纳米尺度下的生物矿物和生物矿化:基于介晶的视角
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摘要
纳米地质学的兴起和发展,促使地质工作者从纳米尺度重新认识固体地球物质,将对地球科学的各个领域产生广泛而深刻的影响.作为纳米地质学的重要分支,纳米矿物学也将走出传统矿物学只把矿物看成理想晶体点阵的局限,从纳米尺度深入探究矿物包括生物矿物在内的矿物结构与性质,突破口之一是介晶.介晶是一种特殊的结晶纳米结构,近年来得到了物理学家和化学家尤其是材料化学家越来越多的关注.介晶是非经典结晶过程产物,以纳米颗粒为基本构筑单元,具备纳米颗粒的性质和宏观尺寸.现已发现,许多生物矿物如脊椎动物骨骼和牙齿、贝壳珍珠层、蛋壳、海胆骨针、有孔虫和珊瑚等都具有介晶结构.因此,从纳米尺度和介晶角度重新理解生物矿化,有助于揭示生物矿物中纳米多级结构的成因机制,拓展纳米矿物学的科学内涵.首先介绍生物矿化和生物矿物的基本概念,之后对介晶的概念和结构特征进行阐述,最后介绍生物矿物中的介晶结构及介晶形成的典型机制,涉及有机基质辅助、物理场驱动、矿物桥或有机桥连接、空间限域、取向附集和晶面选择性分子作用等多种物理化学过程,有望进一步推动纳米矿物学的发展.
The rise and development of nanogeology lead to exploration of the solid earth materials at the nanoscale,exerting extensive and profound impact on various fields of earth science.As an important branch of nanogeology,nanomineralogy also explores the structure and properties of the minerals including biominerals at the nanoscale,eliminating the limitations of traditional mineralogy which only regards the mineral as ideal crystal lattice,of which mesocrystal is one breakthrough.Mesocrystals represent a class of crystalline nanostructured materials drawing increasing attention from physicists and chemists especially material chemists in recent years.Mesocrystals are the products of non-classical crystallization process with nanoparticles as the basic subunits,sharing the properties of nanoparticles with order on the macroscopic length scale.It has been found that a number of biominerals including vertebrate bones and teeth,nacre,egg shells,sea urchin spines,foraminifera,and corals have the mesocrystals structure.Therefore,re-understanding the biomineralization at the nanoscale and the perspective of mesocrystals will undoubtedly help to reveal the formation mechanisms of hierarchical nanostructures in biominerals and expand the scientific connotation of nanomineralogy.Firstly,the basic concepts of biomineralization and biominerals are introduced.Then,the concept and structural feature of mesocrystals are expounded.Finally,the mesocrystal structure in biominerals and the mechanisms of mesocrystal formation are clarified in detail,referring to several physical and chemical processes such as alignment by the organic matrix,alignment by physical forces,connection by mineral bridges or organic bridges,alignment by spatial constraints,alignment by oriented attachment and alignment by face selective molecules.It is expected that this study may promote the further development of nanomineralogy.
The rise and development of nanogeology lead to exploration of the solid earth materials at the nanoscale,exerting extensive and profound impact on various fields of earth science.As an important branch of nanogeology,nanomineralogy also explores the structure and properties of the minerals including biominerals at the nanoscale,eliminating the limitations of traditional mineralogy which only regards the mineral as ideal crystal lattice,of which mesocrystal is one breakthrough.Mesocrystals represent a class of crystalline nanostructured materials drawing increasing attention from physicists and chemists especially material chemists in recent years.Mesocrystals are the products of non-classical crystallization process with nanoparticles as the basic subunits,sharing the properties of nanoparticles with order on the macroscopic length scale.It has been found that a number of biominerals including vertebrate bones and teeth,nacre,egg shells,sea urchin spines,foraminifera,and corals have the mesocrystals structure.Therefore,re-understanding the biomineralization at the nanoscale and the perspective of mesocrystals will undoubtedly help to reveal the formation mechanisms of hierarchical nanostructures in biominerals and expand the scientific connotation of nanomineralogy.Firstly,the basic concepts of biomineralization and biominerals are introduced.Then,the concept and structural feature of mesocrystals are expounded.Finally,the mesocrystal structure in biominerals and the mechanisms of mesocrystal formation are clarified in detail,referring to several physical and chemical processes such as alignment by the organic matrix,alignment by physical forces,connection by mineral bridges or organic bridges,alignment by spatial constraints,alignment by oriented attachment and alignment by face selective molecules.It is expected that this study may promote the further development of nanomineralogy.
引文
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