广东内伶仃岛猕猴种群动态及种群生存力分析
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摘要
2014—2016年采用定点法对广东内伶仃岛的猕猴种群数量及分布进行了调查,并通过查阅历史资料和相关文献,分析了猕猴近30年间在内伶仃岛的分布格局变化。结果显示,得益于保护区所采取的保护措施,目前内伶仃岛约有猕猴24群,种群数量在1 000只左右,根据种群连续3年的数据,参照种群现状、配偶体制、迁移扩散、环境容纳量、死亡率等种群参数,利用旋涡模型(VORTEX 10),对猴群未来100年内的数量动态进行了模拟分析。结果表明,在理想情况下,猕猴种群100年间灭绝概率为0%,内禀增长率r=0. 024,周期增长率λ=1. 047,净生殖率R0=1. 552,雌体的平均世代时间T=7. 55,雄体的平均世代时间T=6. 74。此外,通过对因子敏感度分析发现,影响猕猴种群增长的因子主要是近交衰退、环境容纳量及个体死亡率。在研究的基础上提出了相关的保护和管理建议。
We investigated the population size and distribution of rhesus macaque( Macaca mulatta) by fixed-point count method at Neilingding Nature Reserve( NLD),an island of Guangdong Province during 2014 to 2016. We analyzed the distribution pattern of rhesus macaque over the last 30 years by reviewing historical data and literature. We identified 24 groups of macaques on NLD,with a total population size of about 1 000 individuals. We use Vortex model( VORTEX 10)to analyzed the population dynamic over 100 years based on the data of 2014 to 2016,and parameters including population status,mating system,relocation and diffusion,environmental capacity,and death rate. We estimated a probability of extinction of 0 in 100 years,an innate rate of increase of r = 0. 024,an instantaneous rate of increase as λ = 1. 047,net reproduction rate of R0=1. 552,average generation time of females T = 7. 55 years,and average generation time of males T = 6. 74. By sensitivity analysis,we found that inbreeding depression, environmental capacity,and individual mortality rate were the main factors influencing population growth. The population benefited from effective protection strategies implemented by park managers and should be enhanced through strengthened scientific management,habitat management,strengthened environmental protection education and community co-management.
We investigated the population size and distribution of rhesus macaque( Macaca mulatta) by fixed-point count method at Neilingding Nature Reserve( NLD),an island of Guangdong Province during 2014 to 2016. We analyzed the distribution pattern of rhesus macaque over the last 30 years by reviewing historical data and literature. We identified 24 groups of macaques on NLD,with a total population size of about 1 000 individuals. We use Vortex model( VORTEX 10)to analyzed the population dynamic over 100 years based on the data of 2014 to 2016,and parameters including population status,mating system,relocation and diffusion,environmental capacity,and death rate. We estimated a probability of extinction of 0 in 100 years,an innate rate of increase of r = 0. 024,an instantaneous rate of increase as λ = 1. 047,net reproduction rate of R0=1. 552,average generation time of females T = 7. 55 years,and average generation time of males T = 6. 74. By sensitivity analysis,we found that inbreeding depression, environmental capacity,and individual mortality rate were the main factors influencing population growth. The population benefited from effective protection strategies implemented by park managers and should be enhanced through strengthened scientific management,habitat management,strengthened environmental protection education and community co-management.
引文
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[23]周亚东,张剑锋.海南长臂猿保护发展对策[J].热带林业,2003,31(2):16-17.
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[25]周先叶,王伯荪,李鸣光,等.薇甘菊对内伶仃岛植被危害的相关分析[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(2):350-354.
[26]黄东光,邓太阳,周先叶,等.广东内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害与生态因子的关联度分析[J].生态科学,2008,27(3):143-147.
[2]常弘,柯亚永,王勇军,等.广东内伶仃岛的猕猴种群[J].野生动物,1999,20(5):16-17.
[3]常弘,庄平弟,朱世杰,等.广东内伶仃岛猕猴种群年龄结构及发展趋势[J].生态学报,2002,22(7):1057-1060.
[4]LIAO Z J,SOSA S,WU C F,et al.The influence of age on wild rhesus macaques'affiliative social interactions[J].American Journal of Primatology,2018,80(2):e22733.
[5]丁振芳,郝静,徐华林,等.猕猴觅食策略的地域性差异比较研究[J].兽类学报,2018,DOI:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2018.0000.
[6]李晓波,王克,范猛,等.最小存活种群的确定与生物多样性保护[J].东北师大学报(自然科学版),2001,33(3):86-90.
[7]孙儒泳.动物生态学原理[M].3版.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001:146-161.
[8]田瑜,邬建国,寇晓军,等.种群生存力分析(PVA)的方法与应用[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(1):257-267.
[9]肖文,霍晟,向左甫,等.黑白仰鼻猴种群生存力初步分析[J].动物学研究,2005,26(1):9-16.
[10]范朋飞,蒋学龙.无量山大寨子黑长臂猿(Nomascus concolor jingdongensis)种群生存力[J].生态学报,2007,27(2):620-626.
[11]曹丹丹.野生大熊猫种群生存力评估及保护管理对策研究[D].南充:西华师范大学,2016.
[12]昝启杰,廖文波,陈继敏,等.广东内伶仃岛植物区系的研究[J].西北植物学报,2001,21(3):507-519.
[13]徐华林,袁天天,王蕾,等.广东内伶仃岛台湾相思群落在15年间的演替研究[J].生态科学,2016,35(4):12-22.
[14]江海声,刘振河,袁喜才,等.海南岛南湾半岛猕猴(Macaca mulatta)种群数量动态及分布[J].生态学报,1988,8(1):86-94.
[15]王勇军,廖文波,常弘.广东内伶仃岛猕猴食性及食源植物分析[J].生物多样性,1999,7(2):97-105.
[16]王俊斌,陈丽雄,赵远,等.猕猴不同年龄阶段繁殖率比较[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2012(3):35.
[17]江海声,刘振河,袁喜才,等.猕猴(Macaca mulatta)生命表研究[J].动物学报,1989,35(4):409-415.
[18]RALLS K,BALLOU J D,TEMPLETON A.Estimates of lethal equivalents and the cost of inbreeding in mammals[J].Conservation Biology,1988,2(2):185-193.
[19]张先锋,王克雄.长江江豚种群生存力分析[J].生态学报,1999,19(4):529-533.
[20]张泽钧,胡锦矗,吴华,等.唐家河大熊猫种群生存力分析[J].生态学报,2002,22(7):990-998.
[21]晏学飞,李玉春.海南黑冠长臂猿的生存与研究现状[J].生物学通报,2007,42(12):18-20.
[22]FELLOWES J R,CHAN B P L,ZHOU J,et al.Current status of the Hainan gibbon(Nomascus hainanus):progress of population monitoring and other priority actions[J].Asian Primates Journal,2008,1(1):2-11.
[23]周亚东,张剑锋.海南长臂猿保护发展对策[J].热带林业,2003,31(2):16-17.
[24]LANDE R,BARROWCLOUGH G F.Effective population size,genetic variation and their use in population managemen[M]//SOULE M E.Viable population for conservation.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1987:87-123.
[25]周先叶,王伯荪,李鸣光,等.薇甘菊对内伶仃岛植被危害的相关分析[J].应用生态学报,2005,16(2):350-354.
[26]黄东光,邓太阳,周先叶,等.广东内伶仃岛薇甘菊危害与生态因子的关联度分析[J].生态科学,2008,27(3):143-147.