呼伦湖冰封期N、P时空分布及富营养化特征
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摘要
利用2015—2017年冰封期呼伦湖监测数据,对呼伦湖冰体(上层冰、中层冰、下层冰)及水体中N、P浓度的时空分布进行分析,并研究了富营养化状态指数、N、P以及Chl.a之间的相关关系.结果表明,近3年呼伦湖冰体中TN和TP的浓度不断增加,上层冰的水质已经超过Ⅴ类水质标准限值,同时受人类活动、外源输入以及湖体自身的影响,发现垂直方向上TN、TP浓度分布为上层冰>下层冰>中层冰;水体中TN、TP空间分布呈湖心区浓度低,四周浓度高的特点.由于水动力条件的原因使得DIP和DTP在冰层中浓度的垂直方向上满足先减小后增大;水体中DTP浓度范围在0.213—0.509 mg·L~(-1)之间,DIP浓度范围在0.109—0.432 mg·L~(-1)之间,空间分布与TP相似.在以Chl.a、TN和TP为参数,计算呼伦湖各个取样点水体综合富营养化状态指数后,得出其现处于轻度富营养化状态,并分析了Chl.a、TN和TP之间的相关性,发现Chl.a与TP的相关性好,相关系数为0.627,与此同时TN/TP的浓度在4.38—62.3之间,均值在24.49,表明呼伦湖属于一定程度的磷限制性湖泊.
Temporal and spatial distributions of N and P concentrations in the Hulun Lake ice(upper ice, middle ice, lower ice) and water bodies were analyzed by using the monitoring data during the ice-cold periods of 2015—2017, and the relationship between the eutrophication status index, N, P and Chl.a in the lake was also investigated. The results show that the concentrations of TN and TP in the ice bodies of Hulun Lake were continuously increased in the past three years, and the water quality of the upper ice had exceeded the class V water quality standard limit. Due to the impacts of human activities, external inputs and the internal exchange of pollutants in the lake, the TN and TP concentrations in upper ice were the highest, followed by the lower ice and middle layer. The spatial distribution of TN and TP in the water body was characterized by low concentrations in the lake center and high concentrations in the surrounding area. The concentrations of DTP and DIP decreased first then increased in the vertical direction of ice layer. The concentration range of DTP was from 0.213 mg·L~(-1) to 0.509 mg·L~(-1), while the concentration range of DIP was from 0.109 mg·L~(-1) to 0.432 mg·L~(-1). The spatial distribution of DTP and DIP was similar to TP. The comprehensive eutrophication status index of water bodies at various sampling sites in Hulun Lake was calculated by using Chl.a, TN, and TP as parameter, and the result show that the correlation between chlorophyll a and TP was good, with a correlation coefficient of 0.627. Further, the concentration of N/P was between 4.38 and 62.3 with an average of 24.49, which means the Hulun Lake belongs to a certain extent of phosphorus-restricted lakes.
Temporal and spatial distributions of N and P concentrations in the Hulun Lake ice(upper ice, middle ice, lower ice) and water bodies were analyzed by using the monitoring data during the ice-cold periods of 2015—2017, and the relationship between the eutrophication status index, N, P and Chl.a in the lake was also investigated. The results show that the concentrations of TN and TP in the ice bodies of Hulun Lake were continuously increased in the past three years, and the water quality of the upper ice had exceeded the class V water quality standard limit. Due to the impacts of human activities, external inputs and the internal exchange of pollutants in the lake, the TN and TP concentrations in upper ice were the highest, followed by the lower ice and middle layer. The spatial distribution of TN and TP in the water body was characterized by low concentrations in the lake center and high concentrations in the surrounding area. The concentrations of DTP and DIP decreased first then increased in the vertical direction of ice layer. The concentration range of DTP was from 0.213 mg·L~(-1) to 0.509 mg·L~(-1), while the concentration range of DIP was from 0.109 mg·L~(-1) to 0.432 mg·L~(-1). The spatial distribution of DTP and DIP was similar to TP. The comprehensive eutrophication status index of water bodies at various sampling sites in Hulun Lake was calculated by using Chl.a, TN, and TP as parameter, and the result show that the correlation between chlorophyll a and TP was good, with a correlation coefficient of 0.627. Further, the concentration of N/P was between 4.38 and 62.3 with an average of 24.49, which means the Hulun Lake belongs to a certain extent of phosphorus-restricted lakes.
引文
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[17] 宋爽,贾克力,史小红,等.冻融过程中乌梁素海湖泊水质变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(1):113-118.SONG S,JIA K L,SHI X H,et al.Analysis of variation of water quality of Wuliangsuhai lake during freezing and thawing[J].Arid Zone Resources and Environment,2016,30(1):113-118 (in Chinese).
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[20] 崔凤丽.乌梁素海沉积物-水界面间磷的赋存形态分析及释放规律研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.CUI F L.Study on the speciation and release of phosphorus between sediment and water interfaces in the Wuliangsuhai Lake[D].Hohht:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2013 (in Chinese).
[21] 张立杰.基于Delft3D模型的呼伦湖水质水动力数值模拟[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.ZHANG L J.Numerical simulation of water quality of Hulun Lake based on delft3D model[D].Hohht:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016 (in Chinese).
[22] Redfield A C.The biological control of chemical factors in the environment[J].American Scientist,1958,46:205-222.
[23] 陈晓玲,张媛,张琍,等.丰水期鄱阳湖水体中氮、磷含量分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(5):643-648.CHEN X L,ZHANG Y,ZHANG L,et al.Distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in Poyang Lake during the flood season[J].Journal of Lake Science,2013,25(5):643-648 (in Chinese).
[24] 吴怡,郭亚飞,曹旭,等.成都府南河叶绿素a和氮、磷的分布特征与富营养化研究[J].中国环境监测.2013,29 (4):43-49.WU Y,GUOY F,CAO X,et al.Eutrophication and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a,nitrogen and phosphorus in Fu Nan River,Chengdu city[J].Environrmerrtal Monitoring in China,2013,29 (4):43-49 (in Chinese).
[25] 杨志岩,李畅游,张生,等.内蒙古乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度时空分布及其与氮、磷浓度关系[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(3):429-433.YANG Z Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration and the relationships with TN,TP concentrations in lake Wuliangsuhai,Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Lake Science,2009,21(3):429-433 (in Chinese).
[26] 李哲,郭劲松,方芳,等.三峡水库小江回水区不同TN/TP水平下氮素形态分布和循环特点[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(4):509-517.LI Z,GUO J S,FANG F,et al.Potential impact of TN/TP ratio on the cycling of nitrogen in xiaojiang backwater area,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Lake Science,2009,21(4):509-517 (in Chinese).
[27] XIE L Q,XIE P,LI S X,et al.The low TN:TP ratio,a cause or a result of Microcystis blooms?[J].Water Research,2003,37(9):2073-2080.
[28] GUILDFORD S J,HECKY RE.Total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and nutrient limitation in lakes and oceans:Is there a common relationship?[J] Limnol & Oceanogr,2000,45 (6):1213-1223.
[2] 赵伟,杨培岭,李海山,等.呼伦湖流域3种利用方式草场水土及氮磷流失特征[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(9):220-225.ZHAO W,YANG P L,LI H S,et al.Loss of soil and water and nitrogen and phosphorus in pastures in three types of land use in Hulun Lake basin[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering,2011,27(9):220-225 (in Chinese).
[3] 王荔弘.呼伦湖水环境及水质状况浅析[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2006,14(6):5-7.WANG L H.Analysis of water environment and water quality in Hulun Lake[J].Journal of Hulunbeier College,2006,14(6):5-7 (in Chinese).
[4] 梁丽娥,李畅游,孙标,等.内蒙古自治区呼伦湖水质变化特征及其影响因素[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(2):102-106.LIANG L E,LI C Y,SUN B,et al.Impact factors and characteristics of water quality variation of Hulun Lake in inner mongolia automous region[J].Soil and Water Conservation Bulletin,2017,37(2):102-106 (in Chinese).
[5] OECD.Eutrophication of waters.Monitoring,assessment and control.Final report,OECD cooperative programon monitoring of in land waters (Eutrophication Control) [R].Environment Directorate,OECD,Paris,1982:154.
[6] 杨清心.太湖水华成因及控制途径初探[J].湖泊科学,1996,8(1):67-74.YANG W X.Preliminary study on causes of formation and control of water bloom in Taihu Lake[J].Journal of Lake Science,1996,8(1):67-74 (in Chinese).
[7] 《呼伦湖志(续志一)》编纂委员会.呼伦湖志(续志一)[M].呼和浩特:内蒙古文化出版社,1998:5-20.Compilation committee of Lake Hulun zhi (zhi continued) Lake Hulun zhi(zhi continued)[M].Hohht:lnner Mongolia Cultural Press,1998:5-20 (in Chinese).
[8] 王明翠,刘雪芹,张建辉.湖泊富营养化评价方法及分级标准[J].中国环境监测,2002,18(5):47-49.WANG M C,LIU X Q,ZHANG J H.Lake eutrophication evaluation eethod and grading standard[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2002,18(5):47-49 (in Chinese).
[9] 金相灿.湖泊富营养化调查规范[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1987.JIN X C.Survey standards of lake eutrophication[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1987 (in Chinese).
[10] 王战蔚,张译丹,李秀颖,等.池塘中氨氮、亚硝酸盐的危害及控制措施[J].吉林水利,2013(3):39-40,48.WANG Z W,ZHANG Y D,LI X Y,et al.Ammonia and nitrite harm in ponds and control measures[J].Jilin Water Resources,2013(3):39-40,48 (in Chinese).
[11] 姜慧琴.乌梁素海营养盐在冰体中的空间分布及其在冻融过程中释放规律的试验研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.JIANG H Q.The spatial distribution of nutrients in Wuliangsu sea ice and its release in freeze-thaw process[D]Hohht:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2011 (in Chinese).
[12] 王晓云,于玲红,王非,等.包头南海子湿地冰封期污染物迁移特征分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(4):867-874.WANG X Y,YU L H,WANG F,et al.Analysis on the characterristics of contaminant migrationin period of ice sealed in Baotou Nanhaizi[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(4):867-874 (in Chinese).
[13] JENKINSON D S.An introduction to the global nitrogen cycle[J].Soil Useand Management,1990,6(2):56-61.
[14] 史静,于秀芳,夏运生,等.影响富营养化湖泊底泥氮、磷释放的因素[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(3):241-244.SHI J,YU X L,XIA Y S,et al.Factors affecting release of nitrogen and phosphorus from sediments in eutrophic lakes[J].Soil and Water Conservation Bulletin,2016,36(3):241-244 (in Chinese).
[15] 李文红,陈英旭,孙建平.不同溶解氧水平对控制底泥向上覆水体释放污染物的影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(2):170-173.LI W H,CHEN Y X,SUN J P.Influence of different dissolved oxygen oxygen(DO)amounts on released pollutants from Sediment to overlying water[J].Journal of Agricultural Environmental Science,2003,22(2):170-173 (in Chinese).
[16] 孙远军,林卫青,卢士强,等.青草沙水库底泥磷营养盐释放规律的初步研究[J].环境科技,2013,26(5):18-21.SUN Y J,LIN W Q,LU S Q,et al.Preliminary study on phosphorus release from sediments in qingeaosha reservoir[J].Environmental Technology,2013,26(5):18-21 (in Chinese).
[17] 宋爽,贾克力,史小红,等.冻融过程中乌梁素海湖泊水质变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(1):113-118.SONG S,JIA K L,SHI X H,et al.Analysis of variation of water quality of Wuliangsuhai lake during freezing and thawing[J].Arid Zone Resources and Environment,2016,30(1):113-118 (in Chinese).
[18] 李卫平,陈阿辉,于玲红,等.呼伦湖主要入湖河流克鲁伦河丰水期污染物通量(2010-2014)[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(2):281-286.LI W P,CHEN A H,YU L H,et al.Pollutant influx from the main river(Kherlen River) of Lake Hulun in wet seasons,2010-2014[J].Journal of Lake Science,2016,28(2):281-286 (in Chinese).
[19] 张岩.乌梁素海结冰过程中污染物迁移机理及其应用研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.ZHANG Y.Migration mechanism of pollutants and its application in Wulangsuhai lake in freezing process.[D]Hohht:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2012 (in Chinese).
[20] 崔凤丽.乌梁素海沉积物-水界面间磷的赋存形态分析及释放规律研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.CUI F L.Study on the speciation and release of phosphorus between sediment and water interfaces in the Wuliangsuhai Lake[D].Hohht:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2013 (in Chinese).
[21] 张立杰.基于Delft3D模型的呼伦湖水质水动力数值模拟[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2016.ZHANG L J.Numerical simulation of water quality of Hulun Lake based on delft3D model[D].Hohht:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2016 (in Chinese).
[22] Redfield A C.The biological control of chemical factors in the environment[J].American Scientist,1958,46:205-222.
[23] 陈晓玲,张媛,张琍,等.丰水期鄱阳湖水体中氮、磷含量分布特征[J].湖泊科学,2013,25(5):643-648.CHEN X L,ZHANG Y,ZHANG L,et al.Distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in Poyang Lake during the flood season[J].Journal of Lake Science,2013,25(5):643-648 (in Chinese).
[24] 吴怡,郭亚飞,曹旭,等.成都府南河叶绿素a和氮、磷的分布特征与富营养化研究[J].中国环境监测.2013,29 (4):43-49.WU Y,GUOY F,CAO X,et al.Eutrophication and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a,nitrogen and phosphorus in Fu Nan River,Chengdu city[J].Environrmerrtal Monitoring in China,2013,29 (4):43-49 (in Chinese).
[25] 杨志岩,李畅游,张生,等.内蒙古乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度时空分布及其与氮、磷浓度关系[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(3):429-433.YANG Z Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration and the relationships with TN,TP concentrations in lake Wuliangsuhai,Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Lake Science,2009,21(3):429-433 (in Chinese).
[26] 李哲,郭劲松,方芳,等.三峡水库小江回水区不同TN/TP水平下氮素形态分布和循环特点[J].湖泊科学,2009,21(4):509-517.LI Z,GUO J S,FANG F,et al.Potential impact of TN/TP ratio on the cycling of nitrogen in xiaojiang backwater area,Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Lake Science,2009,21(4):509-517 (in Chinese).
[27] XIE L Q,XIE P,LI S X,et al.The low TN:TP ratio,a cause or a result of Microcystis blooms?[J].Water Research,2003,37(9):2073-2080.
[28] GUILDFORD S J,HECKY RE.Total nitrogen,total phosphorus,and nutrient limitation in lakes and oceans:Is there a common relationship?[J] Limnol & Oceanogr,2000,45 (6):1213-1223.