全球新生代苦橄岩时空分布特征及意义
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摘要
苦橄岩是一种高温下形成的超镁铁质熔岩,形成温度一般高出地幔部分熔融而成的玄武岩300～400℃,可以为判断热点提供依据。该文以GEOROC和PetDB两个地质数据库为基础,通过对其中新生代苦橄岩年龄及构造环境数据的统计分析,以期查明新生代苦橄岩的时空分布特征和厘定出可能的高温热点分布情况。研究表明,新生代有苦橄岩产出的火山活动自中新世开始变得活跃,在更新世和全新世达到顶峰。同时,苦橄岩产出环境多样且具有演变特征,中新世前以CFB和洋岛环境为主,中新世后转为岛弧和洋岛环境为主,更新世和全新世则主要为洋岛环境,总体上来看新生代苦橄岩主要产于大洋环境,并以洋岛环境为主。另外,根据苦橄岩的出露特征可得出现代高温热点可能分布在夏威夷群岛、科隆群岛(厄瓜多尔)、冰岛、加那利群岛、欧洲造山带德国境内的埃费尔山地区、红海洋脊、东非裂谷处、法属留尼汪岛、中国东南沿海广东省境内以及堪察加岛弧10个地区。
Picrite is a kind of ultral-mafic rock formed at temperatures about 300-400 ℃ higher than the melting temperature of the mantle-derived basalt,thus it can indicate the presence of hotspots.In this paper,based on two geological databases,GEOROC and PetDB,we aim to find out the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of Cenozoic picrite and figure out the possible locations of modern hightemperature hotspots by analyzing the aging and tectonic environmental information in the two databases.The study shows that Cenozoic picrite volcanism became active in the Miocene and peaked in the Pleistocene and Holocene.Meanwhile,the tectonic environment of picrite is diverse and regularly changeable.Its tectonic characteristics changed from CFB and ocean island to volcanic arc and ocean island before and after the Miocene and then turned to ocean island in the Pleistocene and Holocene.In general,Cenozoic picrite is mainly produced in oceanic environment,especially ocean island.We conclude that,depending on the picrite exposure characteristics,modern hotspots are occurred in the following 10 locations:Hawaii islands,Colon islands(Ecuador),Iceland,Canary Islands,Effer mountain(Europe),Red Ocean Ridge,East African Rift,Reunion island,Guangdong Province(China)and Kamchatka arc.
Picrite is a kind of ultral-mafic rock formed at temperatures about 300-400 ℃ higher than the melting temperature of the mantle-derived basalt,thus it can indicate the presence of hotspots.In this paper,based on two geological databases,GEOROC and PetDB,we aim to find out the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of Cenozoic picrite and figure out the possible locations of modern hightemperature hotspots by analyzing the aging and tectonic environmental information in the two databases.The study shows that Cenozoic picrite volcanism became active in the Miocene and peaked in the Pleistocene and Holocene.Meanwhile,the tectonic environment of picrite is diverse and regularly changeable.Its tectonic characteristics changed from CFB and ocean island to volcanic arc and ocean island before and after the Miocene and then turned to ocean island in the Pleistocene and Holocene.In general,Cenozoic picrite is mainly produced in oceanic environment,especially ocean island.We conclude that,depending on the picrite exposure characteristics,modern hotspots are occurred in the following 10 locations:Hawaii islands,Colon islands(Ecuador),Iceland,Canary Islands,Effer mountain(Europe),Red Ocean Ridge,East African Rift,Reunion island,Guangdong Province(China)and Kamchatka arc.
引文
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[27]张招崇,郝艳丽,王福生.大火成岩省中苦橄岩的研究意义[J].地学前缘,2003,10(3):105-114.
[28]张招崇,JOHN J M,王福生,等.峨眉山大火成岩省西部苦橄岩及其共生玄武岩的地球化学:地幔柱头部熔融的证据[J].岩石学报,2006,22(6):1538-1552.
[29]汪云峰,张招崇,王丽娟,等.峨眉山大火成岩省虎跳峡和金安二叠纪玄武岩的地球化学特征及其对源区的约束[J].岩石学报,2013,29(12):4387-4403.
[30] COFFIN M F,ELDHOLM O.Large igneous provinces:crustal structure,dimensions,and external consequences[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1994,32(1):1-36.
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[32] GILL R C O,PEDERSEN A K,LARSEN J G.Tertiary picrites in West Greenland:melting at the periphery of a plume?[J].Geological Society of London-Special Publications,1992,68(1):335-348.
[33]刘欣雨,张旗,张成立.全球新生代安山岩构造环境有关问题探讨[J].地质科学,2017,5(3):649-667.
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[35]赵海玲,狄永军,刘振文,等.东南沿海地区新生代火山作用和地幔柱[J].地质学报,2004,78(6):781-788.
[36]李凯明,汪洋,赵建华,等.地幔柱、大火成岩省及大陆裂解:兼论中国东部中、新生代地幔柱问题[J].地震学报,2003,25(3):314-323.
[37]鄢全树,石学法.洋中脊与地幔柱热点相互作用研究进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(5):131-138.
[38] COURTILLOT V,DAVAILLE A,BESSE J,et al.Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,205(3):295-308.
[39] ANDERSON D L.Chemical plumes in the mantle[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1975,86(11):1593-1600.
[40] GRAHAM D W,LARSEN L M,HANAN B B,et al.Helium isotope composition of the early Iceland mantle plume inferred from the Tertiary picrites of West Greenland[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1998,160(3/4):241-255.
[41] STARKEY N A,STUART F M,ELLAM R M,et al.Helium isotopes in early Iceland plume picrites:constraints on the composition of high 3 He/4 He mantle[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,277(1):91-100.
[42] STUART F M,LASSEVANS S,FITTON J G,et al.High3 He/4 He ratios in picritic basalts from Baffin Island and the role of a mixed reservoir in mantle plumes[J].Nature,2003,424:57.
[2] MORGAN W J.Convection plumes in the lower mantle[J].Nature,1971,230:42-43.
[3] MORGAN W J.Deep mantle convection plumes and plate motions[J].AAPG Bulletin,1972,56(2):203-213.
[4] HOFMANN A W, WHITE W M.Mantle plumes from ancient oceanic crust[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1982,57(2):421-436.
[5] HOFMANN A W,WHITE W,WHITFORD D.Geochemical constraints on mantle models:the case for a layered mantle[J].Year Book Carnegie Institution of Washington,1978,77:548-562.
[6] BURKEK C,WILSON J T.Hot spots on the Earth's surface[J].Scientific American,1976,235(2):46-59.
[7] RICHARD M A,DUNCAN R A,COURTILLOT V E.Flood basalts and hot-spot tracks:plume heads and tails[J].Science,1989,246:103-107.
[8] DUNCAN R A,RICHARDS M A.Hotspots,mantle plumes,flood basalts,and true polar wander[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1991,29(1):31-50.
[9] STEINBERGER B.Plumes in a convecting mantle:models and observations for individual hotspots[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(B5):11127-11152.
[10] TRELA J,GAZEL E,SOBOLEV A V,et al.The hottest lavas of the Phanerozoic and the survival of deep Archaean reservoirs[J].Nature Geoscience,2017,10(6):451-456.
[11] TRELA J,VIDITO C,GAZEL E,et al.Recycled crust in the Galápagos plume source at 70 Ma:implications for plume evolution[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2015,425:268-277.
[12] HERZBERG C,GAZEL E.Petrological evidence for secular cooling in mantle plumes[J].Nature,2009,458:619.
[13] LI J,WANG X C,REN Z,et al.Chemical heterogeneity of the Emeishan mantle plume:evidence from highly siderophile element abundances in picrites[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2014,79(2):191-205.
[14] BONATTI E.Not so hot“hot spots”in the oceanic mantle[J].Science,1990,250:107-111.
[15]贺世杰,郭锋.地幔柱的识别和演化研究述评[J].地球科学进展,2003,18(3):433-439.
[16] GILLIAN R F.地幔柱:为什么现在怀疑?[J].科学通报,2005,50(17):1814-1819.
[17]赵俐红,高金耀,金翔龙,等.热点研究进展[J].海洋学研究,2007,25(3):84-92.
[18] GEOFFREY F D.地幔柱存在的依据[J].科学通报,2005,50(17):1801-1813.
[19] SILLITOE R H.Tin mineralisation above mantle hot spots[J].Nature,1974,248:497-499.
[20] STOREY M,SAUNDERS A D,TARNEY J,et al.Contamination of Indian Ocean asthenosphere by the KerguelenHeard mantle plume[J].Nature,1989,338:574-576.
[21]王登红.地幔柱的概念、分类、演化与大规模成矿:对中国西南部的探讨[J].地学前缘,2001,8(3):67-72.
[22]胡瑞忠,陶琰,钟宏,等.地幔柱成矿系统:以峨眉山地幔柱为例[J].地学前缘,2005,12(1):42-54.
[23]方维萱,贾润幸.云南个旧超大型锡铜矿区变碱性苦橄岩类特征与大陆动力学[J].大地构造与成矿学,2011,35(1):137-148.
[24] WATSON S,DAN M.Melt generation by plumes:a study of Hawaiian volcanism[J].Journal of Petrology,1991,32(3):501-537.
[25] SHEN Y,SOLOMON S C,BJARNASON I T,et al.Seismic evidence for a lower-mantle origin of the Iceland plume[J].Nature,1998,395:62-65.
[26] ANDERSON D L.Komatiites and picrites:evidence that the“plume”source is depleted[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1994,128(3/4):303-311.
[27]张招崇,郝艳丽,王福生.大火成岩省中苦橄岩的研究意义[J].地学前缘,2003,10(3):105-114.
[28]张招崇,JOHN J M,王福生,等.峨眉山大火成岩省西部苦橄岩及其共生玄武岩的地球化学:地幔柱头部熔融的证据[J].岩石学报,2006,22(6):1538-1552.
[29]汪云峰,张招崇,王丽娟,等.峨眉山大火成岩省虎跳峡和金安二叠纪玄武岩的地球化学特征及其对源区的约束[J].岩石学报,2013,29(12):4387-4403.
[30] COFFIN M F,ELDHOLM O.Large igneous provinces:crustal structure,dimensions,and external consequences[J].Reviews of Geophysics,1994,32(1):1-36.
[31] HILL R I.Starting plumes and continental break-up[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1991,104(2/3/4):398-416.
[32] GILL R C O,PEDERSEN A K,LARSEN J G.Tertiary picrites in West Greenland:melting at the periphery of a plume?[J].Geological Society of London-Special Publications,1992,68(1):335-348.
[33]刘欣雨,张旗,张成立.全球新生代安山岩构造环境有关问题探讨[J].地质科学,2017,5(3):649-667.
[34]徐义刚,钟孙霖.峨眉山大火成岩省:地幔柱活动的证据及其熔融条件[J].地球化学,2001,30(1):1-9.
[35]赵海玲,狄永军,刘振文,等.东南沿海地区新生代火山作用和地幔柱[J].地质学报,2004,78(6):781-788.
[36]李凯明,汪洋,赵建华,等.地幔柱、大火成岩省及大陆裂解:兼论中国东部中、新生代地幔柱问题[J].地震学报,2003,25(3):314-323.
[37]鄢全树,石学法.洋中脊与地幔柱热点相互作用研究进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(5):131-138.
[38] COURTILLOT V,DAVAILLE A,BESSE J,et al.Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2003,205(3):295-308.
[39] ANDERSON D L.Chemical plumes in the mantle[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1975,86(11):1593-1600.
[40] GRAHAM D W,LARSEN L M,HANAN B B,et al.Helium isotope composition of the early Iceland mantle plume inferred from the Tertiary picrites of West Greenland[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1998,160(3/4):241-255.
[41] STARKEY N A,STUART F M,ELLAM R M,et al.Helium isotopes in early Iceland plume picrites:constraints on the composition of high 3 He/4 He mantle[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,277(1):91-100.
[42] STUART F M,LASSEVANS S,FITTON J G,et al.High3 He/4 He ratios in picritic basalts from Baffin Island and the role of a mixed reservoir in mantle plumes[J].Nature,2003,424:57.