生态认知、生计资本与牧民草原保护意愿——基于结构方程模型的实证分析
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摘要
提高牧户草原保护意愿对于草地资源可持续利用具有重要的现实意义。文中以内蒙古达茂旗和四子王旗421户牧户的微观数据为基础,运用结构方程模型分析了牧户生态认知和家庭生计资本对牧户草原保护意愿的影响。结果显示:1)生态认知和家庭生计资本均对牧户草原保护意愿有显著的正向影响,且生态认知对牧户草原保护意愿的影响显著高于家庭生计资本;2)家庭生计资本对牧户草原保护意愿影响的直接路径(家庭生计资本→草原保护意愿)系数远大于间接路径(家庭生计资本→生态认知→草原保护意愿)系数。政策启示:一,大力开展草原保护宣传工作,强化牧户生态认知,使其意识到草原保护的正外部性;二,引导牧户转向生态旅游、农家乐等其他生计活动,多样化牧户金融资本的来源方式,从提高农户金融资本的角度提升牧户家庭生计资本,从而减少牧户为寻求经济效益而对草原进行掠夺性开发的行为;三,完善草原网络覆盖、开展牧户集体活动,加强牧民之间的联系,从丰富牧户社会资本的角度提高牧户家庭生计资本。
Increasing the willingness of herdsmen to protect grassland has important practical significance for the sustainable use of grassland resources. Through the questionnaire survey of herdsmen in Inner Mongolia,we obtained the micro-data of 421 census herdmen in Damao Banner and Siziwangqi of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Using the structural equation model,we analyzed and the impact of herders' ecological cognition and family livelihood capital on the wills of herders in protecting grasslands. The results show that:(1) Both ecological cognition and family livelihood capital had a significant positive impact on the willingness of herders to protect grasslands,and the ecological awareness had a significantly greater impact on the willingness to protect herdsmen than that of family livelihood capital.(2) Direct pathway coefficient( family livelihood capital →willingness to protect grassland) that the family livelihood capital influencing the willingness of herdsmen to protect the grassland was much greater than the indirect pathway coefficient( family livelihood capital → ecological awareness →willingness to protect grassland). Policy Enlightenment:( Ⅰ) To vigorously carry out propaganda and education on herdsmen's grassland protection and improve the ecological awareness of herdsmen,and make them aware of the positive externalities of grassland protection.( Ⅱ) To guide the herdsmen to turn to other livelihood activities such as eco-tourism,to diversify the source of their financial capital. To raise the livelihood capital of the herdsmen from the perspective of raising the financial capital of the farmer households so as to reduce the herdsmen's predatory investment in the grasslands in search of economic benefits.( Ⅲ) To improve the grassland network coverage,carry out herdsmen collective activities,strengthen the connection between them,and enhance herders' livelihood capital from the aspect of enriching their social capital.
Increasing the willingness of herdsmen to protect grassland has important practical significance for the sustainable use of grassland resources. Through the questionnaire survey of herdsmen in Inner Mongolia,we obtained the micro-data of 421 census herdmen in Damao Banner and Siziwangqi of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Using the structural equation model,we analyzed and the impact of herders' ecological cognition and family livelihood capital on the wills of herders in protecting grasslands. The results show that:(1) Both ecological cognition and family livelihood capital had a significant positive impact on the willingness of herders to protect grasslands,and the ecological awareness had a significantly greater impact on the willingness to protect herdsmen than that of family livelihood capital.(2) Direct pathway coefficient( family livelihood capital →willingness to protect grassland) that the family livelihood capital influencing the willingness of herdsmen to protect the grassland was much greater than the indirect pathway coefficient( family livelihood capital → ecological awareness →willingness to protect grassland). Policy Enlightenment:( Ⅰ) To vigorously carry out propaganda and education on herdsmen's grassland protection and improve the ecological awareness of herdsmen,and make them aware of the positive externalities of grassland protection.( Ⅱ) To guide the herdsmen to turn to other livelihood activities such as eco-tourism,to diversify the source of their financial capital. To raise the livelihood capital of the herdsmen from the perspective of raising the financial capital of the farmer households so as to reduce the herdsmen's predatory investment in the grasslands in search of economic benefits.( Ⅲ) To improve the grassland network coverage,carry out herdsmen collective activities,strengthen the connection between them,and enhance herders' livelihood capital from the aspect of enriching their social capital.
引文
[1]沈海花,朱言坤,赵霞,等.中国草地资源的现状分析[J].科学通报,2016,61(2):139-154.
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[8]邝佛缘,陈美球,鲁燕飞,等.生计资本对农户耕地保护意愿的影响分析-以江西省587份问卷为例[J].中国土地科学,2017,31(2):58-66.
[9]芦清水,赵志平.应对草地退化的生态移民政策及牧户响应分析-基于黄河源区玛多县的牧户调查[J].地理研究,2009,28(1):143-152.
[10]Fishbein M,Ajzen I. Belief,attitude,intention and behaviour:an introduction to theory and research[J]. Philosophy&Rhetoric,1977,41(4):842-844.
[11]Sauer U,Fischer A. Willingness to pay,attitudes and fundamental values-On the cognitive context of public preferences for diversity in agricultural landscapes[J]. Ecological Economics,2011,70(1):1-9.
[12]李斌,李小云,左停.农村发展中的生计途径研究与实践[J].农业技术经济,2004(4):10-16.
[13]伍艳.农户生计资本与生计策略的选择[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015,14(2):57-66.
[14]Ellis F. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,2000.
[15]何苑,王建兵,蒋钦.农牧民草原保护意识的调研分析[J].西北人口,2009,30(4):101-104.
[16]史恒通,睢党臣,徐涛,等.生态价值认知对农民流域生态治理参与意愿的影响-以陕西省渭河流域为例[J].中国农村观察,2017(2):68-80.
[17]乔丹,陆迁,徐涛.农村小型水利设施合作供给意愿影响因素分析-基于多群组结构方程模型[J].农村经济,2016(3):99-104.
[18]史恒通,赵敏娟.生态系统服务支付意愿及其影响因素分析-以陕西省渭河流域为例[J].软科学,2015,29(6):115-119.
[19]Halkos G,Matsiori S,Halkos G,et al. Exploring social attitude and willingness to pay for water resources conservation[J]. Journal of Behavioral&Experimental Economics,2014,49(322):54-62.
[20]高琴,敖长林,陈红光,等.基于居民生态认知的非使用价值支付意愿空间分异研究-以三江平原湿地为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(7):1851-1859.
[21]陈昭玖,胡雯.人力资本、地缘特征与农民工市民化意愿--基于结构方程模型的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2016(1):37-47.
[22]侯杰泰.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2004.
[23]吴明隆.结构方程模型:AMOS的操作与应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009.
[24]赵晓秋,李后建.西部地区农民土地转出意愿影响因素的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(8):70-78.
[25]Fornell C,Larcker D F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1981,18(1):39-50.
(1)变量与因子之间的相关性较大,表明该变量对该因子有较重的载荷,这些因子载荷值通过标准化处理后就表示为标准化因子载荷。
[2]刘艳萍,荣浩,邢恩德.干旱、半干旱草场沙退化影响因素分析[J].水土保持研究,2006,13(6):276-277.
[3]何可,张俊飚.农业废弃物资源化的生态价值-基于新生代农民与上一代农民支付意愿的比较分析[J].中国农村经济,2014(5):62-73,85.
[4]赵雪雁,巴建军.高寒牧区牧民生产经营行为研究-以甘南牧区为例[J].地域研究与开发,2009,28(2):15-20.
[5]Kotchen M J,Reiling S D. Environmental attitudes,motivations,and contingent valuation of nonuse values:a case study involving endangered species[J]. Ecological Economics,2000,32(1):93-107.
[6]李青,薛珍,陈红梅,等.基于CVM理论的塔里木河流域居民生态认知及支付决策行为研究[J].资源科学,2016,38(6):1075-1087.
[7]Diniz F H,Hoogstra-Klein M A,Kok K,et al. Livelihood strategies in settlement projects in the Brazilian Amazon:Determining drivers and factors within the Agrarian Reform Program[J]. Journal of Rural Studies,2013,32(4):196-207.
[8]邝佛缘,陈美球,鲁燕飞,等.生计资本对农户耕地保护意愿的影响分析-以江西省587份问卷为例[J].中国土地科学,2017,31(2):58-66.
[9]芦清水,赵志平.应对草地退化的生态移民政策及牧户响应分析-基于黄河源区玛多县的牧户调查[J].地理研究,2009,28(1):143-152.
[10]Fishbein M,Ajzen I. Belief,attitude,intention and behaviour:an introduction to theory and research[J]. Philosophy&Rhetoric,1977,41(4):842-844.
[11]Sauer U,Fischer A. Willingness to pay,attitudes and fundamental values-On the cognitive context of public preferences for diversity in agricultural landscapes[J]. Ecological Economics,2011,70(1):1-9.
[12]李斌,李小云,左停.农村发展中的生计途径研究与实践[J].农业技术经济,2004(4):10-16.
[13]伍艳.农户生计资本与生计策略的选择[J].华南农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015,14(2):57-66.
[14]Ellis F. Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries[M]. New York:Oxford University Press,2000.
[15]何苑,王建兵,蒋钦.农牧民草原保护意识的调研分析[J].西北人口,2009,30(4):101-104.
[16]史恒通,睢党臣,徐涛,等.生态价值认知对农民流域生态治理参与意愿的影响-以陕西省渭河流域为例[J].中国农村观察,2017(2):68-80.
[17]乔丹,陆迁,徐涛.农村小型水利设施合作供给意愿影响因素分析-基于多群组结构方程模型[J].农村经济,2016(3):99-104.
[18]史恒通,赵敏娟.生态系统服务支付意愿及其影响因素分析-以陕西省渭河流域为例[J].软科学,2015,29(6):115-119.
[19]Halkos G,Matsiori S,Halkos G,et al. Exploring social attitude and willingness to pay for water resources conservation[J]. Journal of Behavioral&Experimental Economics,2014,49(322):54-62.
[20]高琴,敖长林,陈红光,等.基于居民生态认知的非使用价值支付意愿空间分异研究-以三江平原湿地为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(7):1851-1859.
[21]陈昭玖,胡雯.人力资本、地缘特征与农民工市民化意愿--基于结构方程模型的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2016(1):37-47.
[22]侯杰泰.结构方程模型及其应用[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2004.
[23]吴明隆.结构方程模型:AMOS的操作与应用[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2009.
[24]赵晓秋,李后建.西部地区农民土地转出意愿影响因素的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2009(8):70-78.
[25]Fornell C,Larcker D F. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error[J]. Journal of Marketing Research,1981,18(1):39-50.
(1)变量与因子之间的相关性较大,表明该变量对该因子有较重的载荷,这些因子载荷值通过标准化处理后就表示为标准化因子载荷。
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