西藏东南部柏木属群落类型及物种多样性
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摘要
西藏东南部柏木属植物群落是青藏高原天然林资源的重要组分,在维持高原生物多样性与生态安全方面作用显著.为明确其群落类型及物种多样性,本研究通过在米林县、朗县和波密县设置典型样地和划分群落类型,分析了不同群落物种组成、物种多样性指数及建群种径级结构.结果表明:柏木属植物群落可划分为4个群落类型:西藏柏木-柳叶忍冬+绒毛山梅花-凤尾蕨+紫马唐群落(群落Ⅰ)、巨柏-圆锥山蚂蝗+砂生槐-线形草沙蚕+芸香草+固沙草群落(群落Ⅱ)、巨柏-甘肃野丁香-杂配藜+固沙草群落(群落Ⅲ)、巨柏-小蓝雪花-藏沙蒿+固沙草+蒺藜群落(群落Ⅳ).各群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数及种间相遇机率指数均表现为:群落Ⅰ>群落Ⅱ>群落Ⅲ>群落Ⅳ.4个群落的建群种幼龄级个体多而中老龄级少,植株由幼龄级向中龄级过渡阶段死亡率较高,柏木属植物种群呈衰退趋势.
Cupressus communities are the important parts of natural forests in Southeast Tibet, with significance on plateau biodiversity conservation and ecological security. To clarify their types and plant species diversity, we analyzed species composition and diversity indices, diameter class pattern of constructive species in different communities in Milin County, Lang County and Bomi County, Southeast Tibet. The results showed that Cupressus communities could be classified into four types: C. torulosa-Lonicera lanceolate + Philadelphus tomentosus-Pteris cretica var. nervosa + Digitaria violascens community(CommunityⅠ), C. gigantea-Desmodium elegans + Sophora moorcroftia-na-Tripogon filiformis + Cymbopogon distans + Orinus thoroldii community(CommunityⅡ), C. gigantea-Leptodermis purdomii-Chenopodium hybridum + O. thoroldii community(Community Ⅲ), and C. gigantea-Ceratostigma minus-A. desertorum + O. thoroldii + Tribulus terrester community(Community Ⅳ). Across those four community types, Margalef index, Shannon index, Pielou index and interspecies encounter probability index all ranked with the decreasing order of CommunityⅠ, CommunityⅡ, Community Ⅲ and Community Ⅳ. Diameter class pattern of the constructive species showed that many young and few middle/old individuals were within the four communities. High mortality rate occurred during the interim period from young to middle age classes. In general, populations of Cupressus plants showed a declining trend.
Cupressus communities are the important parts of natural forests in Southeast Tibet, with significance on plateau biodiversity conservation and ecological security. To clarify their types and plant species diversity, we analyzed species composition and diversity indices, diameter class pattern of constructive species in different communities in Milin County, Lang County and Bomi County, Southeast Tibet. The results showed that Cupressus communities could be classified into four types: C. torulosa-Lonicera lanceolate + Philadelphus tomentosus-Pteris cretica var. nervosa + Digitaria violascens community(CommunityⅠ), C. gigantea-Desmodium elegans + Sophora moorcroftia-na-Tripogon filiformis + Cymbopogon distans + Orinus thoroldii community(CommunityⅡ), C. gigantea-Leptodermis purdomii-Chenopodium hybridum + O. thoroldii community(Community Ⅲ), and C. gigantea-Ceratostigma minus-A. desertorum + O. thoroldii + Tribulus terrester community(Community Ⅳ). Across those four community types, Margalef index, Shannon index, Pielou index and interspecies encounter probability index all ranked with the decreasing order of CommunityⅠ, CommunityⅡ, Community Ⅲ and Community Ⅳ. Diameter class pattern of the constructive species showed that many young and few middle/old individuals were within the four communities. High mortality rate occurred during the interim period from young to middle age classes. In general, populations of Cupressus plants showed a declining trend.
引文
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[2] Rivas-Torres G, Flory SL, Loiselle B. Plant community composition and structural characteristics of an invaded forest in the Galápagos. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2018, 27: 329-344
[3] Peng Y (彭羽), Qing F-T (卿凤婷), Mi K (米凯), et al. Study progress on spatial scale effects and coupling relationships of different levels in biodiversity. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(2): 577-583 (in Chinese)
[4] Lu L-L (陆龙龙), Guo Z-L (郭忠玲), Fan C-N (范春楠), et al. Community characteristics and stability analysis of secondary deciduous broad-leaves forest in Mopan Mountains, Jilin Province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(7): 2079-2087 (in Chinese)
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[6] Chen D (陈端). Research status and prospect of Cupressus gigantean in Tibet. Tibet Science and Technology (西藏科技), 1995 (2): 7-11 (in Chinese)
[7] Chi X (池翔), Zheng W-L (郑维列), Guo Q-Q (郭其强), et al. Age structure and quantity dynamics analysis of Cupressus torulosa. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology (中南林业科技大学学报), 2017, 37(12): 114-119 (in Chinese)
[8] Zheng W-L (郑维列), Xue H-Y (薛会英), Luo D-Q (罗大庆), et al. Eco-geographic distribution and coenology characteristics of Cupressus gigantean. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2007, 43(12): 8-15 (in Chinese)
[9] Wang S (汪松), Jie Y (解炎). Catalogue of Chinese Red Plants. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004 (in Chinese)
[10] Zhai S-H (翟书华), Fan C-Z (樊传章), Zhang G-F (张光飞). Effect of water-extracted solution of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng on seeds germination of Cupressus torulosa and Cupressus duclouxiana Hichel. Journal of Kunming University (昆明学院学报), 2011, 33(3): 90-91 (in Chinese)
[11] Wang J-S (王景生), Zheng W-L (郑维列), Pan G (潘刚). Relation between being endangered and seed vigor about Cupressus gigantea in Tibet. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2005, 41(4): 37-41 (in Chinese)
[12] Li Y-X (李永霞), Zhang H (张豪), Xu Y (徐杨). Study on seed germination and seedling growth of Cupressus gigantean in southeast Tibet. Seed (种子), 2007, 36(4): 91-93 (in Chinese)
[13] Jia C (贾晨), Lan F-Z (兰发正), Xiong D-G (熊大国), et al. A study of growth characteristics of Cupressus torulosa plantations in Jiange County. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology (四川林业科技), 2016, 37(3): 15-19 (in Chinese)
[14] Luo J (罗建), Wang J-S (王景生), Luo D-Q (罗大庆), et al. Study on the characteristics of Cupressus gigantean community in Tibet. Forestry Research (林业科学研究), 2006, 19(3): 295-300 (in Chinese)
[15] Lan X-Z (兰小中), Liao Z-H (廖志华), Wang J-S (王景生). The diurnal course of photosynthesis of the endangered species Tibetan Cupressus gigantea in Tibet Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2005, 25(12): 3172-3175 (in Chinese)
[16] Deqing C-M (德庆措姆), Ci D-J (次德吉). Preliminary study on introduction of walnut at Nang County of Tibet. Northern Horticulture (北方园艺), 2010(6): 90-92 (in Chinese)
[17] Gu Z-W (顾祖文). Agrometeorological conditions of Yigong tea producing areas in Tibet. Journal of Natural Resource (自然资源), 1988(1): 94-96 (in Chinese)
[18] Tang Z-Y (唐志尧), Qiao X-J (乔秀娟), Fang J-Y (方精云). Species-area relationship in biological community. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 2009, 17(6): 549-559 (in Chinese)
[19] Cao W (曹伟), Li Y (李岩), Wang S-L (王树良), et al. Community type and species diversity of broad leaved-Korean pine mixed forest in Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(11): 2406-2411 (in Chinese)
[20] Wang X (王霞), Tie J (铁军), Li Y-F (李燕芬), et al. Interspecific association of dominant species in Taxus chinensis var. mairei community of Lingchuan in Shanxi. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2016, 35(10): 2575-2582 (in Chinese)
[21] Huang J-H (黄建辉), Gao X-M (高贤明), Ma K-P (马克平), et al. A comparative study on species diversity in zonal forestry communities. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 1997, 11(6): 611-618 (in Chinese)
[22] Chi X (池翔), Zheng W-L (郑维列), Guo Q-Q (郭其强), et al. Primary research on seed plant flora of Cupressus gigantean forest and Cupressus torulosa forest in Southeast Tibet. Journal of Plateau Agriculture (高原农业), 2018(1): 1-12 (in Chinese)
[23] Davidson TA, Mackay AW, Wolski P, et al. Seasonal and spatial hydrological variability drives aquatic biodiversity in a flood-pulsed, sub-tropical wetland. Freshwater Biology, 2012, 57: 1253-1265
[24] Goosem M, Paz C, Fensham R, et al. Forest age and isolation affect the rate of recovery of plant species diversity and community composition in secondary rain forests in tropical Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2016, 27: 504-514
[25] Wu GL, Wang D, Liu Y, et al. Warm-season grazing benefits species diversity conservation and topsoil nu-trient sequestration in alpine meadow. Land Degradation & Development, 2017, 28: 1311-1319
[26] Hakkenberg CR, Song C, Peet RK, et al. Forest structure as a predictor of tree species diversity in the North Carolina Piedmont. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2016, 27: 1151-1163
[27] Wu D, Zhao X, Liang S, et al. Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change. Global Change Biology, 2015, 21: 3520-3531
[28] Knapp AK, Fay PA, Blair JM, et al. Rainfall variability, carbon cycling, and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland. Science, 2002, 298: 2202-2205
[29] Wang Z-F (王峥峰), An S-Q (安树青), David G, et al. Species diversity of montane rain forest in Diaoluo Mountain, Hainan. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 1999, 19(1): 61-67 (in Chinese)
[30] Hawkins BA, Field R, Cornell HV, et al. Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 2003, 84: 3105-3117
[31] Guo Q-Q (郭其强), Luo D-Q (罗大庆), Lu J (卢杰), et al. Distribution pattern of Rhododendron aganniphum var. schizopeplum population at the timberline of Sejila Mountains, Tibet of China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(5): 1329-1334 (in Chinese)
[32] Zhou L-L (周刘丽), Zhang Q-Q (张晴晴), Zhao Y-T (赵延涛), et al. Species association and correlation between vertical layers in the Liquidambar formosana community in Tiantong region, Zhejiang Province. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2015, 39(12): 1136-1145 (in Chinese)
[33] Zhang W-H (张文辉), Xu X-B (许小波), Zhou J-Y (周建云), et al. Population dynamics of endangered plant species Abies chensiensis. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2005, 16(10): 1799-1804 (in Chinese)
[34] Zong G (宗国), Bai X-J (白雪娇), Zhang S-Y (张淑媛), et al. Spatial pattern and interspecific spatial association of tree seedlings in a secondary forest in montane region of eastern Liaoning Province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(1): 18-24 (in Chinese)
[35] Li X-L (李辛雷), Sun Z-Y (孙振元), Li J-Y (李纪元), et al. Population structure and spatial distribution pattern of Camellia azalea in E’huangzhang Nature Reserve of Guangdong, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(8): 2115-2121 (in Chinese)
[2] Rivas-Torres G, Flory SL, Loiselle B. Plant community composition and structural characteristics of an invaded forest in the Galápagos. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2018, 27: 329-344
[3] Peng Y (彭羽), Qing F-T (卿凤婷), Mi K (米凯), et al. Study progress on spatial scale effects and coupling relationships of different levels in biodiversity. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2015, 35(2): 577-583 (in Chinese)
[4] Lu L-L (陆龙龙), Guo Z-L (郭忠玲), Fan C-N (范春楠), et al. Community characteristics and stability analysis of secondary deciduous broad-leaves forest in Mopan Mountains, Jilin Province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(7): 2079-2087 (in Chinese)
[5] Zheng W-J (郑万钧), Fu L-G (傅立国). Chinese gymnosperms. Journal of Systematics and Evolution (植物分类学报), 1975, 13(4): 56-89 (in Chinese)
[6] Chen D (陈端). Research status and prospect of Cupressus gigantean in Tibet. Tibet Science and Technology (西藏科技), 1995 (2): 7-11 (in Chinese)
[7] Chi X (池翔), Zheng W-L (郑维列), Guo Q-Q (郭其强), et al. Age structure and quantity dynamics analysis of Cupressus torulosa. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology (中南林业科技大学学报), 2017, 37(12): 114-119 (in Chinese)
[8] Zheng W-L (郑维列), Xue H-Y (薛会英), Luo D-Q (罗大庆), et al. Eco-geographic distribution and coenology characteristics of Cupressus gigantean. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2007, 43(12): 8-15 (in Chinese)
[9] Wang S (汪松), Jie Y (解炎). Catalogue of Chinese Red Plants. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004 (in Chinese)
[10] Zhai S-H (翟书华), Fan C-Z (樊传章), Zhang G-F (张光飞). Effect of water-extracted solution of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng on seeds germination of Cupressus torulosa and Cupressus duclouxiana Hichel. Journal of Kunming University (昆明学院学报), 2011, 33(3): 90-91 (in Chinese)
[11] Wang J-S (王景生), Zheng W-L (郑维列), Pan G (潘刚). Relation between being endangered and seed vigor about Cupressus gigantea in Tibet. Scientia Silvae Sinicae (林业科学), 2005, 41(4): 37-41 (in Chinese)
[12] Li Y-X (李永霞), Zhang H (张豪), Xu Y (徐杨). Study on seed germination and seedling growth of Cupressus gigantean in southeast Tibet. Seed (种子), 2007, 36(4): 91-93 (in Chinese)
[13] Jia C (贾晨), Lan F-Z (兰发正), Xiong D-G (熊大国), et al. A study of growth characteristics of Cupressus torulosa plantations in Jiange County. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology (四川林业科技), 2016, 37(3): 15-19 (in Chinese)
[14] Luo J (罗建), Wang J-S (王景生), Luo D-Q (罗大庆), et al. Study on the characteristics of Cupressus gigantean community in Tibet. Forestry Research (林业科学研究), 2006, 19(3): 295-300 (in Chinese)
[15] Lan X-Z (兰小中), Liao Z-H (廖志华), Wang J-S (王景生). The diurnal course of photosynthesis of the endangered species Tibetan Cupressus gigantea in Tibet Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2005, 25(12): 3172-3175 (in Chinese)
[16] Deqing C-M (德庆措姆), Ci D-J (次德吉). Preliminary study on introduction of walnut at Nang County of Tibet. Northern Horticulture (北方园艺), 2010(6): 90-92 (in Chinese)
[17] Gu Z-W (顾祖文). Agrometeorological conditions of Yigong tea producing areas in Tibet. Journal of Natural Resource (自然资源), 1988(1): 94-96 (in Chinese)
[18] Tang Z-Y (唐志尧), Qiao X-J (乔秀娟), Fang J-Y (方精云). Species-area relationship in biological community. Biodiversity Science (生物多样性), 2009, 17(6): 549-559 (in Chinese)
[19] Cao W (曹伟), Li Y (李岩), Wang S-L (王树良), et al. Community type and species diversity of broad leaved-Korean pine mixed forest in Northeast China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(11): 2406-2411 (in Chinese)
[20] Wang X (王霞), Tie J (铁军), Li Y-F (李燕芬), et al. Interspecific association of dominant species in Taxus chinensis var. mairei community of Lingchuan in Shanxi. Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志), 2016, 35(10): 2575-2582 (in Chinese)
[21] Huang J-H (黄建辉), Gao X-M (高贤明), Ma K-P (马克平), et al. A comparative study on species diversity in zonal forestry communities. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 1997, 11(6): 611-618 (in Chinese)
[22] Chi X (池翔), Zheng W-L (郑维列), Guo Q-Q (郭其强), et al. Primary research on seed plant flora of Cupressus gigantean forest and Cupressus torulosa forest in Southeast Tibet. Journal of Plateau Agriculture (高原农业), 2018(1): 1-12 (in Chinese)
[23] Davidson TA, Mackay AW, Wolski P, et al. Seasonal and spatial hydrological variability drives aquatic biodiversity in a flood-pulsed, sub-tropical wetland. Freshwater Biology, 2012, 57: 1253-1265
[24] Goosem M, Paz C, Fensham R, et al. Forest age and isolation affect the rate of recovery of plant species diversity and community composition in secondary rain forests in tropical Australia. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2016, 27: 504-514
[25] Wu GL, Wang D, Liu Y, et al. Warm-season grazing benefits species diversity conservation and topsoil nu-trient sequestration in alpine meadow. Land Degradation & Development, 2017, 28: 1311-1319
[26] Hakkenberg CR, Song C, Peet RK, et al. Forest structure as a predictor of tree species diversity in the North Carolina Piedmont. Journal of Vegetation Science, 2016, 27: 1151-1163
[27] Wu D, Zhao X, Liang S, et al. Time-lag effects of global vegetation responses to climate change. Global Change Biology, 2015, 21: 3520-3531
[28] Knapp AK, Fay PA, Blair JM, et al. Rainfall variability, carbon cycling, and plant species diversity in a mesic grassland. Science, 2002, 298: 2202-2205
[29] Wang Z-F (王峥峰), An S-Q (安树青), David G, et al. Species diversity of montane rain forest in Diaoluo Mountain, Hainan. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 1999, 19(1): 61-67 (in Chinese)
[30] Hawkins BA, Field R, Cornell HV, et al. Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 2003, 84: 3105-3117
[31] Guo Q-Q (郭其强), Luo D-Q (罗大庆), Lu J (卢杰), et al. Distribution pattern of Rhododendron aganniphum var. schizopeplum population at the timberline of Sejila Mountains, Tibet of China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(5): 1329-1334 (in Chinese)
[32] Zhou L-L (周刘丽), Zhang Q-Q (张晴晴), Zhao Y-T (赵延涛), et al. Species association and correlation between vertical layers in the Liquidambar formosana community in Tiantong region, Zhejiang Province. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology (植物生态学报), 2015, 39(12): 1136-1145 (in Chinese)
[33] Zhang W-H (张文辉), Xu X-B (许小波), Zhou J-Y (周建云), et al. Population dynamics of endangered plant species Abies chensiensis. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2005, 16(10): 1799-1804 (in Chinese)
[34] Zong G (宗国), Bai X-J (白雪娇), Zhang S-Y (张淑媛), et al. Spatial pattern and interspecific spatial association of tree seedlings in a secondary forest in montane region of eastern Liaoning Province, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2018, 29(1): 18-24 (in Chinese)
[35] Li X-L (李辛雷), Sun Z-Y (孙振元), Li J-Y (李纪元), et al. Population structure and spatial distribution pattern of Camellia azalea in E’huangzhang Nature Reserve of Guangdong, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2013, 24(8): 2115-2121 (in Chinese)
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