高善良特质在情绪调节行动控制中的内隐优势
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摘要
基于善良特质在中国人人格修养中的重要价值,本研究以情绪调节的行动控制理论为模型参照,设计了三项行为实验检验善良特质的导向性与内隐情绪调节的关系。研究1采用Stroop任务,比较高低善良被试判断人际关系词颜色时是否受到色词内容的干扰,结果发现,高(vs.低)善良被试对人际关系积极词更敏感;研究2采用情绪调节内隐联想测验任务比较高低善良被试的情绪调节内隐态度差异,结果发现高(vs.低)善良被试更倾向于采用控制型情绪调节方式调节情绪;研究3在诱发被试负性情绪条件下,采用面孔表情视觉搜索任务间接考察高低善良被试在内隐情绪修复效果上的差异,结果显示高(vs.低)善良被试搜索愤怒背景下高兴面孔的速度更快。三项实验结果一致地表明,高善良特质利他重感情的行动目的性在情绪调节的行动控制中具有内隐优势,对积极的心理健康起促进作用。
Kindness is a desirable trait to possess, and it is therefore commendable to investigate its link with self-regulation and, in particular, emotion regulation. Implicit processes in general are much more consistent and reliable, as they are triggered automatically and run to completion without conscious effort or monitoring.Therefore, the effect of implicit emotion regulation on psychological health is more important than that of explicit cognitive behavior and ability. Based on an action control perspective, which suggests that the regulatory process for emotions usually includes three sub-tasks, in this study, a set of implicit tasks were designed to investigate the influence of the kindness trait on implicit emotion regulation among undergraduate students with different levels of kindness.The Chinese Personality Scale was used to assess level of kindness. This study surveyed 399 college students, ultimately selecting 60 participants(30 with high scores and 30 with low scores). The results showed that the high-kindness group had significantly higher scores(M = 90.57, SD = 6.17) than did the low-kindness group(M = 52.28, SD = 3.83), t(58) = 28.70, p < 0.001). A subset of participants was selected based on their kindness scores. They then completed three experimental tasks. First, an emotional Stroop task was conducted to compare the interference effect in color identification caused by emotional valence between the two groups. In this task, the experiment materials were positive and negative emotional words related to interpersonal relationships. The second task used an implicit association test of emotion regulation(ER-IAT) to assess differences in implicit attitude toward emotion regulation between the two groups. The third task was a visual face detection task, which used different expressions to determine the efficiency of implicit emotion recovery in the two groups after a negative emotion induction.The results showed that(1) in the first task, the high-kindness group had a significantly longer reaction time to words describing positive interpersonal relationships than to negative words(p = 0.02). In contrast, the low-kindness participants did not show any difference in reaction times to the two types of words(p = 0.4).(2)In the second task, the high-kindness group had a significantly higher D value(0.34 ± 0.64) than did the low-kindness group(-0.30 ± 0.68), t(54) = 3.64, p = 0.001.(3) In the third task, although the explicit emotion changes did not differ significantly between the two groups at any time point(all p > 0.05), the reaction times for the high-kindness participants were significantly shorter than those for the low-kindness participants in the visual face search tasks using happy-angry combination matrixes(p = 0.01).This study presented the link between the personality trait of kindness and implicit emotional responses according to action control theory. These results suggested that(1) the emotional valence of words only interferes with the reaction times of high-kindness participants' color judgment, and a more significant Stroop interference effect was only found for positive valence words.(2) High-kindness individuals were more inclined to demonstrate a positive implicit attitude in emotion regulation and preferred a deliberate, appropriate control of emotions. In contrast, the low-kindness individuals were more inclined toward a negative implicit attitude towards emotion regulation and preferred a direct expression of emotions.(3) The high-kindness individuals shifted their attention away from angry faces more quickly and had greater implicit emotion regulation ability.This study provided experimental evidence that there was an advantage for kindness traits with regard to implicit emotion regulation.
Kindness is a desirable trait to possess, and it is therefore commendable to investigate its link with self-regulation and, in particular, emotion regulation. Implicit processes in general are much more consistent and reliable, as they are triggered automatically and run to completion without conscious effort or monitoring.Therefore, the effect of implicit emotion regulation on psychological health is more important than that of explicit cognitive behavior and ability. Based on an action control perspective, which suggests that the regulatory process for emotions usually includes three sub-tasks, in this study, a set of implicit tasks were designed to investigate the influence of the kindness trait on implicit emotion regulation among undergraduate students with different levels of kindness.The Chinese Personality Scale was used to assess level of kindness. This study surveyed 399 college students, ultimately selecting 60 participants(30 with high scores and 30 with low scores). The results showed that the high-kindness group had significantly higher scores(M = 90.57, SD = 6.17) than did the low-kindness group(M = 52.28, SD = 3.83), t(58) = 28.70, p < 0.001). A subset of participants was selected based on their kindness scores. They then completed three experimental tasks. First, an emotional Stroop task was conducted to compare the interference effect in color identification caused by emotional valence between the two groups. In this task, the experiment materials were positive and negative emotional words related to interpersonal relationships. The second task used an implicit association test of emotion regulation(ER-IAT) to assess differences in implicit attitude toward emotion regulation between the two groups. The third task was a visual face detection task, which used different expressions to determine the efficiency of implicit emotion recovery in the two groups after a negative emotion induction.The results showed that(1) in the first task, the high-kindness group had a significantly longer reaction time to words describing positive interpersonal relationships than to negative words(p = 0.02). In contrast, the low-kindness participants did not show any difference in reaction times to the two types of words(p = 0.4).(2)In the second task, the high-kindness group had a significantly higher D value(0.34 ± 0.64) than did the low-kindness group(-0.30 ± 0.68), t(54) = 3.64, p = 0.001.(3) In the third task, although the explicit emotion changes did not differ significantly between the two groups at any time point(all p > 0.05), the reaction times for the high-kindness participants were significantly shorter than those for the low-kindness participants in the visual face search tasks using happy-angry combination matrixes(p = 0.01).This study presented the link between the personality trait of kindness and implicit emotional responses according to action control theory. These results suggested that(1) the emotional valence of words only interferes with the reaction times of high-kindness participants' color judgment, and a more significant Stroop interference effect was only found for positive valence words.(2) High-kindness individuals were more inclined to demonstrate a positive implicit attitude in emotion regulation and preferred a deliberate, appropriate control of emotions. In contrast, the low-kindness individuals were more inclined toward a negative implicit attitude towards emotion regulation and preferred a direct expression of emotions.(3) The high-kindness individuals shifted their attention away from angry faces more quickly and had greater implicit emotion regulation ability.This study provided experimental evidence that there was an advantage for kindness traits with regard to implicit emotion regulation.
引文
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Baumeister,R.F.,Bratslavsky,E.,Finkenauer,C.,&Vohs,K.D.(2001).Bad is stronger than good.Review of General Psychology,5(4),477-509.
Braunstein,L.M.,Gross,J.J.,&Ochsner,K.N.(2017).Explicit and implicit emotion regulation:A multi-level framework.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,12(10),1545-1557.
Buchanan,K.E.,&Bardi,A.(2010).Acts of kindness and acts of novelty affect life satisfaction.Journal of Social Psychology,150(3),235-237.
Cai,H.,Sriram,N.,Greenwald,A.G.,&Mcfarland,S.G.(2004).The implicit association test's D measure can minimize a cognitive skill confound:Comment on Mcfarland and Crouch.Social Cognition,22(6),673-684.
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Ehring,T.,Tuschen-Caffier,B.,Schnülle,J.,Fischer,S.,&Gross,J.J.(2010).Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression:Spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal.Emotion,10(10),563-572.
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Feldmann-Wüstefeld,T.,Schmidt-Daffy,M.,&Schub?,A.(2011).Neural evidence for the threat detection advantage:Differential attention allocation to angry and happy faces.Psychophysiology,48(5),697-707.
Fiske,S.T.,Cuddy,A.J.C.,&Glick,P.(2007).Universal dimensions of social cognition:Warmth and competence.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,11(2),77-83.
Gan,Y.Q.,Wang,C.,&Hu,X.X.(2007).The theoretical construct of Chinese core self-evaluation.Advances in Psychological Science,15(2),217-223.[甘怡群,王纯,胡潇潇.(2007).中国人的核心自我评价的理论构想.心理科学进展,15(2),217-223.]
Gong,X.,Huang,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2011).Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system.Chinese Mental Health Journal,25(1),40-46.[龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,罗跃嘉.(2011).中国面孔表情图片系统的修订.中国心理卫生杂志,25(1),40-46.]
Greenwald,A.G.,Nosek,B.A.,&Banaji,M.R.(2003).Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test:I.An improved scoring algorithm.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(2),197-216.
Gross,J.J.,&Thompson,R.A.(2007).Emotion regulation:Conceptual foundations.In.J.J.Gross(Ed.),Handbook of emotion regulation(pp.3-24).New York,NY,US:The Guilford Press.
Gyurak,A.,Gross,J.J.,&Etkin,A.(2011).Explicit and implicit emotion regulation:A dual-process framework.Cognition and Emotion,25(3),400-412.
Hopp,H.,Troy,A.S.,&Mauss,I.B.(2011).The unconscious pursuit of emotion regulation:Implications for psychological health.Cognition and Emotion,25(3),532-545.
Jostmann,N.B.,Koole,S.L.,van der Wulp,N.Y.,&Fockenberg,D.A.(2005).Subliminal affect regulation:The moderating role of action vs.state orientation.European Psychologist,10(3),209-217.
Kazén,M.,Kuhl,J.,&Quirin,M.(2015).Personality interacts with implicit affect to predict performance in analytic versus holistic processing.Journal of Personality,83(3),251-261.
Kokkonen,M.,&Pulkkinen,L.(2001).Examination of the paths between personality,current mood,its evaluation,and emotion regulation.European Journal of Personality,15(2),83-104.
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