产业集聚加剧了环境污染吗?——基于外商直接投资视角
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摘要
厘清产业集聚、外商直接投资如何作用于环境污染有助于理解中国环境压力形成的原因,而当前环境问题的解决离不开区域合作,空间溢出效应更不容忽视。通过将反映地理特征和经济特征的非对称性经济地理空间权重矩阵引入空间计量模型,实证检验外商直接投资作用下,产业集聚如何作用于环境污染。研究发现:(1)中国的省域环境污染存在显著的空间依赖性,即邻近省域的环境污染会加剧本省的环境污染;(2)产业集聚有利于促进人均工业二氧化硫减排,却对人均工业废水中的化学需氧量没有产生显著影响,反而导致了人均二氧化碳排放量增加;(3)当考虑外商直接投资作用时,每提高1个百分点的产业集聚,会增加0.428%的人均工业二氧化硫排放量,1.381%的人均工业废水中的化学需氧量,0.240%的人均二氧化碳排放量。以上结论都通过了稳健性检验与内生性检验,说明结论真实可靠。最后,据此提出了相应的政策建议。
In order to have a better understand of the environmental stress formation in China, we strive to clarify how industrial agglomeration and foreign direct investment(FDI) influence environmental pollution. The current environmental problems depend on both regional cooperation and spatial spillover effect. In this paper, we introduce an asymmetric economic distance matrix, which is reflects the impacts of natural factors and socio-economic factors, into a spatial econometric model. We use empirical model to explore how FDI affects the impact of industrial agglomeration on environmental pollution. Our empirical results show that:(i) There exists significant spatial dependence in China's provincial environment pollution, i.e, the environmental pollution in the neighboring provinces will aggravate the environmental pollution.(ii) Although industrial agglomeration contributes to the emission reduction of industrial sulfur dioxide per capita, it has no significant impact on the chemical oxygen demand in industrial wastewater per capita. On the contrary, it can increase carbon dioxide emissions per capita.(iii) When FDI is taken into account, with 1% increase in industrial agglomeration, the industrial sulphur dioxide emissions per capita is increase by 0.428%, the chemical oxygen demand in industrial wastewater per capita by 1.381%, and the carbon dioxide emissions per capita by 0.240%. We also test the robustness and endogeneity of the empirical model. Finally, some relevant policy recommendations are accordingly proposed.
In order to have a better understand of the environmental stress formation in China, we strive to clarify how industrial agglomeration and foreign direct investment(FDI) influence environmental pollution. The current environmental problems depend on both regional cooperation and spatial spillover effect. In this paper, we introduce an asymmetric economic distance matrix, which is reflects the impacts of natural factors and socio-economic factors, into a spatial econometric model. We use empirical model to explore how FDI affects the impact of industrial agglomeration on environmental pollution. Our empirical results show that:(i) There exists significant spatial dependence in China's provincial environment pollution, i.e, the environmental pollution in the neighboring provinces will aggravate the environmental pollution.(ii) Although industrial agglomeration contributes to the emission reduction of industrial sulfur dioxide per capita, it has no significant impact on the chemical oxygen demand in industrial wastewater per capita. On the contrary, it can increase carbon dioxide emissions per capita.(iii) When FDI is taken into account, with 1% increase in industrial agglomeration, the industrial sulphur dioxide emissions per capita is increase by 0.428%, the chemical oxygen demand in industrial wastewater per capita by 1.381%, and the carbon dioxide emissions per capita by 0.240%. We also test the robustness and endogeneity of the empirical model. Finally, some relevant policy recommendations are accordingly proposed.
引文
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[2] 孙浦阳,韩帅,靳舒晶.产业集聚对外商直接投资的影响分析——基于服务业与制造业的比较研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2012(9):40-57.SUN P Y,HAN S,JIN S J.The impact of agglomeration on FDI in China[J].The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics,2012(9):40-57.
[3] 谢子远,吴丽娟.产业集聚水平与中国工业企业创新效率——基于20个工业行业2000-2012年面板数据的实证研究[J].科研管理,2017(1):91-99.XIE Z Y,WU L J.Industrial agglomeration level and innovation efficiency of industrial Enterprises:An empirical study based on the panel data of 20 industries from the year 2000 to 2012[J].Science Research Management,2017(1):91-99.
[4] 王兵,聂欣.产业集聚与环境治理:助力还是阻力——来自开发区设立准自然实验的证据[J].中国工业经济,2016(12):75-89.WANG B,NIE X.Industrial agglomeration and environmental governance:The power or resistance—evidence from a quasi-natural experiment of establishment of the development zone[J].China Industrial Economics,2016(12):75-89.
[5] 文东伟,冼国明.中国制造业的空间集聚与出口:基于企业层面的研究[J].管理世界,2014(10):57-74.WEN D W,XIAN G M.Spatial agglomeration and exports of the manufacturing industry in China:Based on firm data[J].Management World,2014(10):57-74.
[6] 刘华军,刘传明,杨骞.环境污染的空间溢出及其来源——基于网络分析视角的实证研究[J].经济学家,2015(10):28-35.LIU H J,LIU C M,YANG Q.Spatial spillover and the source of environment pollution:Empirical study on the perspective of network analysis[J].Economist,2015(10):28-35.
[7] 闫文娟.财政分权、政府竞争与环境治理投资[J].财贸研究,2012(5):91-97.YAN W J.Fiscal decentralization,government competition and environmental pollution disposal investment[J].Finance and Trade Research,2012(5):91-97.
[8] KYRIAKOPOULOU E,XEPAPADEAS A.Environmental policy,first nature advantage and the emergence of economic clusters[J].Regional Science & Urban Economics,2013,43(1):101-116.
[9] DONG B,GONG J,ZHAO X.FDI and environmental regulation:pollution haven or a race to the top?[J].Journal of Regulatory Economics,2012,41(2):216-237.
[10] KARKALAKOS S.Capital heterogeneity,industrial clusters and environmental consciousness[J].Journal of Economic Integration,2010,25(2):353-375.
[11] CICCONE A,HALL R E.Productivity and the density of economic activity.[J].American Economic Review,1993,86(1):54-70.
[12] ANDERSSON M,L??F H.Agglomeration and productivity - evidence from firm-level data[J].Annals of Regional Science,2011,46(3):601-620.
[13] 张天舒,黄俊.区域经济集中、经济增长与收入差距[J].金融研究,2013(2):74-86.ZHANG T S,HUANG J.Regional economic concentration,economic growth and income gap[J].Journal of Financial Research,2013(2):74-86.
[14] 宋马林,王舒鸿.环境规制、技术进步与经济增长[J].经济研究,2013(3):122-134.SONG M L,WANG S H .Analysis of environmental regulation,technological progression and economic growth from the perspective of statistical tests[J].Economic Research Journal,2013(3):122-134.
[15] 闫逢柱,苏李,乔娟.产业集聚发展与环境污染关系的考察——来自中国制造业的证据[J].科学学研究,2011,29(1):79-83.YANG F Z,SU L,QIAO J.The exploration of the relationship between the industrial agglomeration’s developments and the environmental pollution:The evidence from the manufacturing in China[J].Studies in Science of Science,2011,29(1):79-83.
[16] 刘耀彬,袁华锡,封亦代.产业集聚减排效应的空间溢出与门槛特征[J].数理统计与管理,2018,37(2):224-234.LIU Y B,YUAN H X,FENG Y D.Spatial spillover and threshold effects for emissions reduction of industrial agglomeration[J].Journal of Applied Statistics and Management,2018,37(2):224-234.
[17] 杨仁发.产业集聚、外商直接投资与环境污染[J].经济管理,2015(2):11-19.YANG R F.Whether industrial agglomeration can reduce environmental pollution or not[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2015,25(2):23-29.
[18] GROSSMAN G M,KRUEGER A B.Economic growth and the environment[J].Quarterly Journal of Economics,1995,110(2):353-377.
[19] 许和连,邓玉萍.外商直接投资、产业集聚与策略性减排[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2016(9):112-128.XU H L,DENG Y P.Foreign direct investment,industrial agglomeration and strategic emission reduction[J].The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics,2016(9):112-128.
[20] YORK R,ROSA E A,DIETZ T.STIRPAT,IPAT and ImPACT:analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts[J].Ecological Economics,2003,46(3):351-365.
[21] ZHANG H.Exploring the impact of environmental regulation on economic growth,energy use,and CO2 emissions nexus in China[J].Natural Hazards,2016,84(1):213-231.
[22] ZHANG J,CHANG Y,ZHANG L,et al.Do technological innovations promote urban green development?:A spatial econometric analysis of 105 cities in China[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,182:395-403.
[23] 卢进勇,杨杰,邵海燕.外商直接投资、人力资本与中国环境污染——基于249个城市数据的分位数回归分析[J].国际贸易问题,2014(4):118-125.LU J Y,YANG J,SHAO H Y.FDI,Human capital and environmental pollution in China:A quantile regression analysis based on panel data of 249 cities[J].Journal of International Trade,2014(4):118-125.
[24] WANG Z,YIN F,ZHANG Y,et al.An empirical research on the influencing factors of regional CO2 emissions:Evidence from Beijing city,China[J].Applied Energy,2012(100):277-284.
[25] 王锋,李紧想,陈进国,等.人口密度、能源消费与绿色经济发展——基于省域面板数据的经验分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017(1):6-12.WANG F,LI J X,CHEN J G,et al.Population density,energy consumption and the development of green economy:Empirical analysis based on provincial panel data[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017(1):6-12.
[26] 郭庆宾,刘琪,张冰倩.环境规制是否抑制了国际R&D溢出效应——以长江经济带为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016(12):1807-1814.GUO Q B,LIU Q,ZHANG B Q.Does environmental regulation barrage international R&D spillovers:A case study of the Yangtze river economic belt[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016(12):1807-1814.
[27] LI B,WU S.Effects of local and civil environmental regulation on green total factor productivity in China:A spatial Durbin econometric analysis[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,153:342-353.
[28] 赵领娣,张磊,徐乐,等.人力资本、产业结构调整与绿色发展效率的作用机制[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016(11):106-114.ZHAO L D,ZHANG L,XU L,et al.Mechanism of human capital,industrial structure adjustment and green development efficiency[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2016(11):106-114.
[29] 李海峥,贾娜,张晓蓓,等.中国人力资本的区域分布及发展动态[J].经济研究,2013(7):49-62.LI H Z,JIA N,ZHANG X B,et al.Regional distribution and dynamics of human capital in China[J].Economic Research Journal,2013(7):49-62.
[30] 赵璐,赵作权.中国制造业的大规模空间聚集与变化——基于两次经济普查数据的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2014(10):110-121.ZHAO L,ZHAO Z Q.Spatial agglomeration of the manufacturing industry in China[J].The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics,2014(10):110-121.
[31] 何江,张馨之.中国区域经济增长及其收敛性:空间面板数据分析[J].南方经济,2006(5):44-52.HE J,ZHANG X Z.Chinese regional economic growth and convergence:spatial panel data analysis[J].South China Journal of Economics,2006(5):44-52.
[32] ANSELIN L,BERA A K,FLORAX R,et al.Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence[J].Regional Science and Urban Economics,1996,26(1):77-104.
[33] 黄建欢,方霞,黄必红.中国城市生态效率空间溢出的驱动机制:见贤思齐VS见劣自缓[J].中国软科学,2018(3):97-109.HUANG J H,FANG X,HUANG B H.Eco-efficiency competition across chinese cities:bottom up or bottom down?[J].China Soft Science,2018(3):97-109.
[34] KONISKY D M.Regulatory Competition and environmental enforcement:Is there a race to the bottom?[J].American Journal of Political Science,2007,51(4):853-872.
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