预期焦虑对面孔表情加工的影响
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摘要
预期焦虑是由于对未发生结果的负性投射造成的焦虑情绪。本文比较了被试在不同预期焦虑水平下观看愉快、中性及恐惧面孔时的行为和脑电数据。发现在高预期焦虑水平下,恐惧面孔诱发的N170波幅显著大于低预期焦虑水平,而愉快和中性面孔在两种水平下诱发的N170波幅差异不显著,且预期焦虑水平对恐惧面孔诱发的N170波幅的调节强度与个体的特质焦虑得分显著相关。这些结果表明,预期焦虑水平会影响面孔表情加工,且不同情绪面孔受到的影响不同。我们推测,预期焦虑水平可能通过影响杏仁核等脑区的激活来调节颞上回对恐惧面孔的加工。
The human brain responds before the application of aversive stimuli.Anticipation allows the organism to prepare its nociceptive system to respond adequately to the subsequent stimulus.The uncertainty of occurrence and intensity of an aversive event may lead to increased anticipatory anxiety,fear,physiological arousal and sensory perception.How does the anticipatory anxiety induced by the intensity of an uncertain aversive event influence the processing of social stimuli such as other's facial expressions?The present study used a revised version of the "monetary wheel of fortune" game to induce different levels of anticipatory anxiety.Two kinds of bets were set:1 and 100,"1" meant that the participants would win/lose 1 point(equivalent to 0.1 Yuan);"100" meant that the participants would win/lose 100 points(equivalent to 10 Yuan).After the bet was chosen and before the outcome appeared,the participants were presented with pictures of facial expressions(including three kinds:happy,neutral and fearful).Participants were instructed to judge the valence of the expression by pressing buttons.The EEGs during participants' observation of different facial expression under different levels of anticipatory anxiety were recorded and compared.Since this was a novel paradigm,we ran a validation test with 20 participants who did not participate in the EEG studies.They were instructed to rate the anxiety level according to their current feelings after the fortune is done(1 or 100 was chosen) on a 9-point scale(from 1-not anxious at all to 9-extremely anxious).Results of the validation test indicated that 100 elicited a significantly higher level of anxiety than 1.Therefore,this novel paradigm could elicit a different level of anticipatory anxiety as we expected.On the behavioral level,we found that the participants showed a significant negative bias in which they tended to under-rate the pleasantness of neutral face under the high anticipatory anxiety conditions.On the ERP level,a significant interaction of anticipatory anxiety and facial expressions was observed on the N170 component.Both happy and fearful face induced significantly greater N170 than neutral face only in high anticipatory anxiety conditions but not in low anticipatory anxiety conditions.Crucially,we found that the fearful face induced N170 amplitude was significantly greater under high anticipatory anxiety condition than under low anticipatory anxiety condition,while the difference of N170 induced by happy and neutral faces between the two anticipatory anxiety levels was insignificant.In addition,we also found that that the modulation effect of anticipatory anxiety on the fearful face induced N170 was related to the personality trait scores of neuroticism and state-trait anxiety.Combined with behavioral and ERP findings,these results showed that the level of anticipatory anxiety had an impact on the processing of facial expressions,and the processing of different expressions was affected by the anticipatory anxiety differently.Previous studies have shown that patients with various anxiety disorders,including phobia,generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia,may exhibit abnormal anticipatory anxiety.The present study focusing on the healthy population will help deepen our understanding of the mechanism of abnormality in the diseased population.
The human brain responds before the application of aversive stimuli.Anticipation allows the organism to prepare its nociceptive system to respond adequately to the subsequent stimulus.The uncertainty of occurrence and intensity of an aversive event may lead to increased anticipatory anxiety,fear,physiological arousal and sensory perception.How does the anticipatory anxiety induced by the intensity of an uncertain aversive event influence the processing of social stimuli such as other's facial expressions?The present study used a revised version of the "monetary wheel of fortune" game to induce different levels of anticipatory anxiety.Two kinds of bets were set:1 and 100,"1" meant that the participants would win/lose 1 point(equivalent to 0.1 Yuan);"100" meant that the participants would win/lose 100 points(equivalent to 10 Yuan).After the bet was chosen and before the outcome appeared,the participants were presented with pictures of facial expressions(including three kinds:happy,neutral and fearful).Participants were instructed to judge the valence of the expression by pressing buttons.The EEGs during participants' observation of different facial expression under different levels of anticipatory anxiety were recorded and compared.Since this was a novel paradigm,we ran a validation test with 20 participants who did not participate in the EEG studies.They were instructed to rate the anxiety level according to their current feelings after the fortune is done(1 or 100 was chosen) on a 9-point scale(from 1-not anxious at all to 9-extremely anxious).Results of the validation test indicated that 100 elicited a significantly higher level of anxiety than 1.Therefore,this novel paradigm could elicit a different level of anticipatory anxiety as we expected.On the behavioral level,we found that the participants showed a significant negative bias in which they tended to under-rate the pleasantness of neutral face under the high anticipatory anxiety conditions.On the ERP level,a significant interaction of anticipatory anxiety and facial expressions was observed on the N170 component.Both happy and fearful face induced significantly greater N170 than neutral face only in high anticipatory anxiety conditions but not in low anticipatory anxiety conditions.Crucially,we found that the fearful face induced N170 amplitude was significantly greater under high anticipatory anxiety condition than under low anticipatory anxiety condition,while the difference of N170 induced by happy and neutral faces between the two anticipatory anxiety levels was insignificant.In addition,we also found that that the modulation effect of anticipatory anxiety on the fearful face induced N170 was related to the personality trait scores of neuroticism and state-trait anxiety.Combined with behavioral and ERP findings,these results showed that the level of anticipatory anxiety had an impact on the processing of facial expressions,and the processing of different expressions was affected by the anticipatory anxiety differently.Previous studies have shown that patients with various anxiety disorders,including phobia,generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia,may exhibit abnormal anticipatory anxiety.The present study focusing on the healthy population will help deepen our understanding of the mechanism of abnormality in the diseased population.
引文
龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,罗跃嘉.(2011).中国面孔表情图片系统的修订.中国心理卫生杂志,25(1),40-46.
Asaumi,Y.,Morita,K.,Nakashima,Y.,Muraoka,A.,&Uchimura,N.(2014).Evaluation of P300 components for emotion-loaded visual event-related potential in elderly subjects,including those with dementia.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,68(7),558-567.
Ashley,V.,Vuilleumier,P.,&Swick,D.(2004).Time course and specificity of event-related potentials to emotional expressions.Neuroreport,15(1),211-216.
Bistricky,S.L.,Atchley,R.A.,Ingram,R.,&O'Hare,A.(2014).Biased processing of sad faces:An ERP marker candidate for depression susceptibility.Cognition and Emotion,28(3),470-492.
Blackie,R.A.,&Kocovski,N.L.(2016).Letting go of yesterday:Effect of distraction on post-event processing and anticipatory anxiety in a socially anxious sample.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,45(1),60-72.
Blau,V.C.,Maurer,U.,Tottenham,N.,&McCandliss,B.D.(2007).The facespecific N170 component is modulated by emotional facial expression.Behavioral and Brain Functions,3,7.
Boehme,S.,Ritter,V.,Tefikow,S.,Stangier,U.,Strauss,B.,Miltner,W.H.R.,&Straube,T.(2014).Brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in social anxiety disorder.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,9(9),1413-1418.
Bublatzky,F.,Flaisch,T.,Stockburger,J.,Schm?lzle,R.,&Schupp,H.T.(2010).The interaction of anticipatory anxiety and emotional picture processing:An event-related brain potential study.Psychophysiology,47,687-696.
Carlson,J.M.,Greenberg,T.,Rubin,D.,&Mujica-Parodi,L.R.(2011).Feeling anxious:Anticipatory amygdalo-insular response predicts the feeling of anxious anticipation.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6,74-81.
Charpentier,C.J.,Aylward,J.,Roiser,J.P.,&Robinson,O.J.(2017).Enhanced risk aversion,but not loss aversion,in unmedicated pathological anxiety.Biological Psychiatry,81(12),1014-1022.
Choi,D.,Nishimura,T.,Motoi,M.,Egashira,Y.,Matsumoto,R.,&Watanuki,S.(2014).Effect of empathy trait on attention to various facial expressions:Evidence from N170 and late positive potential(LPP).Journal of Physiological Anthropology,33,18.
Critchley,H.D.,Wiens,S.,Rotshtein,P.,?hman,A.,&Dolan,R.J.(2004).Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness.Nature Neuroscience,7(2),189-195.
Eimer,M.(2000).Attentional modulations of event-related brain potentials sensitive to faces.Cognitive Neuropsychology,17(1-3),103-116.
Engelmann,J.B.,Meyer,F.,Fehr,E.,&Ruff,C.C.(2015).Anticipatory anxiety disrupts neural valuation during risky choice.Journal of Neuroscience,35(7),3085-3099.
Grupe,D.W.,&Nitschke,J.B.(2013).Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety:An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,14(7),488-501.
Hesse,E.,Mikulan,E.,Decety,J.,Sigman,M.,del Carmen Garcia,M.C.,Silva,W.et al.(2016).Early detection of intentional harm in the human amygdala.Brain,139(1),54-61.
Iidaka,T.,Miyakoshi,M.,Harada,T.,&Nakai,T.(2012).White matter connectivity between superior temporal sulcus and amygdala is associated with autistic trait in healthy humans.Neuroscience Letters,510(2),154-158.
Itier,R.J.,&Taylor,M.J.(2004).Source analysis of the N170 to faces and objects.Neuroreport,15(8),1261-1265.
Krombholz,A.,Schaefer,F.,&Boucsein,W.(2007).Modification of N170 by different emotional expression of schematic faces.Biological Psychology,76(3),156-162.
Luo,W.B.,Feng,W.F.,He,W.Q.,Wang,N.Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2010).Three stages of facial expression processing:ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation.Neuro Image,49(2),1857-1867.
Maoz,K.,Eldar,S.,Stoddard,J.,Pine,D.S.,Leibenluft,E.,&Bar-Haim,Y.(2016).Angry-happy interpretations of ambiguous faces in social anxiety disorder.Psychiatry Research,241,122-127.
Mercure,E.,Dick,F.,Halit,H.,Kaufman,J.,&Johnson,M.H.(2008).Differential lateralization for words and faces:Category or psychophysics?Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(11),2070-2087.
Mokhtari,S.,&Buttle,H.(2015).The effect of observers'mood on the local processing of emotional faces:Evidence from short-lived and prolonged mood States.Advances in Cognitive Psychology,11(1),14-21.
N'Diaye,K.,Sander,D.,&Vuilleumier,P.(2009).Self-relevance processing in the human amygdala:Gaze direction,facial expression,and emotion intensity.Emotion,9(6),798-806.
Nguyen,V.T.,&Cunnington,R.(2014).The superior temporal sulcus and the N170 during face processing:Single trial analysis of concurrent EEG-fMRI.Neuro Image,86,492-502.
Pavarini,S.C.I.,Brigola,A.G.,Luchesi,B.M.,Souza,é.N.,Rossetti,E.S.,Fraga,F.J.,et al.(2018).On the use of the P300 as a tool for cognitive processing assessment in healthy aging:A review.Dementia e Neuropsychologia,12(1),1-11.
Pizzagalli,D.A.,Lehmann,D.,Hendrick,A.M.,Regard,M.,Pascual-Marqui,R.D.,&Davidson,R.J.(2002).Affective judgments of faces modulate early activity(~160 ms)within the fusiform gyri.Neuro Image,16(3),663-677.
Price,J.L.(2007).Definition of the orbital cortex in relation to specific connections with limbic and visceral structures and other cortical regions.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1121(1),54-71.
Richards,A.,French,C.C.,Calder,A.J.,Webb,B.,Fox,R.,&Young,A.W.(2002).Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions.Emotion,2(3),273-287.
Saris,I.M.J.,Aghajani,M.,van der Werff,S.J.A.,van der Wee,N.J.A.,&Penninx,B.W.J.H.(2017).Social functioning in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,136(4),352-361.
Seara-Cardoso,A.,Sebastian,C.L.,Viding,E.,&Roiser,J.P.(2016).Affective resonance in response to others'emotional faces varies with affective ratings and psychopathic traits in amygdala and anterior insula.Social Neuroscience,11(2),140-152.
Sears,R.M.,Fink,A.E.,Wigestrand,M.B.,Farb,C.R.,de Lecea,L.,&LeDoux,J.E.(2013).Orexin/hypocretin system modulates amygdala-dependent threat learning through the locus coeruleus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(50),20260-20265.
Smith,B.W.,Mitchell,D.G.V.,Hardin,M.G.,Jazbec,S.,Fridberg,D.,Blair,R.J.R.,&Ernst,M.(2009).Neural substrates of reward magnitude,probability,and risk during a wheel of fortune decision-making task.Neuro Image,44(2),600-609.
Spielberger,C.D.(1989).State-trait anxiety inventory:Bibliography.Palo Alto:CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
Vuilleumier,P.,Armony,J.L.,Driver,J.,&Dolan,R.J.(2001).Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain:An event-related fMRIstudy.Neuron,30(3),829-841.
Wieser,M.J.&Brosch,T.(2012).Faces in context:a review and systematization of contextual influences on affective face processing.Frontier in Psychology,3,471.
Yovel,G.(2016).Neural and cognitive face-selective markers:An integrative review.Neuropsychologia,83,5-13.
Asaumi,Y.,Morita,K.,Nakashima,Y.,Muraoka,A.,&Uchimura,N.(2014).Evaluation of P300 components for emotion-loaded visual event-related potential in elderly subjects,including those with dementia.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,68(7),558-567.
Ashley,V.,Vuilleumier,P.,&Swick,D.(2004).Time course and specificity of event-related potentials to emotional expressions.Neuroreport,15(1),211-216.
Bistricky,S.L.,Atchley,R.A.,Ingram,R.,&O'Hare,A.(2014).Biased processing of sad faces:An ERP marker candidate for depression susceptibility.Cognition and Emotion,28(3),470-492.
Blackie,R.A.,&Kocovski,N.L.(2016).Letting go of yesterday:Effect of distraction on post-event processing and anticipatory anxiety in a socially anxious sample.Cognitive Behaviour Therapy,45(1),60-72.
Blau,V.C.,Maurer,U.,Tottenham,N.,&McCandliss,B.D.(2007).The facespecific N170 component is modulated by emotional facial expression.Behavioral and Brain Functions,3,7.
Boehme,S.,Ritter,V.,Tefikow,S.,Stangier,U.,Strauss,B.,Miltner,W.H.R.,&Straube,T.(2014).Brain activation during anticipatory anxiety in social anxiety disorder.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,9(9),1413-1418.
Bublatzky,F.,Flaisch,T.,Stockburger,J.,Schm?lzle,R.,&Schupp,H.T.(2010).The interaction of anticipatory anxiety and emotional picture processing:An event-related brain potential study.Psychophysiology,47,687-696.
Carlson,J.M.,Greenberg,T.,Rubin,D.,&Mujica-Parodi,L.R.(2011).Feeling anxious:Anticipatory amygdalo-insular response predicts the feeling of anxious anticipation.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6,74-81.
Charpentier,C.J.,Aylward,J.,Roiser,J.P.,&Robinson,O.J.(2017).Enhanced risk aversion,but not loss aversion,in unmedicated pathological anxiety.Biological Psychiatry,81(12),1014-1022.
Choi,D.,Nishimura,T.,Motoi,M.,Egashira,Y.,Matsumoto,R.,&Watanuki,S.(2014).Effect of empathy trait on attention to various facial expressions:Evidence from N170 and late positive potential(LPP).Journal of Physiological Anthropology,33,18.
Critchley,H.D.,Wiens,S.,Rotshtein,P.,?hman,A.,&Dolan,R.J.(2004).Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness.Nature Neuroscience,7(2),189-195.
Eimer,M.(2000).Attentional modulations of event-related brain potentials sensitive to faces.Cognitive Neuropsychology,17(1-3),103-116.
Engelmann,J.B.,Meyer,F.,Fehr,E.,&Ruff,C.C.(2015).Anticipatory anxiety disrupts neural valuation during risky choice.Journal of Neuroscience,35(7),3085-3099.
Grupe,D.W.,&Nitschke,J.B.(2013).Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety:An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,14(7),488-501.
Hesse,E.,Mikulan,E.,Decety,J.,Sigman,M.,del Carmen Garcia,M.C.,Silva,W.et al.(2016).Early detection of intentional harm in the human amygdala.Brain,139(1),54-61.
Iidaka,T.,Miyakoshi,M.,Harada,T.,&Nakai,T.(2012).White matter connectivity between superior temporal sulcus and amygdala is associated with autistic trait in healthy humans.Neuroscience Letters,510(2),154-158.
Itier,R.J.,&Taylor,M.J.(2004).Source analysis of the N170 to faces and objects.Neuroreport,15(8),1261-1265.
Krombholz,A.,Schaefer,F.,&Boucsein,W.(2007).Modification of N170 by different emotional expression of schematic faces.Biological Psychology,76(3),156-162.
Luo,W.B.,Feng,W.F.,He,W.Q.,Wang,N.Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2010).Three stages of facial expression processing:ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation.Neuro Image,49(2),1857-1867.
Maoz,K.,Eldar,S.,Stoddard,J.,Pine,D.S.,Leibenluft,E.,&Bar-Haim,Y.(2016).Angry-happy interpretations of ambiguous faces in social anxiety disorder.Psychiatry Research,241,122-127.
Mercure,E.,Dick,F.,Halit,H.,Kaufman,J.,&Johnson,M.H.(2008).Differential lateralization for words and faces:Category or psychophysics?Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(11),2070-2087.
Mokhtari,S.,&Buttle,H.(2015).The effect of observers'mood on the local processing of emotional faces:Evidence from short-lived and prolonged mood States.Advances in Cognitive Psychology,11(1),14-21.
N'Diaye,K.,Sander,D.,&Vuilleumier,P.(2009).Self-relevance processing in the human amygdala:Gaze direction,facial expression,and emotion intensity.Emotion,9(6),798-806.
Nguyen,V.T.,&Cunnington,R.(2014).The superior temporal sulcus and the N170 during face processing:Single trial analysis of concurrent EEG-fMRI.Neuro Image,86,492-502.
Pavarini,S.C.I.,Brigola,A.G.,Luchesi,B.M.,Souza,é.N.,Rossetti,E.S.,Fraga,F.J.,et al.(2018).On the use of the P300 as a tool for cognitive processing assessment in healthy aging:A review.Dementia e Neuropsychologia,12(1),1-11.
Pizzagalli,D.A.,Lehmann,D.,Hendrick,A.M.,Regard,M.,Pascual-Marqui,R.D.,&Davidson,R.J.(2002).Affective judgments of faces modulate early activity(~160 ms)within the fusiform gyri.Neuro Image,16(3),663-677.
Price,J.L.(2007).Definition of the orbital cortex in relation to specific connections with limbic and visceral structures and other cortical regions.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1121(1),54-71.
Richards,A.,French,C.C.,Calder,A.J.,Webb,B.,Fox,R.,&Young,A.W.(2002).Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions.Emotion,2(3),273-287.
Saris,I.M.J.,Aghajani,M.,van der Werff,S.J.A.,van der Wee,N.J.A.,&Penninx,B.W.J.H.(2017).Social functioning in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,136(4),352-361.
Seara-Cardoso,A.,Sebastian,C.L.,Viding,E.,&Roiser,J.P.(2016).Affective resonance in response to others'emotional faces varies with affective ratings and psychopathic traits in amygdala and anterior insula.Social Neuroscience,11(2),140-152.
Sears,R.M.,Fink,A.E.,Wigestrand,M.B.,Farb,C.R.,de Lecea,L.,&LeDoux,J.E.(2013).Orexin/hypocretin system modulates amygdala-dependent threat learning through the locus coeruleus.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,110(50),20260-20265.
Smith,B.W.,Mitchell,D.G.V.,Hardin,M.G.,Jazbec,S.,Fridberg,D.,Blair,R.J.R.,&Ernst,M.(2009).Neural substrates of reward magnitude,probability,and risk during a wheel of fortune decision-making task.Neuro Image,44(2),600-609.
Spielberger,C.D.(1989).State-trait anxiety inventory:Bibliography.Palo Alto:CA:Consulting Psychologists Press.
Vuilleumier,P.,Armony,J.L.,Driver,J.,&Dolan,R.J.(2001).Effects of attention and emotion on face processing in the human brain:An event-related fMRIstudy.Neuron,30(3),829-841.
Wieser,M.J.&Brosch,T.(2012).Faces in context:a review and systematization of contextual influences on affective face processing.Frontier in Psychology,3,471.
Yovel,G.(2016).Neural and cognitive face-selective markers:An integrative review.Neuropsychologia,83,5-13.
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