新世纪以来美国接收国际学生的策略、成效与挑战
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摘要
国际学生的流入是美国高等教育国际化的重要特征之一。进入新世纪以来,在联邦政府、州政府和高校的共同努力下,美国留学教育的世界竞争力依然强劲,接收国际学生的高校遍地开花,在校国际学生总人数屡创新高,学位生占比不断增加,但也面临着国内留学政策收紧,外部竞争加剧,高校学费不断攀升和校园安全事件频发等诸多挑战。
This article discusses an important aspect of the internationalization of higher education in the United States-the inflow of international students.Since the beginning of the new century,the joint efforts of the federal government,state governments and universities have ensured the United States to maintain its strong competitiveness as a traditional destination for international students with numerous universities attractive to international students,a continuously increasing number of international students and a growing proportion of degree students.However,it is also confronted with tightening domestic policy,intensified external competition,escalating costs and frequent occurrence of security incidents related to international students.
This article discusses an important aspect of the internationalization of higher education in the United States-the inflow of international students.Since the beginning of the new century,the joint efforts of the federal government,state governments and universities have ensured the United States to maintain its strong competitiveness as a traditional destination for international students with numerous universities attractive to international students,a continuously increasing number of international students and a growing proportion of degree students.However,it is also confronted with tightening domestic policy,intensified external competition,escalating costs and frequent occurrence of security incidents related to international students.
引文
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[2]OECD.Education at a glance 2014:OECD indicators[M].Paris:OECD,2014:393-395.
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[5]ALTBACH P G,KNIGHT J.The internationalization of higher education:motivations and realities[J].Journal of Studies in International Education,2007,11(3-4):290-305.
[6]MACRANDER A.An international solution to a national crisis:trends in student mobilitytothe United States post 2008[J].International Journal of Educational Research,2017,82:1-20.
[7]HAZEN H D,ALBERTS H C.Visitors or immigrants?International students in the United States[J].Population,Space,and Place,2006,12(3):204-206.
[8]NAFSA.NAFSA international student economic value tool[EB/OL].[2017-12-19].http://www.nafsa.org/Policy_and_Advocacy/Policy_Resources/Policy_Trends_and_Data/NAFSA_International_Student_Economic_Value_Tool/.
[9]American Council on Education.Beyond September 11:a comparative national policy on international education[R].Center for Institutional Initiatives,Washington,D.C.,2002:21.
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[19]New York University.Scholarships[EB/OL].[2018-05-29]https://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/aid-and-costs/scholarships.html.
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[28]House of Representatives.H.R.670:High-Skilled Integrity and Fairness Act of 2017[EB/OL].(2017-01-24)[2018-05-28].https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr670/text.
[29]罗伯特·罗兹.特朗普时代的美国高等教育政策:六大要点[J].全球教育展望,2017,46(8):119-128.
[30]ALTBACH P G,WIT De H.Trump and the coming revolution in higher education internationalization[J].International Higher Education,2017,89:3-5.
[31]UNESCO.Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students[EB/OL].[2018-01-16].http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow.
[32]Institute of International Education.Primary source of funding.2016/17[R/OL].(2017-11-13)[2018-05-30].https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Primary-Source-of-Funding.
[33]College Board.Trends in college pricing[R].New York:College Board,2017:11.
[34]The New York Times.Harvard rated Asian American applicants lower on personality scores than other students,study finds.[EB/OL].(2018-06-15)[2018-06-25].http://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/u s/Harvard-asian-enrollment-applicants.html.
(1)选择性实习训练生(OPT)是指持有F-1留学签证的学生,在学位完成前90天或完成后60天之内,被允许从事所学专业相关领域的实习,有效期为12个月。
[2]OECD.Education at a glance 2014:OECD indicators[M].Paris:OECD,2014:393-395.
[3]中华人民共和国教育部.国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010-2020年)[R/OL].(2010-07-29)[2017-10-26].http://old.moe.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/moe/moe_838/201008/93704.html.
[4]中华人民共和国中央人民政府.教育部关于印发《留学中国计划》的通知[R/OL].(2010-09-28)[2017-10-26].http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2010-09/28/content_1711971.htm.
[5]ALTBACH P G,KNIGHT J.The internationalization of higher education:motivations and realities[J].Journal of Studies in International Education,2007,11(3-4):290-305.
[6]MACRANDER A.An international solution to a national crisis:trends in student mobilitytothe United States post 2008[J].International Journal of Educational Research,2017,82:1-20.
[7]HAZEN H D,ALBERTS H C.Visitors or immigrants?International students in the United States[J].Population,Space,and Place,2006,12(3):204-206.
[8]NAFSA.NAFSA international student economic value tool[EB/OL].[2017-12-19].http://www.nafsa.org/Policy_and_Advocacy/Policy_Resources/Policy_Trends_and_Data/NAFSA_International_Student_Economic_Value_Tool/.
[9]American Council on Education.Beyond September 11:a comparative national policy on international education[R].Center for Institutional Initiatives,Washington,D.C.,2002:21.
[10]ANDERSON S.Keeping talent in America[J].National Foundation for American Policy,2011(10):1-17.
[11]武山山,贺国庆.浅析“9·11”以来美国高等教育国际化新进展[J].宁波大学学报(教育科学版),2016,38(2):73-77.
[12]Institute of International Education.International student enrollment trends,1948/49-2016/17[R/OL].?(2017-11-13)[2018-05-30].https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Enrollment/Enrollment-Trends.
[13]House of Representatives.H.R.6429:STEM Jobs Act of 2012[EB/OL].(2012-12-04)[2018-05-28].https://www.govtrack.us/congre ss/bills/112/hr6429/text.
[14]王媛,白华.美国引进高层次海外留学人才政策调整动向解析-基于“多源流”理论的分析视角[J].黑龙江高教研究,2014(8):59-63.
[15]Board of Regents.Strategic plan for higher education 2008-2017[R].Columbus:University System of Ohio,2008:5.
[16]Ohio Board of Regents.2013 sixth report on the condition of higher education in Ohio[R].Columbus:Ohio Board of Regents,2013:3-4.
[17]Ohio Higher Education Funding Commission.Recommendation of O-hio higher education funding commission[R].Columbus:Ohio Higher Education Funding Commission,2012:5-6.
[18]Institute of International Education.2015 fast facts[R].Washington:Department of State's Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs,2015:1-2.
[19]New York University.Scholarships[EB/OL].[2018-05-29]https://www.nyu.edu/admissions/undergraduate-admissions/aid-and-costs/scholarships.html.
[20]New York University.Student Visa&Immigration[EB/OL].[2018-05-29].http://www.nyu.edu/students/student-information-an d-resourc es/student-visa-and-immigration.html.
[21]New York University.International Student Center[EB/OL].[2018-05-29].https://www.nyu.edu/students/communities-and-groups/international-students/international-student-center.html.
[22]New York University.History of NYU[EB/OL].[2018-05-29]www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/history-of-nyu.html.
[23]Institute of International Education.Fields of study[R/OL].(2016-11-13)[2018-05-30].https://www.iie.org/Research-and-In sights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Fields-of-Study/Fiel ds-of-Study/2014-16.
[24]Institute of International Education.Academic level[R/OL].(2017-11-13)[2018-05-30].https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Academic-Level.
[25]Institute of International Education.Leading places of origin,1948/49-2015/16[R/OL].(2016-11-13)[2018-05-30].https://ww w.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Stu dents/Places-of-Origin.
[26]Institute of International Education.IIE releases open doors 2017 data[R/OL].(2017-11-13)[2017-11-14].https://www.iie.org/WhyIIE/Announcements/2017-11-13-Open-Doors-Data.
[27]The White House Office of the Press Secretary.Executive order:protecting the nation from foreign terrorist entry into the United States[EB/OL].(2017-01-27)[2017-11-13].https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/27/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states.
[28]House of Representatives.H.R.670:High-Skilled Integrity and Fairness Act of 2017[EB/OL].(2017-01-24)[2018-05-28].https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr670/text.
[29]罗伯特·罗兹.特朗普时代的美国高等教育政策:六大要点[J].全球教育展望,2017,46(8):119-128.
[30]ALTBACH P G,WIT De H.Trump and the coming revolution in higher education internationalization[J].International Higher Education,2017,89:3-5.
[31]UNESCO.Global Flow of Tertiary-Level Students[EB/OL].[2018-01-16].http://uis.unesco.org/en/uis-student-flow.
[32]Institute of International Education.Primary source of funding.2016/17[R/OL].(2017-11-13)[2018-05-30].https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Insights/Open-Doors/Data/International-Students/Primary-Source-of-Funding.
[33]College Board.Trends in college pricing[R].New York:College Board,2017:11.
[34]The New York Times.Harvard rated Asian American applicants lower on personality scores than other students,study finds.[EB/OL].(2018-06-15)[2018-06-25].http://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/u s/Harvard-asian-enrollment-applicants.html.
(1)选择性实习训练生(OPT)是指持有F-1留学签证的学生,在学位完成前90天或完成后60天之内,被允许从事所学专业相关领域的实习,有效期为12个月。