlation,when the wind speed less than 2. 0 and 2. 5 m·s~(-1)respectively in urban and suburban regions,the air quality was worse and the pollutants concentration decreased rapidly with the wind speed increasing,while the variation characteristic was on the contrary as the wind speed was greater than the above values. Relative humidity and pollutants concentration was power exponent correlation,65% was an obvious break point for air quality change characteristic. The relation between daily temperature range and air quality wasn't significant due to its seasonal changes.
引文
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[19]PAN X L,YAN P,TANG J,et al.Observational study of influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth on scattering coefficient over rural area near Beijing mega-city[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(19):7519-7530
[20]赵晨曦,王云琦,王玉杰,等.北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):418-427
[21]余淑苑,张隽,彭朝琼,等.深圳市气象因素对SO2等大气污染物的影响研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(6):483-486
[22]陈冠益,张雯,侯立安,等.天津蓟县夏季PM2.5污染特征及影响因素[J].天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版),2015,48(2):95-102
[23]徐敬,丁国安,颜鹏,等.北京地区PM2.5的成分特征及来源分析[J].应用气象学报,2007,18(5):645-654
[24]杜吴鹏,房小怡,孟伟,等.气象因子对北京一次重污染天气过程影响研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(8):123-128
[25]赵子菁,魏永杰,张祥志,等.南京市霾天气与主要气象条件的相关分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3570-3580
[26]刘厚凤,杨欣,陈义珍,等.中国重霾过程污染气象研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(11):1917-1922
[2]YANG Y J,ZHOU R,WU J J,et al.Seasonal variation and size distributions of water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols in Beijing,2012[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2015,34(8):197-205
[3]胥密,王广甫,尚宏忠,等.北京市2014年PM2.5质量浓度变化特征[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(8):4396-4402
[4]刘俊,安兴琴,朱彤,等.京津冀及周边减排对北京市PM2.5浓度下降评估研究[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(11):2726-2733
[5]薛亦峰,周震,聂腾,等.2015年12月北京市空气重污染过程分析及污染源排放变化[J].环境科学,2016,37(5):1593-1601
[6]吴兑,廖碧婷,吴蒙,等.环首都圈霾和雾的长期变化特征与典型个例的近地层输送条件[J].环境科学学报,2014,34(1):1-11
[7]谢志英,刘浩,唐新明,等.北京市近12年空气污染变化特征及其与气象要素相关性分析[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(9):4471-4478
[8]王耀庭,李威,张小玲,等.北京城区夏季静稳天气下大气边界层与大气污染的关系[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(10):1092-1098
[9]李梦,唐贵谦,黄俊,等.京津冀冬季大气混合层高度与大气污染的关系[J].环境科学,2015,36(6):1935-1943
[10]LI Z Q,GU X,WANG L,et al.Aerosol physical and chemical properties retrieved from ground-based remote sensing measurements during heavy haze days in Beijing winter[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2013,13(20):10171-10183
[11]SCHLEICHER N J,SCHAFER J,BLANC G,et al.Atmospheric particulate mercury in the megacity Beijing:Spatio-temporal variations and source apportionment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,109:251-261
[12]王自发,李杰,王哲,等.2013年1月我国中东部强霾污染的数值模拟和防控对策[J].中国科学:地球科学,2014,44(1):3-14
[13]张小曳,孙俊英,王亚强,等.我国雾-霾成因及其治理的思考[J].科学通报,2013,58(13):1178-1187
[14]王跃思,姚利,刘子锐,等.京津冀大气霾污染及控制策略思考[J].中国科学院院刊,2013,28(3):353-363
[15]赵普生,徐晓峰,孟伟,等.京津冀区域霾天气特征[J].中国环境科学,2012,32(1):31-36
[16]马丽梅,张晓.区域大气污染空间效应及产业结构影响[J].中国人口资源与环境,2014,24(7):157-164
[17]肖玉,王硕,李娜,等.北京城市绿地对大气PM2.5的削减作用[J].资源科学,2015,37(6):1149-1155
[18]程念亮,张大伟,陈添,等.2015年北京市两次红色预警期间PM2.5浓度特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(7):2409-2418
[19]PAN X L,YAN P,TANG J,et al.Observational study of influence of aerosol hygroscopic growth on scattering coefficient over rural area near Beijing mega-city[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2009,9(19):7519-7530
[20]赵晨曦,王云琦,王玉杰,等.北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):418-427
[21]余淑苑,张隽,彭朝琼,等.深圳市气象因素对SO2等大气污染物的影响研究[J].环境与健康杂志,2008,25(6):483-486
[22]陈冠益,张雯,侯立安,等.天津蓟县夏季PM2.5污染特征及影响因素[J].天津大学学报(自然科学与工程技术版),2015,48(2):95-102
[23]徐敬,丁国安,颜鹏,等.北京地区PM2.5的成分特征及来源分析[J].应用气象学报,2007,18(5):645-654
[24]杜吴鹏,房小怡,孟伟,等.气象因子对北京一次重污染天气过程影响研究[J].环境科学与技术,2016,39(8):123-128
[25]赵子菁,魏永杰,张祥志,等.南京市霾天气与主要气象条件的相关分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(12):3570-3580
[26]刘厚凤,杨欣,陈义珍,等.中国重霾过程污染气象研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(11):1917-1922