气候因素对科尔沁草地北部牧草生长发育的影响
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摘要
利用巴雅尔吐胡硕牧业气象试验站牧草和气象观测资料,分析气候因素对科尔沁草地北部牧草生长发育的影响。结果表明:近27 a来研究区气温平均升高0. 16℃·(10a)~(-1),降水量平均减少23. 96 mm·(10a)~(-1),牧草生长季干燥指数平均上升0. 15·(10a)~(-1),草地干旱化加剧。羊草(Leymus chinensis)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、委陵菜(Potentilla chinensis)返青期延迟,开花期提前,生长季长度缩短;降水量是影响3种植物返青期和枯黄期的主要因素,降水量与三者返青期呈负相关,与其枯黄期呈正相关。草层高度和牧草产量均呈极显著下降趋势(P <0. 01),年均分别下降0. 88 cm和减产121. 43 kg·hm~(-2)。草层高度、牧草产量与气温主要呈负相关,与降水量主要呈正相关,表明在气候变暖背景下,随着气温升高,降水减少,水分成为研究区牧草生长发育和产量形成的主要限制因子。根据积分回归模型分析,在牧草返青—展叶期,5月中旬降水量、日照对牧草气象产量影响的正效应达到最大;牧草拔节—开花期,5月下旬至6月中旬是牧草对水分、光照需求的主要阶段,6月下旬至7月中旬是牧草对热量需求的主要阶段;牧草灌浆—成熟期,8月气温对牧草气象产量的影响呈负效应,气温的负效应在8月中旬达到最大。
The data of herbage growth and its affecting meteorological factors at Enkhbayar Animal Husbandry Meteorological Experiment Station in Tongliao were used to analyze the climatic factors affecting the herbage growth in the northern Horqin grassland. Results indicated that the average temperature in the study area in recent 27 years increased by 0. 16 °C·( 10 a)~(-1),the average precipitation decreased by 23. 96 mm·( 10 a)~(-1),the dryness index in herbage growing season increased by 0. 15( 10 a)~(-1),and the drought in the grassland became more serious. Moreover,the period of seedling establishment of Leymus chinensis,Agropyron cristatum and Potentilla chinensis was delayed,the flowering stage of which was in advanced,and the growth season of which was shortened. Precipitation was the main factor affecting the period of seedling establishment and withering stage of the three plant species,it was negatively correlated with the period of seedling establishment but positively correlated with the withering stage of the three plant species. The herbage height and yield were significantly decreased( P < 0. 01),and the decreases were 0. 88 cm and 121. 43 kg·hm~(-2) per year respectively. The herbage height and yield were mainly negatively correlated with temperature,but positively correlated with precipitation. Under climate warming,water has become more and more important for the herbage growth in the study area. The analysis with the integral regression model showed that the positive effects of precipitation and sunshine duration in mid-May on the herbage yield were the highest from the period of seedling establishment to the leaf expansion stage. The jointing stage and flowering stage from late-May to mid-June were the main stages for the herbage growth of demanding precipitation and sunshine,and the period from late-June to mid-July was the main stage for herbage growth of demanding heat. The effect of air temperature on herbage yield was negative in August,especially in mid-August.
The data of herbage growth and its affecting meteorological factors at Enkhbayar Animal Husbandry Meteorological Experiment Station in Tongliao were used to analyze the climatic factors affecting the herbage growth in the northern Horqin grassland. Results indicated that the average temperature in the study area in recent 27 years increased by 0. 16 °C·( 10 a)~(-1),the average precipitation decreased by 23. 96 mm·( 10 a)~(-1),the dryness index in herbage growing season increased by 0. 15( 10 a)~(-1),and the drought in the grassland became more serious. Moreover,the period of seedling establishment of Leymus chinensis,Agropyron cristatum and Potentilla chinensis was delayed,the flowering stage of which was in advanced,and the growth season of which was shortened. Precipitation was the main factor affecting the period of seedling establishment and withering stage of the three plant species,it was negatively correlated with the period of seedling establishment but positively correlated with the withering stage of the three plant species. The herbage height and yield were significantly decreased( P < 0. 01),and the decreases were 0. 88 cm and 121. 43 kg·hm~(-2) per year respectively. The herbage height and yield were mainly negatively correlated with temperature,but positively correlated with precipitation. Under climate warming,water has become more and more important for the herbage growth in the study area. The analysis with the integral regression model showed that the positive effects of precipitation and sunshine duration in mid-May on the herbage yield were the highest from the period of seedling establishment to the leaf expansion stage. The jointing stage and flowering stage from late-May to mid-June were the main stages for the herbage growth of demanding precipitation and sunshine,and the period from late-June to mid-July was the main stage for herbage growth of demanding heat. The effect of air temperature on herbage yield was negative in August,especially in mid-August.
引文
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[20]王连喜,陈怀亮,李琪,等.植物物候与气候研究进展[J].生态学报,2010,30(2):447-454.[Wang Lianxi,Chen Huailiang,Li Qi,et al.Research advances in plant phenology and climate[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(2):447-454.]
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[22]陈效逑,李倞.内蒙古草原羊草物候与气象因子的关系[J].生态学报,2009,29(10):5 280-5 290.[Chen Xiaoqiu,Li Qiong.Relationships between Leymus chinensis phenology and meteorological factors in Inner Mongolia grasslands[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(10):5 280-5 290.]
[23]李夏子,韩国栋.内蒙古东部草原优势牧草生长季对气象因子变化的响应[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(4):987-992.[Li Xiazi,Han Guodong.Response of grass growing season to meteorological change in eastern Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(4):987-992.]
[24]徐敏云,高立杰,李运起.草地载畜量研究进展:参数和计算方法[J].草业学报,2014,23(4):311-321.[Xu Minyun,Gao Lijie,Li Yunqi.A review on grassland carrying capacity:Parameters and calculation methods[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(4):311-321.]
[25]Sun J,Du W P.Effects of precipitation and temperature on net primary productivity and precipitation use efficiency across China’s grasslands[J].Giscience&Remote Sensing,2017,54(6):881-897.
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