县域水土保持区划方法的问题与改进
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摘要
在中国水土保持区划近70年的发展历程中,其方法不断完善,突出表现为"3S"技术和数理模型的应用、经济和生态学概念的引入,但仍存有问题:定量方法选用的指标冗杂、部分指标间共线性强、尺度差异未体现;定性因子考虑不足,指标数据实际含义削弱,仅作为数值被计算;生态系统服务功能的融入只体现在区划工作结束后,无法影响区划过程。针对此,依据已有区划实践和相关理论,提出县域尺度水土保持区划方法的优化设计方案:构建水土流失危险性、土壤侵蚀态势、水土保持能力的三维指标框架,选用坡度、植被覆盖率、人口密度、土地利用强度、生态系统服务功能、土壤侵蚀综合指数、资金/技术投入、交通通达度和水保工作积极性共计9项指标,结合定性分析将每个评价单元按其不同的三维组合类型划分到不同的水土保持区。
Regionalization of soil and water conservation in China is to, based on the inhomogeneous of natural characteristics and socio-economic conditions, and also takes into consideration, where available,already developed maps of spatial variations of soil erosion, divide a certain area into functional regions,with the hope that region-specific management rather than site-specific management could be applied without too much adjustment in each region. China spans nearly 50 degrees in latitude and has almost all existing landform patterns; types and rates and controls of soil erosion vary substantially from one region to another(e.g. the Loess Plateau versus the Tibet Plateau). In light of these particularities, appeals for regionalization of soil and water conservation could be justified. Hence this article examed the nearly70 year 's development of regionalization of soil and water conservation in China with the purpose to recognize its characteristics and if exist, drawbacks, and thus put forward a new method for regionalization of soil and water conservation at a county-scale with the hope to help with further improvement of the regionalization. To catch sight of the characteristics in the developing process of regionalization of soil and water conservation, a total of more than 400 articles were downloaded from CNKI and reviewed and studied. To detect the drawbacks of existing regionalizations of soil and water conservation, statistical analysis is used here. To design the new method of regionalization at county-scale, scenario simulation is employed and the P-S-R model were adopted. Based on thoroughly retrospection of the nearly 70 year history of development of regionalization of soil and water conservation in China, the authors characterized the methodical advance that from qualitation to quantitation, including the employment of "3 S"(RS/GIS/GPS) technology and mathematical models, and the progress of regionalization's conceptional framework,especially the introduction of knowledge within economics and ecology disciplines. These methods,however, have their limits because of the conflict between old fashions and new prospect which could be concluded to three point: first, indicators used by quantitative methods are miscellaneous, making some of which have strong correlation, while the scale effect have not been reflected by indicator system; second,some of the key qualitative factors(such as enthusiasm for soil conservation practice) are difficult to be included in the process of regionalization because quantitative methods are unable to process indicators identified by descriptions but not data, moreover, mathematical methods only calculate indicators as numbers without concerning their actual meanings of the data in calculate; third, ecosystem functions are integrated in the process of regionalization in a manner that could hardly influence the result of regionalization scheme. In this end, based on the already existing schemes and theories of other discipline,methods of regionalization of soil and water conservation at county-scale are re-designed: risk of soil and water loss, soil erosion condition, capacity of soil and water conservation are used to build a threedimension indicator framework, and a total of nine indicators are included in the indicator system, which are slope(°), vegetation coverage(%), population density(person·m~(-3)), land use intensity(%), ecosystem functions(Yuan), index of soil erosion(1), capital/technique input(Yuan·a~(-1)), traffic accessibility(m·m-2), and enthusiasm on soil conservation practice(1). For each evaluating unit, combination type of the three dimensions are employed to determine its region in the regionalization of soil and water conservation.Compared with the existing regionalization schemes where cluster analysis is also integrated, this new county-scale-oriented regionalization method eliminates unnecessary indicators into the indicator system while also maintains their practical implications. By combining qualitation and quantitation in determining the region of each evaluating unit belongs to, this new method could to some extent contribute to a more accurate regionalization of soil and water conservation and therefore, contribute to further soil and water conservation practice.
Regionalization of soil and water conservation in China is to, based on the inhomogeneous of natural characteristics and socio-economic conditions, and also takes into consideration, where available,already developed maps of spatial variations of soil erosion, divide a certain area into functional regions,with the hope that region-specific management rather than site-specific management could be applied without too much adjustment in each region. China spans nearly 50 degrees in latitude and has almost all existing landform patterns; types and rates and controls of soil erosion vary substantially from one region to another(e.g. the Loess Plateau versus the Tibet Plateau). In light of these particularities, appeals for regionalization of soil and water conservation could be justified. Hence this article examed the nearly70 year 's development of regionalization of soil and water conservation in China with the purpose to recognize its characteristics and if exist, drawbacks, and thus put forward a new method for regionalization of soil and water conservation at a county-scale with the hope to help with further improvement of the regionalization. To catch sight of the characteristics in the developing process of regionalization of soil and water conservation, a total of more than 400 articles were downloaded from CNKI and reviewed and studied. To detect the drawbacks of existing regionalizations of soil and water conservation, statistical analysis is used here. To design the new method of regionalization at county-scale, scenario simulation is employed and the P-S-R model were adopted. Based on thoroughly retrospection of the nearly 70 year history of development of regionalization of soil and water conservation in China, the authors characterized the methodical advance that from qualitation to quantitation, including the employment of "3 S"(RS/GIS/GPS) technology and mathematical models, and the progress of regionalization's conceptional framework,especially the introduction of knowledge within economics and ecology disciplines. These methods,however, have their limits because of the conflict between old fashions and new prospect which could be concluded to three point: first, indicators used by quantitative methods are miscellaneous, making some of which have strong correlation, while the scale effect have not been reflected by indicator system; second,some of the key qualitative factors(such as enthusiasm for soil conservation practice) are difficult to be included in the process of regionalization because quantitative methods are unable to process indicators identified by descriptions but not data, moreover, mathematical methods only calculate indicators as numbers without concerning their actual meanings of the data in calculate; third, ecosystem functions are integrated in the process of regionalization in a manner that could hardly influence the result of regionalization scheme. In this end, based on the already existing schemes and theories of other discipline,methods of regionalization of soil and water conservation at county-scale are re-designed: risk of soil and water loss, soil erosion condition, capacity of soil and water conservation are used to build a threedimension indicator framework, and a total of nine indicators are included in the indicator system, which are slope(°), vegetation coverage(%), population density(person·m~(-3)), land use intensity(%), ecosystem functions(Yuan), index of soil erosion(1), capital/technique input(Yuan·a~(-1)), traffic accessibility(m·m-2), and enthusiasm on soil conservation practice(1). For each evaluating unit, combination type of the three dimensions are employed to determine its region in the regionalization of soil and water conservation.Compared with the existing regionalization schemes where cluster analysis is also integrated, this new county-scale-oriented regionalization method eliminates unnecessary indicators into the indicator system while also maintains their practical implications. By combining qualitation and quantitation in determining the region of each evaluating unit belongs to, this new method could to some extent contribute to a more accurate regionalization of soil and water conservation and therefore, contribute to further soil and water conservation practice.
引文
[1]林俊青.中国科学院应迅速开展水土保持的定位试验工作.科学通报,1957(3):128Lin J Q. The Chinese academy of sciences should carry out the localization experiment of soil and water conservation rapidly(In Chinese). Chinese Science Bulletin, 1957(3):128
[2]许伍权,李除森,杨文坤.关于惠安水土保持区经济区划工作的意见.福建林学院学报(自然科学版),1961(00):25-42Xu W Q, Li C S, Yang W K. Comments on regionalization of soil and water conservation of Hui'an(In Chinese). Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),1961(00):25-42
[3]兴国县水土保持区划工作队.兴国县水土保持综合区划报告(讨论稿)摘要.水土保持,1981(3):1-7Work Team on Regionalization of Soil and Water Conservation in Xingguo. Report(draft)ofregionalization of soil and water conservation in Xingguo(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation, 1981(3):1-7
[4]张汉雄.模糊聚类在水土保持区划中的应用.中国水土保持,1990(11):52-54Zhang H X. The use of fuzzy clustering in regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation in China,1990(11):52-54
[5]周世波,史玲芳,刘乐融.计算机在秃尾河流域水土保持治理分区中的应用研究.中国水土保持,1990(6):41-45Zhou S B, Shi L F, Liu L R. Computer used for regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation in China,1990(6):41-45
[6]胡志勇,严鹏,程颐农,等.用模糊——动态聚类法对青海省东部进行水土保持综合治理亚区划分.水土保持研究,1994,1(1):37-44Hu Z Y, Yan P, Cheng Y N, et al. Application of fuzzy-dynamic clustering in division of comprehensive control for soil and water conservation in east part of Qinghai Province(In Chinese). Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 1994, 1(1):37-44
[7]邓根松,危煦春,王建玲.灰色系统理论在水土保持区划中的应用——邵武市水土保持区划方法初探.福建水土保持,1995(4):13-18Deng G S, Wei X C, Wang J L. Apply grey system theory to regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Fujian Soil and Water Conservation,1995(4):13-18
[8]马力.基于GIS水土保持动态规划方法研究——以县南沟小流域为例.陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003Ma L. Study of soil and water conservation dynamic planning based on GIS—A case study on Xiannangou Watershed(In Chinese). Yangling, Shaannxi:Northwest A&F University, 2003
[9]孙秀美.基于GIS的山东沂沭泗流域水土保持生态功能评价及区划研究.济南:山东师范大学,2005Sun X M. Appraise on water and soil conservation ecological function and regionalization in Yi-ShuSi basin of Shandong Province based on GIS(In Chinese). Jinan:Shandong Normal University, 2005
[10]王治国.我国水土保持区划与生态修复区划若干问题思考.中国水土保持学会会议论文集.北京:北京林业大学,2004:47-51Wang Z G. Thoughts on regionalization of soil and water conservation and of ecological restoration(In Chinese). Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2004:47-51
[11]李云升,黄毅.辽宁省完成水土保持轮廓区划.水土保持科技情报,1988, 04:63-64Li Y S, Huang Y. Liaoning province have finished its regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Scientific and Technical Information of Soil and Water Conservation, 1988, 04:63-64
[12]褚丽妹.辽宁省水土保持规划方略与总体布局研究.水土保持应用技术,2017, 02:16-19Chu L M. Soil and water plan and general distribution of Liaoning province(In Chinese). Technology of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 02:16-19
[13]承志荣.江苏省水土保持区划研究.南京:南京农业大学,2013Cheng Z R. Study on soil and water conservation regionalization in Jiangsu Province(In Chinese).Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2013
[14]赵岩.水土保持区划及功能定位研究.北京:北京林业大学,2013Zhao Y. Study on soil and water conservation regionalization and function orientation(In Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Forest University, 2013
[15]尹辉,李景保,廖婷,等.湖南省澧水流域水土保持区划研究.水土保持通报,2009, 29(3):45-50Yin H, Li J B, Liao T, et al. Soil and water conservation regionalization of Lishui River Watershed in Hunan Province(In Chinese). Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 29(3):45-50
[16]弥智娟,朱艳艳,姜宏雷,等.基于多元数据的云南省水土保持区划方法研究.水土保持研究,2017, 24(2):64-69Mi Z J,Zhu Y Y, Jiang H L, et al. Regionalization method of soil and water conservation in Yunnan Province based on multivariate data. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017,24(2):64-69
[17]de Sosa L L, Glanville H C, Marshall M R, et al.Quantifying the contribution of riparian soils to the provision of ecosystem services. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 624:807-819
[18]吴岚.水土保持生态服务功能及其价值研究.北京:北京林业大学,2007Wu L. Function and value of soil and water conservation ecological services(In Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Forest University, 2007
[19]中华人民共和国水利部.中国水土流失防治与生态安全-南方红壤区卷.北京:科学出版社,2010Ministry of Water Resources of the PRC. Management of soil loss and ecological security of China-red soil region of Southern China(In Chinese). Beijing:Science Press,2010
[20]吴海萍,刘彦花.基于PSR模型的区域土地利用可持续水平测度.水土保持通报,2018, 38(1):270-275Wu H P, Liu Y H. Sustainable level measurement of regional land use based on PSR model(In Chinese).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 38(1):270-275
[21]Kennech G R,George R F,Gelnn A W,et al.RUSLE revised universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1991, 46(1):30-33
[22]Dennis L C, Keith L, Timothy R E. GIS-based modeling of non-pointed source pollution in the vadose zone. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1998,53(1):34-38
[23]Bostanmaneshrad F, Partani S, Noori R,et al. Relationship between water quality and macro-scale parameters(land use,erosion, geology, and population density)in the Siminehrood River Basin. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 639:1 5 88-1600
[24]Chen H, Zhang X P, Abla M, et al. Effects of vegetation and rainfall types on surface runoff and soil erosion on steep slopes on the Loess Plateau, China.Catena, 2018, 170:141-149
[25]Garosi Y, Sheklabadi M, Pourghasemi H R, et al.Comparison of differences in resolution and sources of controlling factors for gully erosion susceptibility mapping. Geoderma, 2018,330:65-78
[2]许伍权,李除森,杨文坤.关于惠安水土保持区经济区划工作的意见.福建林学院学报(自然科学版),1961(00):25-42Xu W Q, Li C S, Yang W K. Comments on regionalization of soil and water conservation of Hui'an(In Chinese). Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),1961(00):25-42
[3]兴国县水土保持区划工作队.兴国县水土保持综合区划报告(讨论稿)摘要.水土保持,1981(3):1-7Work Team on Regionalization of Soil and Water Conservation in Xingguo. Report(draft)ofregionalization of soil and water conservation in Xingguo(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation, 1981(3):1-7
[4]张汉雄.模糊聚类在水土保持区划中的应用.中国水土保持,1990(11):52-54Zhang H X. The use of fuzzy clustering in regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation in China,1990(11):52-54
[5]周世波,史玲芳,刘乐融.计算机在秃尾河流域水土保持治理分区中的应用研究.中国水土保持,1990(6):41-45Zhou S B, Shi L F, Liu L R. Computer used for regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Soil and Water Conservation in China,1990(6):41-45
[6]胡志勇,严鹏,程颐农,等.用模糊——动态聚类法对青海省东部进行水土保持综合治理亚区划分.水土保持研究,1994,1(1):37-44Hu Z Y, Yan P, Cheng Y N, et al. Application of fuzzy-dynamic clustering in division of comprehensive control for soil and water conservation in east part of Qinghai Province(In Chinese). Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 1994, 1(1):37-44
[7]邓根松,危煦春,王建玲.灰色系统理论在水土保持区划中的应用——邵武市水土保持区划方法初探.福建水土保持,1995(4):13-18Deng G S, Wei X C, Wang J L. Apply grey system theory to regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Fujian Soil and Water Conservation,1995(4):13-18
[8]马力.基于GIS水土保持动态规划方法研究——以县南沟小流域为例.陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003Ma L. Study of soil and water conservation dynamic planning based on GIS—A case study on Xiannangou Watershed(In Chinese). Yangling, Shaannxi:Northwest A&F University, 2003
[9]孙秀美.基于GIS的山东沂沭泗流域水土保持生态功能评价及区划研究.济南:山东师范大学,2005Sun X M. Appraise on water and soil conservation ecological function and regionalization in Yi-ShuSi basin of Shandong Province based on GIS(In Chinese). Jinan:Shandong Normal University, 2005
[10]王治国.我国水土保持区划与生态修复区划若干问题思考.中国水土保持学会会议论文集.北京:北京林业大学,2004:47-51Wang Z G. Thoughts on regionalization of soil and water conservation and of ecological restoration(In Chinese). Beijing:Beijing Forest University,2004:47-51
[11]李云升,黄毅.辽宁省完成水土保持轮廓区划.水土保持科技情报,1988, 04:63-64Li Y S, Huang Y. Liaoning province have finished its regionalization of soil and water conservation(In Chinese). Scientific and Technical Information of Soil and Water Conservation, 1988, 04:63-64
[12]褚丽妹.辽宁省水土保持规划方略与总体布局研究.水土保持应用技术,2017, 02:16-19Chu L M. Soil and water plan and general distribution of Liaoning province(In Chinese). Technology of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 02:16-19
[13]承志荣.江苏省水土保持区划研究.南京:南京农业大学,2013Cheng Z R. Study on soil and water conservation regionalization in Jiangsu Province(In Chinese).Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2013
[14]赵岩.水土保持区划及功能定位研究.北京:北京林业大学,2013Zhao Y. Study on soil and water conservation regionalization and function orientation(In Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Forest University, 2013
[15]尹辉,李景保,廖婷,等.湖南省澧水流域水土保持区划研究.水土保持通报,2009, 29(3):45-50Yin H, Li J B, Liao T, et al. Soil and water conservation regionalization of Lishui River Watershed in Hunan Province(In Chinese). Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 29(3):45-50
[16]弥智娟,朱艳艳,姜宏雷,等.基于多元数据的云南省水土保持区划方法研究.水土保持研究,2017, 24(2):64-69Mi Z J,Zhu Y Y, Jiang H L, et al. Regionalization method of soil and water conservation in Yunnan Province based on multivariate data. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017,24(2):64-69
[17]de Sosa L L, Glanville H C, Marshall M R, et al.Quantifying the contribution of riparian soils to the provision of ecosystem services. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 624:807-819
[18]吴岚.水土保持生态服务功能及其价值研究.北京:北京林业大学,2007Wu L. Function and value of soil and water conservation ecological services(In Chinese).Beijing:Beijing Forest University, 2007
[19]中华人民共和国水利部.中国水土流失防治与生态安全-南方红壤区卷.北京:科学出版社,2010Ministry of Water Resources of the PRC. Management of soil loss and ecological security of China-red soil region of Southern China(In Chinese). Beijing:Science Press,2010
[20]吴海萍,刘彦花.基于PSR模型的区域土地利用可持续水平测度.水土保持通报,2018, 38(1):270-275Wu H P, Liu Y H. Sustainable level measurement of regional land use based on PSR model(In Chinese).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 38(1):270-275
[21]Kennech G R,George R F,Gelnn A W,et al.RUSLE revised universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1991, 46(1):30-33
[22]Dennis L C, Keith L, Timothy R E. GIS-based modeling of non-pointed source pollution in the vadose zone. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1998,53(1):34-38
[23]Bostanmaneshrad F, Partani S, Noori R,et al. Relationship between water quality and macro-scale parameters(land use,erosion, geology, and population density)in the Siminehrood River Basin. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 639:1 5 88-1600
[24]Chen H, Zhang X P, Abla M, et al. Effects of vegetation and rainfall types on surface runoff and soil erosion on steep slopes on the Loess Plateau, China.Catena, 2018, 170:141-149
[25]Garosi Y, Sheklabadi M, Pourghasemi H R, et al.Comparison of differences in resolution and sources of controlling factors for gully erosion susceptibility mapping. Geoderma, 2018,330:65-78